Year 10 Evolution Revision/ Trial Test 2013 Name: ______

Year 10 Evolution – Revision/ Trial Test 2013 Name: ______

Part A – Multiple Choice Questions [ 30 marks ] 1. According to Darwin’s Theory of Evolution A. An organism can evolve during its lifetime. B. All organisms have an equal chance of producing offspring. C. A population can change over time in response to environmental pressures. D. All organisms have an equal chance of surviving.

2. The selection pressure acting on the light peppered moth in an industrial environment is: A. Predation B. Food supply C. Finding a mate D. Pollution

3. Which of the following statements about Natural Selection is TRUE? A. Natural selection occurs in opposition to evolution. B. Natural selection is a process whereby genes are selected randomly for preservation in the next generation. C. Natural selection favours individuals that reproduce more than others. D. Natural selection can be used by farmers to generate organisms with desirable traits.

4. Many bacteria are resistant to antibiotics. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Reduced use of antibiotics will mean that more bacteria will develop resistance. B. Resistance to antibiotics in bacteria is an example of natural selection in action. C. The non-resistant bacteria have a selective advantage when antibiotics are used. D. The resistance gene is slow to spread through the population because of the short generation time of the bacteria.

5. Which group of organism is believed to be among the earliest to evolve on Earth? A. Protozoans B. Reptiles C. Insects D. Worms

6. Darwin referred to the process of promoting certain traits by breeding members with those traits as ______. A. Natural selection B. Artificial selection C. Evolution D. Ancestral breeding

7. Which of these is an example of analogous structures? A. Hawk wings and fish fins B. Hawk wings and insect wings C. Horse legs and insect wings D. Horse legs and elephant trunks 8. The vertebrate forelimbs are examples of

A. Homologous structures B. Heterozygous structures C. Vestigial structures D. Analogous structures

9. A ______is a scientist who studies fossils. A. Ecologist B. Biologist C. Geologist D. Paleontologist

10. Which statement is NOT TRUE of fossils? A. Some bacteria can form fossils. B. Most extinct organisms have been preserved. C. A small percentage of extinct organisms are preserved D. Faeces can be formed into fossils called coprolites

11. The ______era was characterized by mammals becoming the dominant land animals. A. Mesozoic B. Cenozoic C. Paleozoic D. Pro-Cambrian

12. Which model represents the major geological and biological events of Earth’s history? A. Historical Earth Time B. Fossil Dating System C. Precambrian Model D. Geological Time Scale

13. Which of these is an example of a vestigial structure? A. Kangaroo’s pouch B. Leg attachment site on snake pelvis C. Elephant’s trunk D. Adam apple in humans

14. Which is the most common rock types that fossils can be found? A. Igneous Rocks B. Sedimentary Rocks C. Metamorphic Rocks D. Mineral Rocks 15. Which term describes a trait that increases an individual’s ability to survive in a particular environment? A. Adaptation B. Fitness C. Evolution D. Heritability

16. What are the two main components of natural selection? A. Vestigial structures and camouflage B. Artificial selection and selective breeding C. Variation and inheritance D. Fossilization and sedimentation

17. Trilobite is a(n) fossilised A. Fish B. Amphibian C. Arthropod D. Worm

18. Which type of fossils is the most common? A. Fish B. Reptiles C. Birds D. Mammals

19. When did life exist on Earth? A. 5000 to 10 000 years ago. B. 30 to 40 million years ago. C. 3500 to 4000 million years ago. D. 4600 million years ago.

20. Petrification is a process in which A. Whole insect is trapped in amber B. The formation of fossil of soft tissues C. The formation of a fossil by replacing the organic materials with minerals in water D. The formation of a fossil by freezing in icy soil

21. What evidence do scientists have that supports the idea that Earth’s surface has changed over time? A. fossils of rainforest plants in areas that are deserts today. B. rocks that came from outer space C. modern plants and animals that look like ancient organisms. D. climates in some places on Earth that are different than other places.

22. What are the preserved remains of living things or evidence of their existence called? A. an artifact B. a fossil C. a specimen D. a model. 23. Which of the following is a typical location where a bone or shell could become petrified? A. buried in the sand of a desert. B. submerged in water or mud. C. in the frozen soil of the arctic. D. covered with leaves in a tropical rainforest.

