Study Guide For Biology Spring 2011 Exam

Biology: Spring Exam Study Guide – 1st Semester

Scientific Method 1. List, define and give examples of the steps of the scientific method. Safety and Equipment 2. Demonstrate wafting and discuss when and why this technique should be used. 3. A balance is used to measure ______in ______. 4. A graduated cylinder is used to measure ______in ______. 5. A thermometer is used to measure ______in ______. 6. Perform simple unit conversions. 7. Given the magnification of the ocular lens and the objective lens for a light microscope, calculate the total magnification. 8. Name and describe the method used to measure the volume of an irregularly shaped object. Chemistry of Life 9. Define organic compound and name the element found in all organic compounds. 10. Define enzyme and state what enzymes do for the chemical reactions happening in the body. Characteristics of Living Things 11. Identify the smallest unit of life found in all living things. 12. List the organization of structures of living things, in order from simplest to most complex. 13. Define homeostasis and give two examples. Cells 14. List the characteristics shared by all cells. 15. Complete a Venn diagram comparing and contrasting prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Be sure to include the following: nucleus, membrane covered organelles, plasma membrane, cell wall, DNA, number and shape of chromosomes, oldest and youngest. 16. Define organelle.  Make a list of organelles found in animal cells.  Make a list of organelles found in plant cells.  Label the organelles on a diagram of a plant cell.  Label the organelles on a diagram of an animal cell. 17. Define mitochondria .  Differentiate between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in terms of numbers of mitochondria.  Differentiate between active and inactive cells in terms of numbers of mitochondria. 18. Name the organelle in a plant cell that stores water.  Relate this organelle to tugor pressure and a plant’s overall appearance.  Observe and describe what happens to plant cells when placed in a salt solution. Name this process. 19. Transport of materials across a cell membrane  Compare and contrast active and passive transport, in terms of concentration gradients and energy requirements.  For each of the following, identify the process as either active or passive transport. o Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated transport, sodium potassium pump  Define active transport, passive transport, diffusion, osmosis and facilitated transport.

1 Heredity 20. Define heredity and relate it to chromosomes.  State the number of chromosomes found in normal human tissues.  State the number of pairs of chromosomes found in normal human tissues.  Distinguish between sex cells and autosomes.  State the number of chromosomes found in human gametes.  Compare and contrast diploid and haploid. 21. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis in terms of the end products. 22. Define trait and relate it to genotype and phenotype. 23. Use a Punnett square to predict the outcome of a monohybrid cross (in both fraction and percentage form). 24. Use a Punnett square to predict the outcome of a dihybrid cross (as both a fraction and a percentage). 25. Use a Punnett square to predict the outcome of a monohybrid cross involving blood type. 26. Define the homozygous and heterozygous. 27. Analyze a pedigree to identify offspring that exhibit traits for a genetic disorder. DNA 28. Discuss the primary function of DNA. 29. Describe the subunits of DNA. 30. State the base pairing rules and use them to write the complementary strand for the DNA strand GGACTGCAT. 31. Discuss the role of DNA in protein synthesis.  What are the subunits of proteins?  Use the table on page 207 to determine the correct series of amino acids encoded by the mRNA strand CUCAGUUCGCCA 32. DNA must be replicated before what processes? 33. Define mutation and discuss how a mutation can be passed on to offspring. 34. Are errors in DNA replication always bad? Explain. Biology: Spring Exam Study Guide – 2nd Semester

CHAPTER 13: Biotechnology Recombinant DNA ( Pages 258 – 259) 1. Define recombinant DNA. 2. Explain the use of restriction enzymes in making recombinant DNA. 3. Summarize the main steps of genetically engineering recombinant DNA. Noncoding DNA (Page 255) 4. What is the significance of noncoding DNA, specifically VNTR’s, to DNA identification? Human Genome Project or HGP (Page 261) 5. List the two major goals of the HGP.

