Final Exam Review Packet Coleman Biology Per _ Name __

Final Exam Review Packet Coleman Biology Per _____ Name ______Part 1 : DNA DNA Structure 1. When an area of a chromatid is exchanged with the matching area on a chromatid of its homologous chromosome, ______occurs.

2. Crossing over results in a ______.

3. Watson and Crick, with the help of Rosalind Franklin, developed the ______model of DNA.

4. Which nucleotides pair bond in a DNA molecule? 5. The backbone of a DNA molecule is made of which two components? DNA Processes 6. The process by which a DNA molecule is copied is called ______.

7. Messenger RNA is formed in the process of ______.

8. Ribosomes are made of ______. 9. ______brings amino acids to the ribosomes for the assembly of proteins. 10. Each set of three nitrogen bases representing an amino acid is referred to as a(n) ______. Mutation and gene therapy 11. As a result of a mutation in a person's skin cells, would the person’s children have skin cancer?

12. X rays, ultraviolet light, and radioactive substances that can change the chemical nature of DNA are classified as ______.

13. A change in a single base pair of the DNA molecule that affects the synthesis of an entire protein is called a(n) ______. 14. Using information from the Human Genome Project, the next logical step after diagnosis of genetic disorders is ______. 15. A nasal spray containing copies of the normal gene that is defective in persons with cystic fibrosis has been used on a trial basis. It is hoped that the cells in the lungs will take in the healthy gene from the spray and produce normal mucus. This is an attempt at ______.

Genetic engineering 16. A gene gun and a virus may both be classified as ______because they are mechanisms by which foreign DNA may be transferred into a host cell. 17. ______are produced when DNA from another species is inserted into the genome of an organism, which then begins to use the foreign DNA as its own. 18. A(n) ______is a small, circular piece of bacterial DNA found to carry only a few genes.

19. In 1973, Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer inserted a gene from an African clawed frog into a acterium. The bacterium produced the protein coded for by the inserted frog gene. This insertion of a small fragment of frog DNA into the DNA of another species can most accurately be called ______. 20. What are some applications of genetic engineering?

Part 2: Patterns of inheritance Pedigrees 26. According to Figure 12-5, what is the chance that individual A will be afflicted with Huntington's?

Figure 12-5 50%

Figure 12-1 27. For the trait being followed in the pedigree, individuals II-1 and II-4 in Figure 12-1 can be classified as 28. What is the relationship between individual I-1 and individual III-2 in Figure 12-1?

Figure 12-3 29. According to the pedigree in Figure 12-3, how many of the offspring in the III generation show the normal trait? 30. What is the relationship between Individual I-1 and I-3 in Figure 12-3? Inheritance patterns 31. The inheritance pattern of a trait controlled by two or more genes is ______. 32. The type of inheritance shown when a red-flowering plant is crossed with a white-flowering plant and only pink-flowering plants are produced is ______.

33. A trait controlled by four alleles is said to have ______. 34. When roan cattle are mated, 25% of the offspring are red, 50% are roan, and 25% are white. Upon examination, it can be seen that the coat of a roan cow consists of both red and white hairs. This trait is one controlled by ______.

35. The blood types A, B, AB, and O are the result of ______inheritance. Chromosomes 36. The 23rd pair of chromosomes that differ in males and females are called ______.

37. Humans have 22 pairs of ______type of chromosomes. 38. The mating of two closely related individuals is ______. 39. The law of independent assortment states that the inheritance of alleles for one trait is not affected by the inheritance of alleles for a different trait if the genes for the traits are on ______. 40. How many chromosomes do humans have? Punnett Squares 41. In pea plants, inflated pods (R) are dominant to constricted pods (r). How would a test cross be done?

42. A useful device for predicting the possible offspring of crosses between different genotypes is the ______. 43. A white mouse whose parents are both white produces only brown offspring when mated with a brown mouse. The white mouse is most probably ______. 44. What term describes an organism that has the genotype Bb?

45. A dog's phenotype can be determined by ______. Genetic disorders 46. Two healthy parents produce a child with the genetic disorder of cystic fibrosis, which is the result of a recessive gene. What would be the best explanation for this inheritance?

47. Most human genetic disorders are caused by the expression of ______. 48. A human genetic disorder caused by a dominant gene is ______. 49. Royal hemophilia is the result of ______inheritance. 50. The passing on of traits from parents to offspring is called ______. Part 3: Evolution Geologic Time 51. Humans are thought to have evolved during the ______Era.

