Chapter 16 Evolution of Populations

Name: ______Period: ______Chapter 16 Evolution of Populations Section 16-1 Genetic Equilibrium

1. Do populations change quickly or slowly?

2. What is the study of evolution using genetics called?

3. Do individuals evolve?

4. Do populations evolve?

5. Variations in traits may be due to ______factors or ______.

6. Name the 3 ways variations in genotypes arise.

7. What is meant by the gene pool?

8. How many alleles exist for each trait in a gene pool?

9. How is allele frequency determined?

10. How is phenotypic ratio determined?

11. The frequency of alleles or phenotypes in a cross must always add up to ______.

12. What does the Hardy-Weinberg theory state about allele frequencies in a population?

13. List the 5 conditions that must hold true in the ideal population for Hardy-Weinberg to be correct.

14. Would the Hardy-Weinberg law apply to real populations?

Section 16-2 Disruption of Genetic Equilibrium

15. What effect does evolution have on a population’s genetic material?

16. Does evolution affect allele & /or genotype frequencies?

17. Any violations of the 5 conditions necessary for Hardy-Weinberg can result in ______.

18. A change in genetic material is known as a ______.

19. Mutations occur constantly at ______rates unless an organism is exposed to ______.

20. Most mutations are ______, but some may be ______& help the

population evolve & survive.

21. Compare & contrast immigration & emigration. 22. What is gene flow & give an example?

23. Does the Hardy-Weinberg law apply to small and medium sized populations?

24. What is genetic drift?

25. In what size populations does genetic drift apply & explain why? (See paragraph page 305)

26. Do all populations mate randomly? Explain.

27. What is the effect of matings of related individuals?

28. What is the most significant factor that affects genetic equilibrium?

29. Name the 4 types of natural selection & explain each.

30. Give an example of stabilizing selection using body size of lizards.

31. Give an example of directional selection using tongue length of anteaters.

32. Give an example of disruptive selection using limpets.

33. Explain the following --- "genes of successful reproducers, rather than those of successful survivors, are

amplified through natural selection."

Section 16-3 Formation of Species

34. Do new species ever form? Do old species ever disappear? Explain your answer.

35. Define speciation.

36. Are all new species similar to their ancestral species? Explain.

37. What did scientists use for many years to help classify organisms?

38. What is morphology?

39. What are some limitations of using only morphology to identify organisms?

40. What is the biological species concept?

41. Does this concept help identify extinct species & why?

42. Members of a species are ______similar & can ______to produce

______offspring.

43. What does speciation begin with & does it affect mating?

44. Name 2 important types of isolation. 45. Define geographic isolation.

46. Give an example of how this type of isolation could occur.

47. What happens to the 2 subgroups after being geographically isolated from each other?

48. Define reproductive isolation.

49. Name & describe the 2 types of reproductive isolations.

50. Not recognizing mating calls or having different breeding times are examples of what type of isolation?

51. An infertile mule produced when a donkey and a horse mate is an example of

______isolation.

52. Speciation often requires ______of years.

53. Can some species form more quickly than others? Explain.

54. Does fossil record support a slow, gradual or more "instant" change in species?

55. A more "instant" formation or change occurs in ______, not millions of years.

56. What is this type of quicker species formation called?

57. What does punctuated equilibrium mean?