Ancient And Medieval Philosophy

Medieval Philosophy Faith Seeking Understanding PHI [TBD], Fall 2017, Voskuyl Library 307

Contact Information Instructor: David Vander Laan, PhD Office: Porter Center 4 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: x7041 Office Hours: M 2:00-3:15; W 2:00-3:30; and by appointment

Texts Augustine, On the Free Choice of the Will Boethius, Consolation of Philosophy Anselm, Basic Writings Peter Kreeft, ed., Summa of the Summa Martin Tweedale and Richard Bosley, Basic Issues in Medieval Philosophy course reader

Course Learning Outcomes

A. Relative to the Westmont Philosophy Major:

Here are the Philosophy Department’s official “Student Learning Outcomes”:

Knowledge: Students will be able to explain important philosophical positions, concepts, arguments, and themes.

Skills: Students will be able to construct structurally solid arguments and to critique faulty ones appropriately.

Virtues: Students will both value and acknowledge the limits of rational inquiry. In other words, they will display both the love of wisdom and Socratic humility.

In this course, students will build on their lower-level philosophical training, and continue to acquire the above knowledge, skills and virtues, especially in relation to the history of ancient philosophy and the themes and sub-themes described above.

B. Relative to the Reasoning Abstractly GE Requirement:

Students in this course will be able to recognize, construct, and evaluate abstract arguments and explanations, analyze abstract concepts, and solve abstract problems Other Course Goals

Love of Wisdom “Gentlemen of the jury, I am grateful and I am your friend, but I will obey the god rather than you, and as long as I draw breath and am able, I shall not cease to practice philosophy, to exhort you and in my usual way to point out to any one of you whom I happen to meet: Good Sir, you are an Athenian, a citizen of the greatest city with the greatest reputation for both wisdom and power; are you not ashamed of your eagerness to possess as much wealth, reputation, and honors as possible, while you do not care for nor give thought to wisdom or truth, or the best possible state of your soul?” Plato, Apology (29 c-e)

In this course we will follow great thinkers who tried to understand the world and their place in it. Often discontent with shortsighted and popular ideas, philosophers have labored to craft philosophies of life and coherent pictures of the world as a whole.

Through their writings Augustine, Anselm, Aquinas, et cetera will tutor us in our own pursuit of wisdom. Throughout the course I will encourage you to grapple with questions like these:  What is the source of evil in the world?  Is evil simply the absence of goodness?  What use is philosophy in living well?  How is knowledge of God possible?  Can God be comprehended by the human mind?  What is the goal of human life?  Are creatures ever causes, or is God the only cause? Reasoning Abstractly “It is the glory of God to conceal a matter; to search out a matter is the glory of kings.” Proverbs 25:2

The ability to reason abstractly is part of what makes us fully human. When a dog falls for a fake throw seventeen times running, we recognize the inferiority of that canine mind. When a human being clings doggedly to her beliefs without considering how they fit together, we see a person who is to some degree stunted. A flourishing bearer of the divine image is able to generalize-- that is, to reason abstractly.

Abstract reasoning skills are valuable in part because they are broadly transferable. This course satisfies the GE requirement for Reasoning Abstractly. Its goals include (1) analysis: increased ability to identify, understand, and evaluate arguments, and (2) synthesis: a greater awareness of worldviews, and a greater sensitivity to how ideas fit (or fail to fit) in the context of the big picture.

Skills of Analysis By the end of the course you should be able  to read a text and identify any arguments it contains,  to write a well-crafted version of a prose argument (see “Writing Well-Crafted Arguments” below),  to evaluate such an argument, pointing out its weaknesses (dubious premises or inferences) and explaining views incompatible with the premises, or ways the premises could be true and the inferred statement false.

Skills of Synthesis By the end of the course you should be able  to explain how lifestyles and daily choices are motivated by a vision of the world and of the good life, and to explain the relationship between a metaphysics and an ethics,  to articulate how the various worldviews of the ancient period might be applied to questions about how to live and what the world is like,  to critique worldviews fairly and accurately, appreciating strengths, identifying and weighing internal tensions,  to progress in constructing a coherent and defensible worldview.