52. The Geologic Time Scale begins at the formation of Earth approximately ______years ago. 53. How are fossils formed?

54. The primitive Earth atmosphere is hypothesized to have consisted mostly of ______.

55. Which group of organisms is believed to have been the earliest to evolve? Early life on Earth 56. Since the 1950s, experiments have been conducted that lead scientists to conclude that life may have originated ______. 57. Before biogenesis became an accepted cornerstone of biology, it was widely accepted that _____.

58. Urey and Miller subjected water, ammonia, methane, and hydrogen to heating and cooling cycles and jolts of electricity in an attempt to _____.

59. The ancient belief that nonliving materials could be transformed into living organisms was referred to as ______. 60. The idea that life arises only from life is referred to as ______. Darwin 61. A mechanism of Darwin's proposed theory is ______. 62. The founder of modern evolution theory is considered to be ______.

63. Mutations such as polyploidy and crossing over provide the genetic basis for ______. 64. Natural selection can best be defined as the _____. 65. A pattern of evolution that results when two unrelated species begin to appear similar because of environmental conditions is _____. Convergent evolution Patterns of selection 66. Hawaiian honeycreepers are a group of birds with similar body shape and size. However, they vary greatly in color and beak shape. Each species occupies its own niche and is adapted to the foods available in its niche. The evolution from a common ancestor to a variety of species is an example of _____. Divergent evolution 67. The flying squirrel of North America closely resembles the flying phalanger of Australia. They are similar in size and have long, bushy tails and skin folds that allow them to glide through the air. The squirrel is a placental mammal, while the phalanger is a marsupial. These close resemblances, even though genetically and geographically separated by great distances, can best be explained by _____. 68. In ______selection, individuals with both extreme forms of a trait are at a selective advantage. 69. ______selection favors one extreme form of a trait in a population.

70. ______is the type of selection that favors average individuals in a population.

Patterns of change 71. The theory of continental drift hypothesizes that Africa and South America slowly drifted apart after once being a single landmass. The monkeys on the two continents, although similar, show numerous genetic differences. Which factor is probably the most important in maintaining these differences? 72. The evolution of an ancestral species into an array of species that occupy different niches is called ______. 73. The concept that evolution occurs over long periods of stability that are interrupted by geologically brief periods of change is known as ______. 74. The alteration of allelic frequencies by chance processes is known as ______.

75. The total number of genes present in a population is the ______.

Part 4: Evolution Continues Structures 76. Structures that have a similar embryological origin and structure but are adapted for different purposes, such as a bat wing and a human arm, are called ______. 77. Upon close examination of the skeleton of an adult python, a pelvic girdle and leg bones can be observed. These features are an example of ______. 78. A variety of structural adaptations called ______provides protection for an organism by copying the appearance of another species. 79. A structural adaptation enabling an organism to blend in with its environment is ______.

80. Any structure that is reduced in function in a living organism but may have been used in an ancestor is known as a(n) ______. Primate evolution 81. Which of the primate groups are representative of the first primates? 82. Tailless primates that are most like humans are the ______. 83. New World monkeys are said to have an extra hand, the ______. 84. Lemurs and tarsiers are members of the primate group called ______. 85. Based on the fossil record, it has been determined that the earliest primates probably lived in the _____. Hominid Evolution 86. The first hominids to make and use simple stone tools were ______. 87. The skulls and pelvic bones of australopithecines have structures that appear ______those of chimpanzees and modern humans. 88. The ability to touch the thumb to the forefinger, permitting objects to be tightly grasped, is called ______. 89. A distinctive characteristic of humans is ______locomotion, the ability to walk on two legs in an upright position. 90. Anthropologists propose that modern primates have evolved from two groups, the prosimians and the ______. Classification 91. A system for naming species in which two words are used to name an organism is _____. 92. The placing of information or objects into groups based on certain similarities is _____. 93. A heterotrophic eukaryote associated with the decomposition of dead organisms is a(n) _____. 94. The science of grouping and naming organisms is _____. 95. The method used to construct a hypothetical evolutionary tree is ____.

Part 5: Ecology Nutrient cycling

Figure 2-1

96. Referring to Figure 2-1, as matter and energy move from grasses to coyotes, the amount of available energy ______. 97. Referring to Figure 2-1, the relationship between cats and mice could best be described as _____. 98. Referring to Figure 2-1, the coyotes would be considered ______. 99. Referring to Figure 2-1, energy flows from ______. 100. Nitrogen is released to the abiotic parts of the biosphere from the processes of death and _____.

