Christology in the Book of Revelation
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THE PENTECOSTAL THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY A CONTRAST IN MISSION: A PENTECOSTAL CONVERSATION WITH DOMINION THEOLOGY: A SENIOR PAPER SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF DIVINITY BY STEVEN S. SPEARS MAY 2012 A Contrast in Mission: A Pentecostal Conversation with Dominion Theology Accepted by the Examining Committee: Steven J. Land, President Date Sang-Ehil Han, Vice President for Academics Date Oliver McMahan, Vice President for Ministry Formation Date John Christopher Thomas, Academic Advisor/Reader Date iii COPYING AGREEMENT The physical format of this project is approved and accepted for copy and deposit in the seminary library: Office of the Librarian Date Permission for copy granted if accepted for deposit. Any other revision or use would have to be approved by the writer. Steven S. Spears iv ABSTRACT This study by Steven S. Spears entitled, “A Contrast in Mission: A Pentecostal Conversation with Dominion Theology,” represents an attempt to show how one’s theology of God will profoundly affect one’s understanding of mission. This is done through three related project parameters of personal story, evaluation of Christian Reconstructionism and its influence on current political trends, and biblical analysis. The project concludes with a visionary statement of future development and ministry. In the formative years of the writer’s ministry, Dominion Theology was introduced in the church he attended. The devastating effect of this theology along with the moral failure of one of the church’s leaders resulted in the church’s decline and loss of influence in the community. The writer attempts to demonstrate how Dominion Theology is one of the driving forces behind the current Christian political activism of the day. He argues that this is detrimental to the Church’s witness and offers an alternative vision to carry out mission. The theology of mission the author proposes is derived from a careful reading of Revelation chapter 5 as well as the integration of other biblical texts. This is not speculative or based on presuppositions, but is an attempt to be faithful to what can be discerned by a careful reading of the biblical narrative. The last section of this project offers a vision for ministry that is intentional about putting into practice the implications derived from the entirety of this project. v I dedicate this project to my wife, Darlene. She has been by my side from the beginning. We stand together as full partners in ministry and life. Her commitment to see that I reach my educational goals is a clear indication of her love and devotion. vi PREFACE My journey at Pentecostal Theological Seminary has taken many twists and turns. The hand of God is evident not only in my own personal transformation, but in the transformation I have witnessed in my own family. My young adult children, two of whom are seminarians, have been wonderful dialogue partners and have helped me develop my worldview. This project reflects the struggles and triumphs of my personal story which has caused me to view the way God deals with his people in new and creative ways. I want to thank Dr. Kim Alexander for her guidance and encouragement which actually began during my days at Lee University. After Dr. Alexander left the seminary to take a position at Regent University, Dr. Chris Thomas stepped in and graciously offered guidance as I completed my degree. Thank you Dr. Thomas for your guidance and encouragement and for the way you engage your students as equals. I especially would like to acknowledge all of the international students I have met during my time at the seminary. Their hard work and willingness to leave home and family have been great sources of inspiration for my journey. Special thanks go to my wife and family for putting up with me as I processed my theology, a little too strongly at times, in the safety of our home. You guys are the best! vii CONTENTS ABSTRACT……………………………….………………………….…….……..…v DEDICATION PAGE……………………………………………….…….……..…vi PREFACE………………………………………………………….……….…..…..vii Chapter 1. MY DOMINION DILEMMA………...………..…..………..….....1 Introduction My Story Seeds of Sanctification Dominion Now Moving Beyond the Conflict 2. TAKING DOMINION……………..……………………...…......24 Introduction Christian Reconstructionism How Did We Get Here? 3. ANSWERING THE DOMINION QUESTION……..……..……48 Introduction Messianic Expectations The Witness of the Lamb Final Implications 4. VISIONARY STATEMENT OF FUTURE DEVELOPMENT....77 Prayer Discipleship Becoming a Missional Church Leadership Development Conclusion BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………….….