Aztlän Cup II/BUTT I/AWET I Packet by UCLA (Ray Luo, Charles Meigs, Dwight Wynne)

TOSSUPS

1. He wrote “Music has charms to soothe a savage beast” and “Heav’n has no Rage, like Love to Hatred turn’d,/Nor Hell a Fury, like a Woman scorn’d” in his tragedy The Mourning Bride. He wrote the libretto to The Judgment of Paris and helped Handel compose Semele. His first work, Incognita, was published under the pseudonym Cleophil. Anne Bracegirdle played many of his lead females, including Araminta in The Old Batchelor, Angelica in Love for Love, and Mrs. Millamant in his most famous work. FTP, identify this English playwright of The Way of the World. Answer: William Congreve

2. One member of this family adopted the title of the comte de Survilliers [SOOR-vill-YAY]and lived in Bordentown, New Jersey for two decades, where he made one of the first sightings of the Jersey Devil and tried to rescue his brother. One of them was known as Plon Plon, and his son was a governor of the Caucasus in Russia. One member of this line died fighting the Zulus in the British Army, and another descendant was for a time Theodore Roosevelt’s Secretary of Navy and Attorney General. One member of this line was known for his work with the urban planner Haussmann, and another member of this dynasty styled himself Lodewijk I [LOW-duh-VAKE] of Holland. Also famously including a King of Westphalia, this family’s last major ruler was ousted after the failure at Sedan. FTP, name this line, which included Jerome, Joseph, and four Napoleons. Answer: Bonaparte

3. Several buildings here are named for the founder of the Salesian order who prophesied about this site. Among the buildings of the chief architect at the site is the Catetinho [CAH-TEH-TEE-NYO], a wooden presidential “palace”, and one of its most famous buildings is composed of two towers, concave and convex saucers housing the Senate and Chamber of Deputies, with gardens designed by Burle Marx. Also notable are the tapered pillars on the façade of the Palace of the Dawn, and the JK Memorial in this city honors Juscelino [ZHU-SE-LEE-NO] Kubitschek. Two streets called Eixo [EH-SHO] run east-west and north-south, dividing into city into Asas Norte e Sul, or north and south wings. With a plan evoking a butterfly by Lucio Costa, and more commonly described as an airplane, this is, FTP, what planned capital city of Brazil? Answer: Brasília

4. From 1989 to 1991, he was fooled by the hidden ball trick three times, an impressive fact given that no man since Billy Werber in 1940 had gotten fooled more than once. Originally signed by the San Diego Padres, he arrived at the team where he spent most of his career in a deal for La Marr Hoyt. His career high for home runs was a mere four, but he won a Gold Glove in 1990 and made three All-Star games. Finishing his career with Atlanta, Baltimore, and Tampa Bay, he briefly coached third base for the doomed Montreal Expos. He recently accused a current Dodgers player of only knowing Cancun because he visited there, working now in a position previously occupied by Jerry Manuel. A longtime major league shortstop from Venezuela, FTP, name this outspoken manager of the World Champion Chicago White Sox. Answer: Oswaldo Jose “Ozzie” Guillen Barrios

5. All but four of these objects are pseudoscalars, meaning that they change sign under a parity transformation. There are only two of these objects that are made up of three different types of constituent particles, and the most famous of these objects was discovered as the mediator of an eponymous potential that scales as quantity e to the minus r over r. Another form of these objects provided the solution to the tau-theta puzzle and was the particle in which Cronin and Fitch discovered CP violation. More famously, the discovery of charmonium, more commonly known as J/psi one, provided experimental confirmation of the Eightfold Way. FTP identify these hadronic particles which, unlike baryons, consist of quark-antiquark pairs. ANSWER: mesons