CHAPTER 15: Theory of Evolution Charles Darwin and (Pages 297- 301) 6. What is the name of the island that had a deep impact on Darwin’s theory of natural selection? 7. What is the mechanism proposed by Darwin to explain how evolution occurs? 8. Explain the difference between an acquired characteristic and an inherited characteristic. 9. Explain the difference in the terms “adaptation” and “natural selection.” 10. Darwin collected 31 specimens of finches from three islands when he visited the Galapagos Islands in 1835. He noted that the Galapagos finches were all very similar to one another except for their bills. For example, one

2 finch was a fruit eater, one is a cactus eater, two had large bills to eat seeds, and yet another ate insects. Using this example, explain Darwin’s use of the phrase descent with modification to describe the process of evolution.

Evidence of Evolution (Pages 302- 307) 11. Describe how the fossil record supports evolution. 12. Summarize how biological molecules such as proteins and DNA are considered evidence of evolution. 13. The bones in the human arm are very similar to the bones in a bird’s wing and a dolphin’s flipper. What does this similarity in structure tell about the ancestry of these animals? 14. Compare the concepts of homologous structures, analogous structures, and vestigial structures. Evolution in Action (Pages 308- 310) 15. Define coevolution and give an example. (page 310)

CHAPTER 17: Classification of Organisms Biodiversity (Pages 337-339) 16. List the eight levels of modern classification from general (Domain) to specific (Species). 17. Define taxonomy. 18. The system of binomial nomenclature was developed by ______. - Explain why scientific names are in Latin. - Explain why scientists use scientific names instead of common names. 19. The scientific name for humans is correctly written as a. Homo sapiens c. Homo sapiens b. homo sapiens d. Homo Sapiens 20. For grasshoppers and locust to be in the same family, they must also be in the same a. order c. genus b. group d. species Systematics (Pages 341- 345) 21. Explain what information a phylogenetic tree displays. 22. What is a shared character? Give an example. 23. What is a derived character? Give an example. 24. How do shared derived characters help cladistic taxonomist determine phylogenetic relationships? 25. Refer to the diagram below. The diagram is called a ______which displays a hypothesis for the evolutionary relationships among these animals. 26. Refer to the diagram below. What is the most common character shared by all groups? 27. Refer to the diagram below. What is the character that is shared by frogs and birds?

Modern Classification (Pages 346- 350) 28. Know the specific characteristics (cell type, cell surface, body plan & nutrition) for all six kingdoms. (See Table 17-3 on page 349)

3 29. List the characteristics that distinguish between the domains Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya.

4 CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Ecology Intro to Ecology (Pages 359 - 362)

30. What are the five different levels of organization at which ecology can be studied?

31. Give an example showing the effects of interdependence upon organism in their environment.

32. Define ecology, interdependence, ecological model, biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, habitat, biotic factor, abiotic factor, tolerance curve, acclimation, conformer, regulatory, dormancy, migration, niche, generalist, specialist

Energy Transfer (Pages 366 – 369)

33. How do producers and consumers obtain energy?

34. What important role do decomposers play in an ecosystem?

35. How does a food chain differ from a food web?

36. Give two reasons for the low rate of energy transfer within ecosystems.

Ecosystem Recycling (Pages 371 – 374)

37. Compare and contrast the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle.

38. Define transpiration, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification.

39. Summarize 3 important processes in the water cycle.

40. Outline the major steps of the carbon cycle.

41. Identify the sources of phosphorus in the phosphorus cycle.

CHAPTER 19: Populations Understanding Populations ( Pages 380 – 384)

42. Explain what birth rate and death rate mean.

43. Compare the 3 types of survivorship curves.

44. Define population, population density, dispersion, and life expectancy.

Measuring Populations (Pages 385 – 389)

45. Identify the 4 processes that determine population growth.

46. Compare the exponential model and logistic model.

47. Define emigration, limiting factor, carrying capacity, density-independent factor, density-dependent factor, and inbreeding.