Historical Themes "Good philosophy must exist, if for no other reason, because bad philosophy must be answered… Most of all, perhaps, what we need is an intimate knowledge of the past. Not that the past has any magic about it, but because we cannot study the future, and yet need something to set against the present, to remind us that the basic assumptions have been quite different in different periods and that much which seems certain to the uneducated is merely temporary fashion. A man who has lived in many places is not likely to be deceived by the local errors of his native village: the scholar has lived in many times and is therefore in some degree immune from the great cataract of nonsense that pours from the press and the microphone of his own age." C.S. Lewis, Learning in War-Time We will explore whether the understanding of God given by the major monotheistic traditions can be reconciled with the Greek philosophical heritage of the ancient period, with special attention to influential figures of the Christian tradition. We will see how this tradition has grown and evolved through the centuries.

Course Requirements

The course readings--most of which are primary texts--are central to the objectives of the course. Disciplined and active reading is crucial. A reading guide is included in the course reader to direct your reading and to help you prepare for examinations. To facilitate discussion, you will be required to contribute to a Google document forum with at least two philosophically useful questions or comments or arguments pertaining to the reading before each class (12% of final grade), due at 1:00 a.m. the day of the class discussion. You should be prepared to elaborate on them in class. You will be allowed to skip three whole assignments without penalty. A complete set of questions that show thoughtfulness and attentiveness to the reading will receive a 100; sloppy work will count as skipped. Skipped assignments beyond the allowed three will decrease this grade by 5 percentage points each. Questions of clarification and interpretation are helpful, so feel free to submit them. There will be four tests (16% each), a cumulative final examination (8 am Fri., Dec. 14; 12%), and a scattered exam, i.e., an essay examination whose questions will be distributed throughout the semester (12%). Each of the above, along with very consistent attendance, is required to pass the course. Students are expected to know and abide by the community standards for academic honesty as stated in the Student Handbook, Academic Policies and Procedures, and the college plagiarism policy at www.westmont.edu/_academics/pages/provost/curriculum/plagiarism. These policies will be enforced. There is no excuse for plagiarism or any other form of dishonesty. Please show courtesy to your classmates and the professor by arriving to class on time, remaining for the duration of the period, and turning off your cell phones.

Resources

Library Resources: Westmont librarians are available to help you. You can go to the Research Help Desk in the library for help with research for your assignments. You can also can set up an appointment with the librarian who serves your academic department . To identify a specific librarian and to find subject-specific resources, consult thelibrary’s research guides at libguides.westmont.edu. Disability Services: Students who have been diagnosed with a disability are strongly encouraged to contact the Office of Disability Services as early as possible to discuss appropriate accommodations for this course. Formal accommodations will only be granted for students whose disabilities have been verified by the Office of Disability Services. These accommodations may be necessary to ensure your equal access to this course. Please contact Sheri Noble, Director of Disability Services. (310A Voskuyl Library, 565-6186, [email protected]) or visit the website for more information: http://www.westmont.edu/_offices/disability Schedule and Reading Assignments

Sept. 1 Introduction and Philo of Alexandria

Christian and Pagan Neoplatonism Sept. 3 Justin Martyr and Tertullian

Sept. 5 Origen

Sept. 8 Plotinus, Enneads

Sept. 10 Augustine, Confessions

Sept. 12 Augustine, Confessions

Sept. 15 Eleonore Stump, “Free Will,” 1-13 (course reader)

Sept. 17 Eleonore Stump, “Free Will,” 14-36 (course reader)

Sept. 19 Augustine, On the Free Choice of the Will, Book I

Sept. 22 Augustine, On the Free Choice of the Will, Book II

Sept. 24 Augustine, On the Free Choice of the Will, Book III

Sept. 26 Augustine, City of God

Sept. 29 Augustine, City of God

Oct. 1 TEST ONE

Oct. 3 Boethius, Consolation of Philosophy

Oct. 10Pseudo-Dionysius and John Scotus Erigena

Oct. 13-14 Fall Holiday

Oct. 15 Anselm, Proslogium, preface and I-VIII, XXIV-XXVI

Oct. 17 Gaunilo, In Behalf of the Fool Anselm, Apologetic, I-III, VIII Aquinas, Summa Theologica, I.2.1, Reply to Objection 2 Oct. 20Peter Abelard, Theologia Scholarium

Islamic Aristotelianism Oct. 22Ibn-Rushd (Averroes), On the Harmony of Religion and Philosophy