6. In his book, The Tajiks in the Mirror of History, President Rahmonov of Tajikistan claimed this son of Pourushaspa, and this man had a vision in which Vohu Manah, or ‘Good Purpose’ led him to a prominent deity and five other lesser beings. This would lead to the pre-eminence of a heptad whose members included such Amesha Spentas as ‘Health’ and ‘Best Righteousness.’ His religion saw the daevas as being evil spirits, whereas the evil spirits in Hinduism, the asuras, were in his eye good spirits. A later attempt to reconcile his religion’s dualistic tendency saw the creation of Zurvanism, and the Gathas supposedly represent hymns written by this man. The ostensible founder of a religion that centered on the cosmic battle between Ahriman and Ahura Mazda, FTP name this Iranian religious leader who became the namesake for one of Nietzche’s most famous works. Answer: Zoroaster or Zarathustra or Zartost 7. Cape Disappointment rests at the point at which this river meets the ocean, and among the notable sights near it is the Gingko Petrified Forest, near Vantage, on this river’s west bank. Among its less notable tributaries are Crab Creek, the Methow, Sanpoil, Klickitat, and Pend Oreille [POND OH-RAY] rivers, and in its northern reaches it passes through cities such as Trail. Among the dams on this river are the Wanapum and Rock Island, and a more notable one is at the meeting place of four counties. Cities along its course include Cathlamet, Stevenson, and Wallula, and it separates the two largest cities in Benton County from the county seat of Franklin County: Kennewick, Richland, and Pasco respectively. With its most famous part at The Dalles [DALZ], FTP, name this river featuring the Grand Coulee Dam that defines the majority of the Washington-Oregon border. Answer: Columbia River

8. The main character’s mother rejected the names Mokiya, Sossiya, Khozdazat, Triphiliy, Dula, and Vakhtisiy before finally settling on his name. That character scrimps and saves until after two or three months, he finally has the eighty rubles necessary to go shopping with Petrovitch and purchase the title object. However, after he attends a party thrown by his superior, robbers steal the title object. The main character is advised to go not to the police but to a “prominent personage” whose identity is unknown, and after his plea for help is rejected, Akakiy Akakievitch gets sick and dies. FTP, identify this short story by Nikolai Gogol about an expensive piece of outerwear. Answer: The Overcoat or Shinel (grudgingly accept The Cloak)

9. One of the defense attorneys involved in this event would later go on to serve as Chief Justice of Nova Scotia, and the event had its origins in a disputed barber’s bill. The prosecuting attorneys included the namesake of Treat Williams, and Hugh Montgomery’s being struck by a club was the direct cause. Depicted by Henry Pelham, the most famous participant was a sailor formerly in the service of a William Brown of Framingham, and other participants included Samuel Maverick and Patrick Carr. Montgomery and Matthew Kilroy were branded on the thumb on charges of manslaughter, and a retreat to Castle William by the English was forced by the uproar over this event. Captain Thomas Preston was acquitted, having been defended by John Adams, in, FTP, what 1770 event which saw the deaths of five American colonists, including Crispus Attucks? Answer: Boston Massacre

10. In the chapter on "The Abyss of Ignorance," Henry Adams notes that he sees lines of force in the causality of history as opposed to lines of this, which he compares to lines of attraction. Ludwig Wittgenstein claims that it is involved in the impossibility of knowing actions that lie in the future in 5.1362 of the Tractatus, and Friedrich Nietzsche describes it as a theory for all organisms and societies in a posthumously published work. Its most notable manifestation describes the reification of it as the phenomenal object, and sees pleasurable contemplation as the opposition to it. Related to intentionality by Franz Brentano, it is linked to power by Nietzche. FTP name this concept that, along with the idea, makes up the world in a Schopenhauer work. Answer: the will

11. This man’s Hercules My Shipmate was set on an island at which he had a residence at Deya. He joined the Royal Welch Fusiliers and his first publication was his war poetry Over the Brazier. Also the writer of biographical works on figures such as Lawrence of Arabia and Belisarius, his autobiography detailed actions at the Battle of Loos, where the British had foolishly advanced against heavy German gunfire. His Seven Days in Crete expresses his views on ancient religion that are expressed in a famous work whose title character is the center of a cult ritual for which there is no historical evidence. The author of Goodbye to All That and The White Goddess, FTP, name this British author best known for a work involving Sejanus, Nero, Caligula, and Tiberius: I, Claudius. Answer: Robert von Ranke Graves