24. The process which uses the decay rate of elements to determine the absolute age of objects is known as A. Relative age B. Radioactive dating C. Petrification D. Sedimentation

25. The age of a rock compared to the ages of other rocks is the rock’s A. Absolute age B. Geologic age C. Sedimentary age D. Relative age

26. Which of the following substances is NOT able to preserve entire organisms? A. Sticky tar B. Amber C. Ice D. Water

27. A solid copy of the shape of an organism is a A. Mold B. Cast C. Tray D. Plaster

28. A hollow space in sediment in the shape of an organism or part of an organism is a A. Mold B. Cast C. Tray D. Plaster

29. What type of fossils provide evidence of the activities of ancient organisms? A. Molds and casts B. Petrified fossils C. Trace fossils D. Index fossils

30. According to the Law of Superposition, in undisturbed horizontal layers of ______rock, the ______rock layer is on the bottom. A. Igneous older B. Igneous younger C. Sedimentary younger D. Sedimentary older Part B: Short Answered Questions

1. Answer the questions based on the image below: A. What does the Geologic Time Scale tell you? [2]

B. What are the 4 main Geologic Period? [2]

C. Which Era did Dinosaurs exist? [1]

D. When did life appear on Earth? [1]

E. When did mass extinction of life take place? [2]

F. How old is our Earth? [1]

G. Arrange the time for the evolution of the following organism from oldest (1) to youngest (10). (The first mammals lived in the Triassic and the first birds lived in the Jurassic) [5] amphibian humans mammals jelly fish worms

bacteria fish reptiles birds insects

H. How many percentage of Earth History belongs to the Pre-Cambrian Time? [1] 10% 25% 50% 85% 98% (Circle the correct answer)

I. Which Epoch did human evolve? How long ago? [2]

J. What is the name given to scientists who specialize in studying fossils? What is the science of studying ancient life? [2] 2. How is a dinosaur fossil form? [3] Arrange them in correct steps: A. Dissolved minerals, transported by ground-waters in the sediment, fill tiny spaces in the bones. B. A dinosaur dies, falls into water and is buried before the remains are completely destroyed. C. The fossils remain within the rock until uncovered through erosion or excavation. D. The combination of pressure, chemical reactions and time eventually turns the sediments into rock and the bones into mineralised fossils. E. Over time, layers of sediment build up and press down on the buried remains.

3. The followings are the different ways of fossilization: [12] Mold and Cast Frozen Insects Petrification Mammoth Amber Bones Mummification Trace fossils shells Replacement A. ______(like whole organism or plant parts trapped in tree sap and became hardened), eg. ______B. ______(in which rock-like minerals seep in slowly and replace the original organic tissues with silica, calcite or pyrite, forming a rock-like fossil - can preserve hard and soft parts) eg. ______and wood. C. ______(An organism's hard parts dissolve and are replaced by other minerals) eg. ______D. ______( Organisms buried in sediment may decay or dissolve away leaving a cavity. If the space is subsequently filled with sediment) eg. ______, bones and wood. E. ______(dry air—desert winds dehydrate animals quickly. This will prevent bacteria from growing) eg. Ancient humans F. ______(extremely cold condition – icy soil prevents the dead body from decaying and preserved the whole body as a fossil) eg. ______G. ______((fossilized nests, swimming, burrows, footprints, etc.)

4. Explain 3 factors or conditions necessary for fossilization to take place. [6]

5. How often fossils can be formed? Explain why is fossil record incomplete? [4] 6. a) What is the origin form of Peppered Moths (colour) ? [1]

b) What might cause the appearance of black Peppered Moths? [1]|

c) What happens to the tree trunks as a result Industrial Revolution in England? [2]

d) Explain how the Peppered Moths is evolved. [4]

7. How can scientists determine the age of rocks and fossils? [3]

8. Describe briefly 2 evidences for evolution [4]

9. a) Name 3 creatures Charles Darwin studied in details during his trip to the Galapagos Islands in 1835. [3]

b) There are 13 different species of sparrow-like bird. (i) What is the common name of this type of bird? [1]

(ii) What are the differences among all these species? [1]

(iii) Why did this type of bird evolve into so many different new species? [2]

(iv) According to Darwin's theory of evolution, how do new species evolve? [1]

10. List 3 factors that may cause a species to become extinct. [3] Answers How are fossils formed? For a plant or animal to become a fossil, a series of events must occu© Australian Museum The remains have to be buried before they completely decompose or are eaten. The conditions of burial must then be suitable for the remains to leave an impression or have their organic material replaced by minerals. Finally, the fossils must survive millions of years of pressure, uplift and erosion if they are to come back to the surface. So what are the chances of any dead animal turning into a fossil? Many millions to one – so we certainly appreciate the fossils we find. From dinosaur to fossil

Stage 1 A dinosaur dies, falls in water and is buried before the remains are completely destroyed.

Stage 2 Over time, layers of sediment build up and press down on the buried remains.

Stage 3 Dissolved minerals, transported by ground-waters in the sediment, fill tiny spaces in the bones.