Oct. 24Ibn-Sina (Avicenna), The Cure

Oct. 27al-Ghazali, The Incoherence of the Philosophers Ibn-Rushd, The Incoherence of the Incoherence

Oct. 29Maimonides

Oct. 31 TEST TWO

The Thomistic Synthesis Nov. 3 Kreeft, Summa of the Summa, Introduction, Glossary Aquinas, Summa Theologica, I.1.1-8 (faith and reason)

Nov. 5 Siger of Brabant (vs. Aquinas on faith and reason)

Nov. 7 Aquinas, Summa Theologica, I.3.1-4, 6-7; I.13.5 (the nature of God)

Nov. 10 Aquinas on angels

Nov. 12 Aquinas, Summa Theologica, I.75.6; I.76.1; I.82.1-2; I.83, 89 (the soul, free will)

Nov. 14 Aquinas, Summa Theologica, I-II.2.4-8; I-II.3 (happiness)

Nov. 17 Aquinas, Summa Theologica, I-II.4, 5.5; I.12.6-8 (happiness, continued)

Nov. 19 Aquinas, Summa Theologica, I-II.55, 59, 61-63 (virtue)

Nov. 21 TEST THREE

Late Medieval Scholasticism Nov. 24 John Duns Scotus

Nov. 26-28 Thanksgiving Holiday

Dec. 1 Marilyn McCord Adams, “The Problem of Universals,” William Ockham (course reader)

Dec. 3 Luis de Molina, The Concordia

Dec. 5 Suarez, Disputationes Metaphysicae, disp. 18, §1 (course reader) Late Medieval Mysticism Dec. 8 Meister Eckhart, The Book of Divine Consolation

Dec. 10 Catharine of Siena, The Dialogue of Divine Providence

Dec. 12 TEST FOUR Writing Well-Crafted Arguments

The point of writing a well-crafted argument is to make the original argument’s structure and assumptions clear so it is easier to evaluate.

Your first task is to identify the argument.  Number each statement (premise, intermediate step, and conclusion) so that each is explicit. This may force you to state something that is implicit or unclear in the original. Identify each premise by writing the word ‘premise’ in the right margin.  Do not simply number the sentences of the original text. You’re looking for the premises, i.e., the assumptions of the argument, not bits of background information or reiteration of things said earlier. Condense the argument to its essentials, without hedges and other extraneous verbiage.

Next, make the logical structure of the argument clear.  Of each statement, ask yourself, “Which statements (if any) support it?”  The inferences of your well-crafted version should be transparently valid if possible.  In the right margin, beside each intermediate step and conclusion, indicate which of the earlier statements support it. Use a label like ‘from 3 and 4.’ All the intermediate steps and the conclusion should be supported in this way. (See example below.)  Each premise and intermediate step should support some later statement (either an intermediate step or the conclusion). Check to be sure that the number of each premise and intermediate step appears in the right margin. If it doesn’t, then that statement is superfluous as far as the reasoning is concerned.  Avoid unnecessary variation in language. E.g., don’t use ‘free act,’ ‘free action,’ ‘act of will,’ and ‘volition’ as synonyms. Choose one term and stick with it. Variety may be a virtue of prose style, but uniformity makes a well-crafted argument easier to evaluate.  There may be several ways to reasonably interpret an argument. Use your judgment.

Finally, you should be able to identify a small number of ways in which the argument could go wrong. Either one of the inferences will be faulty, or one of the premises will be false, dubious, or question begging.

A Short Example Original Argument (adapted from Lucretius, De Rerum Natura) You who fear the emptiness beyond the grave, have you not considered the years before your birth? It is as though nature has put up a mirror to let you see what your future nonexistence will be like. You do not regret the eternity past when you did not exist, since it cannot do you any harm--why do you regard not existing for eternity after your death as a terror?

Well-Crafted Version 1. Your future nonexistence will be like your past nonexistence. premise 2. Your past nonexistence cannot do you harm. premise 3. Your future nonexistence cannot do you harm. from 1, 2 4. Only that which can do you harm is to be feared. premise 5. Your future nonexistence is not to be feared. from 3, 4

Note how this example involves a little interpretation of the original argument. E.g., premise 4 is not explicitly stated, but something like it is assumed.