12. This procedure allows us to determine the number of distinct polypeptides in a protein. Dansyl chloride and dabsyl chloride yield more detectable derivatives than 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, or FDNB, which loses a fluorine in attaching to the amino-terminus. After the protein is hydrolyzed, the FDNB-labeled N-terminus residue is identified, giving us phenylalanine and glycine for the two chains of insulin. Improved upon by Edman degradation, FTP name this chemical procedure, namesake of a two-time British Nobel prize winner who used it to sequence insulin. Answer: Sanger degradation or sequencing

13. He showed that patterns in a parent language drift into daughter languages, and used linguistic data for historical reconstruction in his Time Perspective in Aboriginal American Culture. Working at the Canadian National Museum, he studied Yana and Paiute, and grouped "Central and North American Languages" into six major divisions. A student of Boas, his papers at Yale on "The Impact of Culture on Personality" preview his idea that language is a "symbolic guide to behavior." FTP name this structural linguist who wrote Language, and formulated a hypothesis with Ben Whorf. Answer: Edward Sapir 14. His first job in the entertainment industry came playing Tigger at Orlando’s Disney World, and he began playing the role of Billy Flynn in the Broadway production of Chicago, a role now filled by John O’Hurley. His only major acting role came in ABC’s production of Geppetto as the Magician, helmed by a noted cohort. Although a multiple Emmy winner, in his most famous television appearance, he drives an SUV that blares “La Cucaracha” when its horn is honked, and posits a famous question after noting that “Mr. Franklin’s lonely.” Before committing a homicide, he shouts “Break yo’self, fool,” and demands that his passenger take angeldust. FTP, name this former talk-show host who might just have to choke a bitch, a long-time performer on Whose Line Is It Anyway?. Answer: Wayne Brady

15. This man’s namesake half-American grandson was the adopted heir of Archduke Maximilian and Princess Carlota, who did not have any children of their own. After his ouster, he lived on a healthy pension in Livorno, eventually making his way to London, where he published his autobiography. He had commanded Spanish troops at Puruarun and Valladolid with success, but was charged with extortion and forced out of the Spanish army. Returning to his home country after his exile, he was captured in Soto la Marina and died in Padilla, just three years after signing a famous treaty with the Spanish viceroy, O’Donoju. (OH-DOH-NO-WHO) The Plan de Casa Mata began the movement that would lead to this man’s ouster, issued two years after this man’s Plan of Iguala, which called for the overthrow of the Spanish. His belief in the divine right of kings proved catastrophic to his rule, as he lasted a mere nine months in the position of emperor. FTP, name this Mexican independence leader and first emperor of Mexico. Answer: Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu or Agustín I

16. This term can refer to the northeastern provinces of India, disconnected as they are from the rest of the country, and a group of cliffs in Sussex. The term can also be used to describe a series of buildings including the hotels Ukraina, Leningradskaya, and the main building of Moscow State University, once the tallest building in Europe, which are perhaps the most notable buildings of the Stalinist style. It refers to a group whose notable progeny include Oenomaus [EE-NO- MAY-US], Lacedaemon, and most famously, Hermes. That group, including Merope and Electra, would give its name to a star cluster also known as M45 known also as the Pleiades cluster, but the most famous use of the term may be in conjunction with institutions located in cities such as South Hadley, Poughkeepsie, and Northampton. FTP, name this term, which gives its name to the group of colleges including Barnard, Smith, Vassar, and Bryn Mawr. Answer: Seven Sisters [prompt on vysotskii, prompt on Pleiades, and whatever is Indian for Seven Sisters]