……93 viii CHAPTER 1 MY DOMINION DILEMMA There is therefore now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus, 2 for the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus has set you free from the law of sin and death. Romans 8.1-2 NRSV Introduction What is the mission of the Church? What are the factors that inform the church’s mission? Is it tied in somehow with the mission of Ancient Israel? In what way is it to be in continuity with the mission of Jesus? What role does the Spirit have in guiding and empowering the people of God in mission? What is the extent of the mission? Is it universal, or does it vary according to cultural and historical contexts? How are we to understand the relationship between advancing the Kingdom of God and Church mission? If they are viewed as one and the same, is it a geo-political or spiritual kingdom/mission? Or is it both? Is the Church to take over the kingdoms and nations of the world and usher in God’s kingdom? Should the church stand back and idly watch history unfold? The weight of this line of questioning is easily discerned by the struggle the Church has had in identifying and carrying out its mission throughout history. Within the context of my life, these questions have a two-fold relevance. First, as a young and 1 maturing Christian in the 1980s and early 90s, I was confronted with the wave of neo- Reconstructionism1 that was sweeping through Charismatic and Evangelical Christianity. This project is an attempt to show that the undercurrents of this theology run deep within much of North American Evangelical Christianity today. In point of fact, at the time of this writing, the United States is in the midst of its 2012 presidential election. From the pool of presidential candidates, particularly among Republicans, it is evident that some segments of the Christian community has so entrenched itself within the U.S. political process that it is difficult to find any separation between the two. Second, Pentecostals are not immune to the attraction of power and influence offered by politics and Christian Reconstructionist thought.2 This project will serve as my personal reflection on the damage this trend is having on the witness of the church. Within this conversation with Dominionism, I desire to offer a Pentecostal theology of mission that is grounded in a hopeful eschatology similar to that of the Dominionists. It is my understanding that theology must be grounded in the biblical tradition and informed by the Spirit if it is to be Christian. It is not my intent to be overly critical of Dominion Theology or of those who adhere to it. I am not judging the motives of the heart or the salvation of anyone. My observations are more of a personal theological reflection than a scholarly debate, as called for within the parameters of this project. This chapter will outline my exposure and reaction to what is commonly known as Dominion Theology. My understanding of the Church’s mission is born out of my 1 Theonomy, Dominion Theology, Dominionism, Theocratic Dominionism, Kingdom Now Theology and Christian Reconstructionism will be used interchangeably throughout this project. They are interrelated belief systems with a common voice. While it would be wrong not to recognize that within these groups there are varying theological and methodological distinctives, for the purpose of this project, I will focus on what is common among them. 2 The October 2011 issue of Charisma Magazine headlines the rise of Pentecostal influence in U.S. politics. In this issue, Pentecostal and Charismatic leaders and organizations are highlighted for their various levels of political involvement including the candidacy for president. 2 academic pursuits, as well as my life journey, which includes my conversion to Christ and involvement with the church in a Pentecostal context. My theology has been formed through a lifelong learning process. The course of my life has been forged by dedicated church participation and academic pursuits that are deeply entrenched in Pentecostalism. I have been involved in the academy for sixteen of my thirty-three years as a born again believer. For the past eleven years, I have been connected with the Pentecostal Theological Seminary full or part-time. I adhere to a Wesleyan/Pentecostal ethos of theology and practice. Through this lens, the dual perspective of holiness and power undergird everything that would constitute how I believe faith should be lived out. There are certain fundamental truths that inform my worldview that are characteristic of a Wesleyan/Pentecostal hermeneutic. They are fundamental to my understanding of the nature of God, the nature of the Gospel, the nature of the Church, and the nature of ministry (mission). Along with offering my life story, I will further develop my perspective of church mission as an outflow of my understanding of the Church and Gospel informed by one’s concept of the nature and mission of God. My Story I was born in Denver, Colorado on March 13, 1960. My parents, Kent and Evelyn Spears, grew up in families that attended main-line denominational churches. It was not until after the birth of my younger sister, the fourth of five children, that my parents felt the need to start attending church again.