CHAPTER 20: Community Ecology Species Interactions (Pages 398 – 404)

48. Define predation

49. Define the 5 major kinds of species interactions.

5 Patterns in Communities (Pages 405 – 410)

50. Define competitive exclusion principle.

51. Define species richness, species evenness, species-area effect, disturbance, stability, ecological succession, primary succession, secondary succession, pioneer species, climax community

52. Identify examples of how animal and human disturbances can affect a community.

CHAPTER 21: Ecosystems Terrestrial Biomes (Pages 416 – 422)

53. Where in the world could you travel to see savanna? chaparral?

54. Define biome, tundra, tropical forest, canopy, epiphyte, coniferous, deciduous tree, taiga, temperate grassland, savanna, and desert.

Aquatic Ecosystems (Pages 423 – 428)

55. What are the major ocean zones?

56. Compare the aphotic zone with the photic zone.

57. Compare the neritic zone with the oceanic zone.

58. Describe estuaries.

59. Compare eutrophic lakes with oligotrophic lakes.

60. Describe fresh water wetlands.

61. What are two sources of nutrients in the neritic zone?

CHAPTERS 28 : Plant Evolution and Classification Overview of Plants (Pages 563 – 566)

62. Name the ancestor of today’s land plants.

63. Name some challenges faced by early land plants.

64. Define the following terms: cuticle, vascular tissues, xylem, and phloem.

Nonvascular Plants (Pages 567 – 569)

65. Determine if the following plants are vascular of nonvascular:

Moss Liverwort Hornwort Fern

Vascular Plants (Pages 570 – 576)

66. Determine if the following plants are seed or nonseeded plants: 6 Flowering plant Pine tree Fern Ginkgo

67. List the characteristics of all seed plants.

68. List the characteristics of monocots and dicots.

Chapter 29: Plant Structure and Function

Plant Cells and Tissues (Pages 583 - 586)

69. List the characteristics of the following types of cells: parenchyma, collencyma , sclerenchyma.

70. Where are meristems located in plants?

Roots (Pages 587 – 591)

71. Name some examples of plants that have tap roots.

72. What are the characteristics of fibrous roots?

Stems (Pages 592 – 597)

73. illustrate the following parts in a coleus plant: xylem, phloem, and ground tissue.

74. Where do leaves connect to stem?

75. Explain the processes in which water moves through a plant.

76. Define transpiration and translocation.

Leaves (Pages 599 – 602)

77. Draw an illustration of a double compound leaf.

78. Illustrate and describe the structure of the mesophyll, palisade layer, spongy layer, cuticle, and the vascular parts of a plant.

79. What are the functions of the stomata and guard cells?

80. Draw, illustrate, and describe the parts of a plant.

Chapters 6 and 7: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

81. What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? Label the products and reactants

7 82. What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration? Label the products and reactants.

83. Describe the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Chapter 30: Plant Reproduction

The life Cycle of Gymnosperms (Pages 611 – 612)

84. Where is pollen produced in gymnosperms?

85. Describe the process of transferring pollen from a male cone to a female cone in gymnosperms.

Sexual Reproduction in Flower Plants (Pages 613 – 617)

86. Where is pollen produced in angiosperm plants?

87. Describe how angiosperms help ensure the transfer of gametes.

88. Draw, illustrate, and describe the parts of a flower.

89. What is pollination?

Dispersal and Propagation (Page 618)

90. Discuss the importance of fruits produced by angiosperms?

Structure of Seeds (Page 620)

91. What is the purpose of cotyledons?

Chapter 32: Animal Survey (Pages 651 – 666)

92. Complete or attach the “Survey of Animal Phyla” worksheet.

Chapters 23: Bacteria (Pages 461 – 471)

93. List the characteristics shared by all bacteria.

94. Describe how bacteria reproduce.

Chapter 24: Viruses (Pages 483 – 488)

95. Compare and contrast viruses to living things.

96. Describe how viruses reproduce.

8 Chapter 25: Protists (Pages 501 – 503, 506, 507, 513)

97. Sketch and label the distinguishing features of the following protists: amoebas, paramecium and euglena.

98. Explain how the Kingdom Protista is similar to a junk drawer.

Chapter 26: Fungi (Pages 527 – 529)

99. List the characteristics distinguish members of the Kingdom Fungi.

100. Describe how fungi reproduce.