17. He got a job washing dishes so he could listen to Art Tatum playing next door. His favorite composer is Igor Stravinsky, and he wanted to have classical works composed for his instrument. He emulated Henry "Buster" Smith and toured Kansas City with pianist Jay McShann, but found the harmonic voice he sought while playing Ray Noble's "Cherokee." He was sent to Camarillo State Hospital after a break down while playing "Lover Man," suffering withdrawal from the heroin he obtained from Moose the Mooche. Improvising on "Anthropology," "Hot House," and "Scrapple from the Apple," FTP name this alto saxophonist who, along with Dizzy Gillespie, founded bebop, nicknamed Bird. Answer: Charlie Parker

18. The night wind seems to whisper “All is well.” An unnamed character’s thoughts are suddenly all “bent on a shadowy something far away”, which the author describes a few lines later as “A line of black that bends and floats/On the rising tide like a bridge of boats”. Beneath the title character “Is the Mystic, meeting the ocean tides”, and a spark lit by his steed “kindle[s] the land into flame with its heat”. The title character hits Medford at twelve o’clock, Lexington at one, and Concord at two. “Listen my children, and you shall hear” of, FTP, what event? Answer: “The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere”

19. Its release can be blocked by ruthenium red and facilitated by cyclic ADP-ribose via cyclic GMP increase, both acting on ryanodine receptors, allowing oscillations of it to propagate in dendrites. It enters the cell as inwardly rectifying CRAC currents via trp [TRIP] channels when its intracellular levels are depleted by IP3-mediated release from smooth ER. It can activate nitric oxide synthase and CaM kinase II upon binding to calmodulin, and binds to its sensor synaptotagmin to mediate vesicle fusion at the synapse. FTP name this +2 ion whose influx causes the release of neurotransmitters. Answer: calcium

20. Though he’s not Lycaon, according to some sources, this man had a son named Iapyx, Aeneas’ healer, who is also claimed to be the grandson of Priam. Late in his life he came unto Cumae and then unto Sicily, where he lived under the patronage of Cocalus, a man who would kill one of this man’s earlier patrons. A crime committed by this man was the inspiration of the name of the partridge, as he murdered his sister’s son, alternatively known as Calos or Talus, but better known as Perdix. Condemned by the Areopagus, he was arrested in his next destination after completing a work for a daughter of Helios, Pasiphae, and due to the lack of methods of exiting the country, he devised another means, which led to the death of his son. FTP, name this man who devised a wooden cow for Pasiphae and pairs of wings for himself and his son, Icarus. Answer: Daedalus

21. An early incident his career involved a plot concocted by several conspirators on the “Euridice” which sought to occupy the Genoese arsenal. Bento Gonçalves and this man are the namesakes of cities in the province of Rio Grande do Sul, where this man distinguished himself as a commander in the Guerra dos Farrapos. Late in his life, he was elected to the French National Assembly after notable victories at Autun and Chatillon [SHAW-TEE-YOHN]. Captured by the forces of General Cialdini after the battle of Aspromonte, he would return to launch an offensive that would include a notable victory at Bezzecca [BETS-EH-KAH], but he stopped short of the Trentino on orders from his sovereign. Though he won at Calatafirmi, he wasn’t able to defeat the Bourbon Francis II until the Battle of Voltorno, with help from the king’s army. Thus was the conquest of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies achieved under the banner of King Victor Emmanuel II. FTP, name this Italian commander most famous for his Sicilian Campaign who commanded a group known as “The Thousand” or the “Red Shirts.” Answer: Giuseppe Garibaldi BONUSES