Stage 4 The combination of pressure, chemical reactions and time eventually turns the sediments into rock and the bones into mineralised fossils.

Stage 5 The fossils remain within the rock until uncovered through erosion or excavation.

Conditions necessary for fossilization:  In the water/sea (hard to form on land) – more marine organisms  Dead body is not eaten by others (scavengers)  The dead body must be buried very quickly  No bacteria  No air/oxygen – anaerobic condition 1) Organisms must contain hard parts such as bones, teeth, cartilage, or shells. 2) The organic material must be buried quickly in an oxygen-free environment protected from scavengers. 3) Conditions after burial must be favorable as the effects of heat and pressure that produce sedimentary rock may alter the composition and appearance of a potential fossil.

There are thirteen species of Darwin's finch, a small sparrow-like bird, in the Galapagos Islands. Each species has adapted - or evolved - depending on the type of food that it feeds on. This is shown by the different beak shapes. For example, the large ground finch has developed a broad, wide beak, for cracking hard seeds. The cactus ground finch has a long, downcurved beak, for reaching down into the cactus flowers upon which it feeds. Other types of finch feed on insects, some remove ticks from tortoises, and one even pecks at seabirds and feeds on their blood! Each finch species has evolved according to its particular food source. Why is the Fossil Record Incomplete?

1: Only a very small proportion of organisms get buried quickly enough to prevent them decomposing 2: Not all organisms have hard parts 3; Sediments containing fossils are continually being eroded and removed along with their fossil content 4: metamorphism and deformation destroy fossils 5: many fossils are still buried in rocks not exposed at the surface 6: the sea floor in particular is being continuously recycled, so deep marine organisms are seldom preserved. To become a fossil an organism needs to have hard parts, die and be buried in an anaerobic environment very quickly, and then be preserved through geological time, without being destroyed by tectonism or metamorphism, or removed by erosion. These are pretty rare circumstances, so organisms becoming fossilized are the exceptions rather than the rule.

In which era did dinosaurs exist or begin to exist? Dinosaurs lived throughout the Mesozoic Era, which began 245 million years ago and lasted for 180 million years. It is sometimes called the Age of the Reptiles. The era is divided into three periods

TRIASSIC 245 to 208 million years ago During the Triassic period, all land on Earth existed as one enormous mass. It was called Pangaea. The supercontinent slowly began to break up during the Triassic Period. Some reptiles, frogs, turtles and crocodiles existed earlier, but dinosaurs didn’t appear until late in the Triassic period. The period marked the rise of small, lightly built dinosaurs. The first mammals evolved during the Triassic period. Most of the plants that existed were evergreens. The period ended with a mass extinction that wiped out most animals and reptiles. An entire order of plants or animals dies out in a mass extinction. The dinosaurs that survived flourished in the next period, the Jurassic.

JURASSIC 208 to 146 million years ago The supercontinent continued to break apart Dinosaurs ruled the land and flourished during the period Herbivores and carnivores increased in size; some of the largest dinosaurs emerged during the Jurassic period Birdlike dinosaurs first appeared Flowering plants began to appear late in the period The Jurassic period also ended with an extinction, but it was not as extensive as the one in the Triassic period. Only a few types of dinosaurs died out.

CRETACEOUS 146 to 65 million years ago Pangaea continued to separate into smaller continents A wide variety of dinosaurs roamed the land Birds flourished and spread all over the globe Flowering plants developed Mammals flourished Dinosaurs became extinct by the end of the period. The extinction, the second largest of all time, marked the end of the Age of Reptiles and the beginning of the Age of Mammals.

http://www.skepticalscience.com/Earths-five-mass-extinction-events.html

Evidences of Evolution Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is one of the best substantiated theories in the history of science, supported by evidence from a wide variety of scientific disciplines, including paleontology, geology, genetics and developmental biology.

Summary of Darwin’s Evolution Theory It is the process by which organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits. Changes that allow an organism to better adapt to its environment will help it survive and have more offspring. Evolution of Peppered Moths

1. In 1700 Peppered moths are a pale brown colour. They like to rest on the trunks of trees where they are well camouflaged.

2. Occasionally there is a mutation in the colour of the peppered moth and it is born a darker colour.

3. When this darker moth rests on a tree trunk it is spotted by a bird and eaten

4. In 1850 The industrial revolution has started. Factories are producing huge amounts of pollution and the trees are going black.

5. The pale brown peppered moths are no longer safe resting on tree trunks. Their numbers decline.

6. However, the mutant black moths are now better adapted and are camouflaged on the tree trunks. They survive to breed and pass on their genes.

7. The species of peppered moth has evolved. Evolution of the Peppered Moth Arrange into correct sequence: