South Pasadena AP Chemistry Keep for Reference

South Pasadena  AP Chemistry [Keep for Reference] 22  Main Group Elements S O M E Q U E S T I O N S A N D N O T E S Q: Which “blocks” of the periodic table are called Q: Silicone is a polymer of _____ and _____ the Main Group Elements? . silicon and oxygen – a polymeric silicon- . s and p blocks based ether

Q: Name at least three ways to make hydrogen in Q: Formulas for nitrogen and phosphorus are: the lab. . N2 (triple bond) and P4 (tetrahedron) . very active metal + water . active metal + acid Q: What is the Haber Process and why is it . hydride + water important?

. electrolysis of water . N2 + 3H2  2NH3; useful to make ammonia . aluminum + strong base (Natural History of for fertilizers, nitrates, and nitro compounds. Airs Lab) Q: What is the Ostwald Process and why is it Q: How do they make sodium metal? How do important? they make potassium metal? . oxidation of ammonia by air over a catalyst . electrolysis of NaCl to form nitric acid used for explosives, etc. . sodium + KCl

Q: Which four metals are not attacked by HNO3? Q: Lithium + nitrogen forms . gold, platinum, iridium, and rhodium . lithium nitride (Li3N); the only alkali metal that forms nitrides Q: Name two ways to make oxygen gas in the lab. . catalytic decomposition of hydrogen Q: List the reactions in the chemistry of cement peroxide, H2O2 (Lewis acid base reactions) . heating of potassium chlorate, KClO3 . limestone = CaCO3 . heated limestone forms quicklime = CaO Q: What is the formula for sulfur molecules? [CaCO3  CaO + CO2] . S8 . with water forms slaked lime = Ca(OH)2

[CaO + H2O  Ca(OH)2] Q: What is the #1 manufactured chemical? . picks up CO2 in the air to form = CaCO3 . H2SO4

[Ca(OH)2 + CO2  CaCO3 + H2O] Q: What do you get when SO2 is mixed with Q: How was aluminum originally formed? water? when SO3 is mixed with water? . aluminum oxide reduced by potassium metal . H2SO3 and H2SO4

Q: Aluminum is very reactive, but does not Q: What is ozone? Is it good or bad? corrode (oxidize) easily. Explain. . good in the upper atmosphere because it . the oxide coating on aluminum protects the absorbs UV radiation metal . bad at ground level as a pollutant

Q: How is aluminum formed today? Q: How is chlorine manufactured? bleach? . electrolysis of aluminum oxide dissolved in . the electrolysis of concentrated brine (NaCl)    cryolite (NaAlF6) The Hall-Héroult Process . Cl2 + 2OH  OCl + Cl + H2O

Q: Quartz is a pure form of _____ Q: What is PVC? . SiO2 . polyvinylchloride; polymer made from vinyl chloride CH2CHCl