1. Travel around the continent of Asia with the girls of the acclaimed Asian Street Hookers series! FTPE: [10] Arguably the most memorable lezzy scene in the series comes in installment #15 when Chantal and Jennica make love on one of the islands making up Adam’s Bridge, bordered on the north by the Palk Strait, which separates the Asian mainland from this island. Answer: Sri Lanka or Ceylon or Serendip [10] The most tragic episode in the series came when the girls looked for good, clean island fun in #23, subtitled MILF’s and MNLF’s [read M-N-L-F]. After arriving on this second largest-island on the Philippines, home to the cities of Zamboanga and Davao, the girls found out that their public gangbangs were a violation of shari’a in this largely Islamic island. Answer: Mindanao [10] The series nearly ended after episode #24, when, after the nasty public execution incident in the Mindanao episode, the girls traveled to this mountain range in Central Asia, home to peaks formerly named Communism, Lenin, and Stalin peaks in Tajikistan. The altitude-inhibited love-making scenes are regarded as among the poorest and most lethargic in porn history, but comic levity occurs when porn newcomer Dwight Wynne makes a touching cameo as the girls’ horny Sherpa guide. Answer: The Pamirs

2. Works by John Dos Passos. FTPE: [10] With a cast of 11 characters whose lives occasionally intersect, this satirical trilogy of our nation consists of The 42nd Parallel, 1919, and The Big Money. Answer: U.S.A. [10] Dos Passos' first experimental novel describes people as diverse as a divorced journalist, a Wall Street gambler, and an actress, taking its title from a railroad station in New York. Answer: Manhattan Transfer [10] This trilogy of the Spottswood family includes Adventures of a Young Man, Number One, and The Grand Design. Answer: District of Columbia

3. Landmarks in the early development of the brain. FTPE: [10] After the neural plate develops from the ectoderm, it folds into a neural groove, then into this rounded structure in the process of neurulation, with the paraxial mesoderm turning into somite next to it. Answer: neural tube [10] The rostral neural tube develops into rhombencephalon, mesencephalon, and prosencephalon, which includes both the diencephalon that develops into thalamus and retina, and this other component that encloses the lateral ventricles and eventually becomes the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and olfactory bulb. Answer: telencephalon [10] Although the cervical flexure between spinal chord and hind brain and the pontine flexure between metencephalon and myelencephalon eventually straighten out, this other junction between mid and hind brains remains to differentiate the longitudinal axis of the forebrain from that of the brain stem. Answer: cephalic flexure

4. FTPE, answer the following questions about a notable crisis in Roman history. [10] The so-called Crisis of the Third Century is generally regarded to have begun in AD 235, with the extinguishing of this dynasty whose last dynast was Alexander, founded by Septimius. Answer: Severus or Sever(i)ans [10] He kicked Gothic ass twice at Naissus and Lake Benacus and was thus given an epithet recalling his exploits. Unfortunately, like many of the rulers of this period, he reign shortly, only two years, but he was deified. Answer: Marcus Aurelius Claudius II Gothicus (prompt on Claudius) [10] This Illyrian replaced Numerian in 284 and managed to stay in power for a reasonable amount of time, creating the Tetrarchy system as well as hating on the Jesus lovers. Answer: Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus

5. Name these French churches, FTPE. [10] Designed by Paul Abadie, who died long before its completion, it features statues of Saint Louis and Joan of Arc on its portico and an 83 meter tall dome, situated at the highest point above Paris. Answer: Le Basilique du Sacre Coeur de Montmartre or Basilica of the Sacred Heart [10] Work on this cathedral was begun in 1145, and among its innovations were the use of 4 rib vaults in a rectangle place of 6 in a square and extensive use of flying buttresses. The shorter of its spires dates from the twelth century, while the more decorative one is from the 16th century. It is located in a city 50 miles from Paris. Answer: Chartres Cathedral [10] Located in Ronchamp, its thick south wall is in the shape of a buttress, and the roof is a concrete shell. On one of its “spires”, a circle, square and a line can be seen, and the church features a rather basic interior. Name this famous Le Corbusier cathedral. Answer: Notre Dame du Haut [prompt on Notre Dame]