What’s in the water? 101. A girl notices that her guppies reproduce most when her fish tank water is slightly alkaline. They stop reproducing if the water becomes acidic or if the water becomes too alkaline. This is an example of ______. Ling feeds her guppies one-half teaspoon of fish food every day. The average guppy population in her aquarium over a four-month period is 38 guppies. She increased the food to one teaspoon per day. After a four-month period, the average population is 53 guppies. 102. What is the limiting factor? 103. When Ling increased the amount of food, what happened to the carrying capacity of the aquarium? 104. The ______consists of evaporation, precipitation, transpiration, runoff, and respiration.

105. The concentration of dissolved salt in estuary water would be between the concentration of salt in river water and ______water.

Succession 106. Fires, natural disasters, and human intervention are possible causes of ______.

107. The first organisms to appear in an area undergoing succession are known as ______.

108. An uncut lawn becomes a meadow and eventually a forest. This process is an example of _____.

109. The stable ecosystem that develops due to succession is called a ______. 110. The greatest numbers of organisms are found within the ______range of environmental conditions for a particular population.

Roles in ecosystem

111. Parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism are examples of ______. 112. Some birds are known as honey guides because they may be followed by humans to wild beehives. When the humans take honey from the hives, the birds are able to feast on the honey and bees, too. This type of relationship can best be described as ______. 113. Before plants can reuse many organic materials, the materials must be broken down by ______.

114. Cougars are predators that often eat weakened or diseased animals. This is a description of the _____ of cougars. 115. What is the difference between a food web and a food chain?

Parts of ecosystem 116. Starfish live in saltwater ecosystems. Some species live in shallow tidal pools, while others live in the deepest parts of the oceans. This is a description of the ______of starfish. 117. Wind, humidity, and rocks are all ______in a terrestrial ecosystem.

118. In a pond ecosystem, ducks, mosquitoes, pond plants, and frogs are ______factors. 119. ______are succulent plants with thorns that are common in desert biomes.

120. The absence of permafrost and the presence of coniferous trees as the dominant climax plants characterize the ______. ____ 122. Density-independent factors are limiting factors whose effects are _____. a. confined to the habitat of the population b. determined by the degree of competition for resources c. not influenced by population densities d. determined by the difference between birthrate and population density

____ 123. Organisms that employ a strategy of slow reproduction usually require an environment that _____. a. is stable c. has cold days b. fluctuates from year to year d. has 24-hour growing periods

____ 124. The giant land tortoises of the Galapagos Islands and sequoias of California have among the longest life spans of any organisms. This indicates that they likely employ a strategy of _____. a. rapid reproduction c. early sexual maturity b. slow growth d. all of these

____ 125. The major focus of conservation biology is _____. a. to prevent cruelty to animals b. to keep animals in zoos for people to see c. protect species from extinction d. stop hunting

____ 126. For a particular species, the carrying capacity is the maximum number of individual organisms that _____. a. the species could reach in a given time period if all the offspring survive and reproduce b. could be supported by a given environment indefinitely c. are in their post-reproductive years d. could be supported by any environment over a period of one year

____ 127. The major threat to biodiversity is _____. a. habitat fragmentation c. habitat degradation b. habitat loss d. exotic species

For many years orchid collectors searched Exotic Island for the beautiful Kimmarie Orchid, which is found no place else in the world. After they found the orchid, they brought it back to their homes. In the last couple of years the Kimmarie Orchid has not been found on the island. As a result, hobbyists are now sending the Kimmarie Orchid to be replanted on the island. ____ 128. The Kimmarie Orchid became extinct in the wild due to _____. a. habitat loss c. habitat degradation b. exotics d. overcollection

____ 129. The hobbyists are trying to correct the Kimmarie Orchid problem they caused by using _____. a. exotic species c. habitat corridors b. a reintroduction program d. habitat fragments

____ 130. Water and air pollution are examples of _____. a. habitat fragmentation c. edge effect b. habitat degradation d. sustainable use

A. Explain how nondisjunction can result in an individual having an extra chromosome.

B. Explain the term genetic engineering in a complete sentence.

C. How do scientists learn about organisms of the past?

D. List and describe the evidence available to support the theory of evolution.

E. What are three advantages of using scientific names for organisms?

F. Compare and contrast a food web and a food chain.

G. Describe how light affects life in the oceans. H. Explain why biodiversity is important to people.

I. List three differences between DNA and RNA.