<p> Name: ______Period: ______Chapter 16 Evolution of Populations Section 16-1 Genetic Equilibrium</p><p>1. Do populations change quickly or slowly?</p><p>2. What is the study of evolution using genetics called?</p><p>3. Do individuals evolve?</p><p>4. Do populations evolve?</p><p>5. Variations in traits may be due to ______factors or ______.</p><p>6. Name the 3 ways variations in genotypes arise.</p><p>7. What is meant by the gene pool?</p><p>8. How many alleles exist for each trait in a gene pool?</p><p>9. How is allele frequency determined?</p><p>10. How is phenotypic ratio determined?</p><p>11. The frequency of alleles or phenotypes in a cross must always add up to ______.</p><p>12. What does the Hardy-Weinberg theory state about allele frequencies in a population?</p><p>13. List the 5 conditions that must hold true in the ideal population for Hardy-Weinberg to be correct.</p><p>14. Would the Hardy-Weinberg law apply to real populations?</p><p>Section 16-2 Disruption of Genetic Equilibrium</p><p>15. What effect does evolution have on a population’s genetic material?</p><p>16. Does evolution affect allele & /or genotype frequencies?</p><p>17. Any violations of the 5 conditions necessary for Hardy-Weinberg can result in ______.</p><p>18. A change in genetic material is known as a ______.</p><p>19. Mutations occur constantly at ______rates unless an organism is exposed to ______.</p><p>20. Most mutations are ______, but some may be ______& help the </p><p> population evolve & survive.</p><p>21. Compare & contrast immigration & emigration. 22. What is gene flow & give an example?</p><p>23. Does the Hardy-Weinberg law apply to small and medium sized populations?</p><p>24. What is genetic drift?</p><p>25. In what size populations does genetic drift apply & explain why? (See paragraph page 305)</p><p>26. Do all populations mate randomly? Explain.</p><p>27. What is the effect of matings of related individuals?</p><p>28. What is the most significant factor that affects genetic equilibrium?</p><p>29. Name the 4 types of natural selection & explain each.</p><p>30. Give an example of stabilizing selection using body size of lizards.</p><p>31. Give an example of directional selection using tongue length of anteaters.</p><p>32. Give an example of disruptive selection using limpets.</p><p>33. Explain the following --- "genes of successful reproducers, rather than those of successful survivors, are </p><p> amplified through natural selection."</p><p>Section 16-3 Formation of Species</p><p>34. Do new species ever form? Do old species ever disappear? Explain your answer.</p><p>35. Define speciation.</p><p>36. Are all new species similar to their ancestral species? Explain.</p><p>37. What did scientists use for many years to help classify organisms?</p><p>38. What is morphology?</p><p>39. What are some limitations of using only morphology to identify organisms?</p><p>40. What is the biological species concept?</p><p>41. Does this concept help identify extinct species & why?</p><p>42. Members of a species are ______similar & can ______to produce </p><p>______offspring.</p><p>43. What does speciation begin with & does it affect mating?</p><p>44. Name 2 important types of isolation. 45. Define geographic isolation.</p><p>46. Give an example of how this type of isolation could occur.</p><p>47. What happens to the 2 subgroups after being geographically isolated from each other?</p><p>48. Define reproductive isolation.</p><p>49. Name & describe the 2 types of reproductive isolations.</p><p>50. Not recognizing mating calls or having different breeding times are examples of what type of isolation?</p><p>51. An infertile mule produced when a donkey and a horse mate is an example of </p><p>______isolation.</p><p>52. Speciation often requires ______of years.</p><p>53. Can some species form more quickly than others? Explain.</p><p>54. Does fossil record support a slow, gradual or more "instant" change in species?</p><p>55. A more "instant" formation or change occurs in ______, not millions of years.</p><p>56. What is this type of quicker species formation called?</p><p>57. What does punctuated equilibrium mean?</p>