6. People bearing apples have some ulterior motive in mind, as Snow White found out. Answer some questions about other instances FTPE. [10] This Titan grabbed the golden apples of the Hesperides for Herakles and said he would take them to Eurystheus himself, but Herakles outwitted him by asking him to resume his former job while Herakles found some padding for his shoulders. Answer: Atlas [10] At the wedding of Peleus and Thetis, this goddess, who wasn’t invited, threw a golden apple marked “Kallisti,” meaning “for the fairest”, in the midst of the celebrating guests. Answer: Eris or Discord [10] This man won over his eventual wife, Atalanta, by sequentially throwing three golden apples. She stopped to pick up each one, thereby allowing him to beat her in a footrace. Answer: Melanion or Milanion or Hippomenes

7. Answer the following about crystal systems. FTPE. [10] This is the number of atoms surrounding a particular atom in a crystal lattice, e.g. 6 for an ion in a simple cubic cell. Answer: coordination number [10] This type of arrangement has a coordination number of 8 with the equivalent of 2 spheres inside, because each layer packs onto the crevices of the layer below it, resulting in one eighth of an atom at each corner surrounding the central atom. Answer: body-centered cubic [10] Instead of packing in an ABA series as in hexagonal close packed, this type of packing, also called cubic close packed, is an ABC arrangement with coordination number of 12 where each of the 2 layers above the 1st fill in the crevices beneath. Answer: face-centered cubic

8. Hate on Denmark and answer these questions, FTPE: [10] The Danish newspaper Jyllandsposten has come under fire recently for portraying this important figure in several cartoons, including some depictions of him as a terrorist. Answer: Muhammad [10] Unfortunately, there isn’t that much material to work with on Denmark, so Iranian fundamentalists took on the embassy of this country in Teheran too, the pretense being that this country, which holds the current E.U. presidency, has something to do with the whole thing. Answer: Austria or Österreich [10] The Iranian Commerce Ministry recently proposed changing the name of Danish pastries to this more Islamic name. Answer: Roses of the Prophet Muhammad [accept equivalents, i.e. Roses of the Prophet]

9. Name these works by Moliere FTPE. [10] Elmire is seduced by the titular religious fellow, who tricks Orgon into deeding his property to him and kicks the family out of the house. Answer: Le tartuffe; or The Hypocrite; or The Imposter [10] Based on a play by Tirso de Molina, it concerns the titular libertine's seduction of Elvire and invitation of a statue to dinner, with Sganarelle as valet. Answer: Dom Juan ou le festin de pierre; or The Stone Guest [10] Lucinde feigns the loss of speech, prompting her father Geronte to hire the woodcutter Sganarelle, who is bribed by Leandre, the poor lover of Lucinde, into taking him as an apothecary, so that Lucinde can be "cured" and escapes. Answer: Le medecin malgre lui; or The Doctor in Spite of Himself

10. FTPE, identify these people and things from 20th century Spanish history: [10] This notable family produced Miguel, a dictator of Spain from 1923 to 1930, and Jose, the founder of a political party who would gain the nickname “El Ausente” after his 1936 execution. Answer: Primo de Rivera [10] This man, the long-time dictator of Spain who died in 1975, surprised many when he named the Bourbon prince Juan Carlos as his successor. Answer: Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde [10] This party, founded by Jose Primo de Rivera, took as its symbols the yoke and the arrows, the symbols of the Reyes Catolicos, and was combined with the Carlists during the Spanish Civil War. Answer: Falange Española or Spanish Phalanx 11. Although his marriage to Martha Bernays was fruitful in bearing six children, he had a possible sexual relationship with physician Wilhelm Fliess, who influenced his ideas on erotogenic zones and infant screen memory, or fantasy with adults. FTPE. [10] Name this Viennese psychoanalyst who wrote Civilization and Its Discontents. Answer: Sigmund Freud [10] Unlike dreams, Freud believed that these contrived expressions of unconscious impulses appeal more to the rational ego, and rely on their double-sideness for their effectiveness, as described in a 1905 work on "their relation to the unconcious." Answer: jokes [10] Freud used this term to describe the expression of an idea or taking of an action that is opposite to that of the unconscious wish. Answer: reaction formation

12. Answer the following about a limit FTPE: (10) This is the closest distance a satellite can get to a planet before being destroyed by tidal forces. Answer: Roche (stability) limit (10) The Roche limit is proportional to the cube root of the ratio of the value of this property of the planet to that of the satellite. Answer: density (10) The Roche limit was experimentally verified in 1994 when what comet became unstable after passing within the Roche limit of Jupiter? Answer: Shoemaker-Levy 9

13. Name these college basketball teams with some embarrassing losses on their resumé this season, FTPE. [10] Although this school has one of the top records in Ivy League play, it played atrociously for former Air Force coach Joe Scott in the non-conference, using its namesake style of offense to put up just 21 points against Monmouth and losing 46-51 against Division III Carnegie Mellon. Answer: University of Princeton [10] Alaska-Anchorage’s finest moment in 2005 came when it defeated this MVC tournament champion, which earlier this season had one of the nation’s longest home winning streaks. Amazingly, the Salukis managed to pull it together. Answer: University of Southern Illinois [10] Montana, UC-Davis, and UC-Irvine are among the teams that shellacked this once ranked Pac-10 school, whose schedule has more recently featured a moderately embarrassing 39-point winning effort against “defensive juggernaut” Washington State. Answer: Leland Stanford Junior University

14. One of his characters, when told there are Frenchmen in whose presence he would not toast to victories over France, exclaims, “I have never met any of them myself! As soon as we show ourselves, they run away!” FTPE. [10] Name this syphilitic author of the novels A Woman’s Life, Bel-ami, and Pierre and Jean, better known for the story Ball of Fat. Answer: Guy de Maupassant [10] This Maupassant tale is about Madame Forrestier and the object she loans to her friend Mathilde Loisel. Answer: “La parure”; or “The Necklace” [10] A book of Musset’s poetry annotated by “the greatest shatterer of dreams” initiates an anecdote about this skeptical “disabused pleasure-seeker,” whose false teeth fell out as his body decomposed after death, as narrated by his former pupil in a Maupassant story. Answer: “Beside Schopenhauer’s Corpse”

15. Answer these questions about a land speculation scandal in early American history, FTPE: [10] In 1794, Governor George Mathews of Georgia sold 40,000,000 acres for $500,000, and five years earlier, a predecessor had sold land at a mere 1 cent an acre to several companies. The scandal shares its name with a 200-mile long river joining the Mississippi north of Vicksburg. ANSWER: Yazoo Scandal or Yazoo Fraud (accept any equivalent clearly containing “Yazoo”) [10] The biggest name to be involved in the scandal was this president of the Virginia Yazoo Company, most famous for a line of oratory that first appeared in William Wirt’s biography of this man. ANSWER: Patrick Henry [10] This 1810 Supreme Court case involved a purchaser of land suing the seller because the seller had gained his land illicitly in the Yazoo Fraud, a decision that defended the original contract despite the repeal of the Yazoo Act. ANSWER: Fletcher v. Peck 16. Name these holidays celebrated in the Middle East, FTPE. [10] This day, known in Arabic as ‘Id Al-Milaad [EED-ELL-ME-LEAD], is celebrated in many parts of the Middle East on January 7, including Egypt, where it is a national holiday and important holiday for the Copts. Answer: Christmas or Noel [10] This late March holiday is regarded to be the beginning of the new year in some Zoroastrian calendars. Though ancient, it survived the Islamic conquests and is still an important holiday in Iran, Central Asia, and Turkey. Answer: Nawruz or Norouz or Navruz [10] Among the traditions of this holiday include the rattling of the gragger at the mention of Haman’s name and children dressing up in costumes. The Megillah is read during this holiday, commemorating the intervention of Esther against Haman’s plots to kill the Jews of Persia. Answer: Purim

17. When his Religion Within the Boundaries of Pure Reason was deemed by authorities to have misused philosophy to distort fundamental doctrines of sacred scripture, he agreed not to writer further on religious subjects. FTPE: [10] Name this formulator of the categorical imperative. Answer: Immanuel Kant [10] A shorter and more comprehensible treatment of topics in Critique of Practical Reason, this work deals with Kant's basic principles of pure ethics, not its applications in law and politics. Answer: Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals; or Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals; or Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten [10] Written to correct wrong interpretations of Critique of Pure Reason, it attempts to show how metaphysics is possible as a science. Answer: Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics that Will Be Able to Come Forward as a Science; or Prolegomena zu einer jeden kunftigen Metaphysik die als Wissenschaft wird auftrenten konnen

18. Answer the following questions about a twentieth-century cinema movement FTPE. [10] The first major film in this movement was the film Ossessione, though Rossellini’s Roma, citta aperta, set in Nazi- occupied Rome, was the first well-known film of this movement. Answer: neo-realism [10] This film is generally regarded as the last major Neo-Realist piece. It centers on the story of the title self-centered old man and the lives of the people around him, who he generally ignores. It is the most famous work of Vittorio De Sica. Answer: Umberto D. [10] This man began the movement with his direction of the film Ossessione, an adaptation of the novel The Postman Always Rings Twice. He was the Duke of Modrone, and thus a descendant of a family of Milanese nobles. Answer: Luchino Visconti

19. Suppose that a collection of random variables X nought, X sub 1, up to X sub n exists such that the expectation of the absolute value of each X sub n is finite. FTPE: [10] This term denotes any collection as given in the lead-in with the additional restriction that the expected value of X sub n+1 given X nought, X sub 1, up to X sub n is equal to X sub n. Answer: martingale [10] This special type of martingale is defined as M sub n equals the expectation of X given a collection of other random variables X nought, X sub 1, up to X sub n, jointly distributed with X. It is named after the American mathematician who discovered much of martingale theory. Answer: Doob martingale [10] Any system that can be modeled using a martingale is said to have this property, as its value at any given time depends only on the past and present values, not on future ones. Answer: causality

20. Boat Trip: Russia, FTPE: [10] One of the first important Russian boat trips was the trip undertaken by this Baltic German-Russian navigator, who led the first Russian circumnavigation of the world from 1803 to 1806. Some barren islands are named for him as thanks. Answer: Adam Johann Kruzenstern or Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenstern [CREW-ZEN-SHTERN] [10] One of the most famous actions of the Russian Navy was the Baltic Fleet’s sailing halfway around the world and nearly fighting a war against the British cod fishing industry, eventually getting destroyed by the Japanese at this 1905 battle. Answer: Battle of Tsushima Strait or Sea of Japan Naval Battle [10] Present at the battle was the battleship Aurora, now docked between the Petrograd and Vyborg side in Saint Petersburg, which is famous for only one thing: a shot fired in a particular month and year. FTP, give the month and the year according to the Julian calendar. ANSWER: October 1917 do not accept November 1917

21. Answer some questions about a pop culture phenomenon, FTPE. [10] This movie features one of the greatest collections of cinematic talent assembled, featuring four Oscar winners, two nominees, and a Rat Packer. The plot concerns the attempt of Col. Alexander, played by Lee Marvin, and Scott McCoy, portrayed by a noted martial artist, to rescue a hijacked airliner. Answer: The Delta Force or Mahatz ha-Delta [10] This actor has played the same tough guy cop against such virtuosi as a dog in Top Dog, and Flounder from Animal House in Silent Rage. He portrayed Scott McCoy in that movie and a sequel, as well as a lead role in Lone Wolf McQuade. Answer: Carlos Ray “Chuck” Norris [10] Norris is best-known for this over the top USA drama series featuring Norris making sure nobody messes with the Lone Star State. Answer: Walker: Texas Ranger