An Educational Package for the Veterinary Community

International Veterinary Activities:

OIE Internship Publications Department August 2004 – November 2004

Jennifer Koeman MSc, DVM

World Organisation for Animal Health Organisation Mondiale de la Santé Animale Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal

2 Table of Contents

I. Background ...... 3

II. Objectives ...... 3

III. Process ...... 4

A. Development of the ‘Concept of the International Veterinary Community’. 4 B. Introductory statement ...... 4

C. Identification of the target audience ...... 4

D. Identification of topics of interest and development of the outline ...... 5

E. Research and development of the content ...... 5

F. Internal review ...... 6

G. External review ...... 6

H. Distribution ...... 6

I. Future Considerations ...... 7

IV. Acknowledgements ...... 8

V. Appendix I: The International Veterinary Medical Community Concept ... 9

VI. Appendix II: Introductory Statement ...... 11 VII. Appendix III: Condensed Outline ...... 12

VIII. Appendix IV: Expanded Outline ...... 15

IX. Appendix V: Pamphlet Design ...... 27

X. Appendix VI: Distribution ...... 28

I. Background

3 The decision by the OIE to develop an educational package on international veterinary activities was based on an identified need for members of the veterinary community to recognise the global scope of veterinary activities. In North America a surprisingly small number of veterinary students have heard of the OIE. Of those students who are familiar with the OIE, very few are able to list the objectives and activities of this organisation. As the World Organisation for Animal Health, made up of 167 member countries of which Canada and the United States are included, it is regrettable that students graduating from the DVM program in these countries are not familiar with this organisation.

This in turn raises the question of how familiar are students with international veterinary activities in general. With the strong emphasis of the veterinary curriculum on clinical veterinary medicine, it has become the students’ responsibility to educate themselves on other aspects of veterinary medicine. Already overloaded with course material, students must be very selective in which areas of veterinary medicine (i.e. public health, foreign animal diseases, sustainable development, wildlife, environment, etc.) they would like to dedicate their time to pursuing personal research. An increasing number of veterinary students have demonstrated a desire to pursue additional studies (i.e. elective courses, internships, externships) in international veterinary medicine.

While a small number of schools in North America have developed programs to meet this increasing demand, options and resource materials available to interested students are scarce. Globalisation has created an interconnected world which, in turn, has had considerable impacts on the veterinary community. Increased international movement of animals and humans, while allowing for increased trade of animals and animal products between developed and developing countries, has also resulted in the emergence of a number of associated global issues such as food security, food safety and quality, the introduction of foreign animal diseases, the introduction of zoonotic diseases, animal welfare issues, welfare of developing countries, and so on. The importance of these global issues and the responsibilities of the veterinary community in addressing these concerns need to be recognised by all members.

II. Objectives The primary objective of this project was to provide a comprehensive overview of international veterinary activities. An internship position within the Publications Department of the OIE was created and a recent veterinary graduate was sought to develop the project. It was decided that the most suitable candidate for this job would be a recent graduate who could provide perspective on the interests of North American veterinary students. The intern was responsible for identifying

4 topics in international veterinary medicine that would be of interest to veterinary students, developing a proposed outline, researching and developing the content of each of the topics, designing a practical and user-friendly format for the package, identifying an efficient and cost effective method of publicising the package and, in consultation with the department head, identifying and contacting experts within each area who could be approached to contribute material to the package.

III. Process A. Development of the ‘Concept of the International Veterinary Community’ Prior to identifying topics of interest to be included in the education package, it was necessary to first develop the ‘Concept of the International Veterinary Community’ (Appendix I). A brief discussion of this concept at the beginning of the education package was intended as a means of ‘setting the scene’ for the user of this package. The development of this concept was also important in defining the infrastructure of the international veterinary community and identifying issues and events that have influenced and will continue to shape the activities of the international veterinary community.

B. Introductory statement A brief introductory statement (Appendix II) was included at the beginning of the package to emphasise the varied qualities and skills inherent to each veterinarian that make them uniquely qualified to work in a broad range of veterinary services, and how the contributions from veterinarians within each of these areas have shaped the international veterinary network. This statement was intended to make the package appealing to all veterinary students, regardless of their intended career goals, by highlighting the fact that professionals working in all fields of veterinary medicine contribute to the international animal health network.

C. Identification of the target audience The initial content of the package was developed with the undergraduate veterinary student as the intended target audience. Eventually, the material will also be made available to veterinary students and faculty of other regions, public and private service veterinarians, and key animal health organisations and associations.

5 D. Identification of topics of interest and development of the outline Topics and subtopics that were applicable to first through to final year veterinary students who are interested in international veterinary activities were identified (Appendix III). The main objective was to introduce the student to the global scope of veterinary medicine as well as emphasize that each individual, regardless of their particular career within the field of veterinary medicine, is an essential component of the global veterinary infrastructure. The package was not intended as a comprehensive database listing the various international veterinary organisations and employment opportunities, but rather as a venue by which to provide students with an introduction to the structure and activities of the various international animal health organisations, the essential contributions from the various fields of veterinary medicine to international animal health and select examples of education and employment opportunities within the field of international veterinary medicine. Through the use of this package, users would be provided with a broad overview of the field of international veterinary medicine that, based on the interests of the individual user, may be used as a starting point for further in depth research into a particular subject area. Within each section, links to applicable websites would allow the interested user to pursue further personal research on their topic of choice.

The package was divided into two major sections entitled: ‘Informative Topics on International Veterinary Activities’ and ‘Resources on International Veterinary Medicine’. The organisation of the material in this manner, beginning with the section ‘Informative Topics on International Veterinary Medicine’, was meant to provide the user with an awareness of the international veterinary activities of the various fields of veterinary medicine, the various international animal health organizations, and the established programs and standards in international animal health. Examples of potential areas of employment, internships, externships and advanced education in international veterinary medicine, and the qualities and qualifications necessary to work effectively in these positions, were outlined under the heading ‘Resources on International Veterinary Medicine’. This section was pertinent as a basis for the user to identify his/her suitability to the particular employment and/or study opportunities available in the field of international veterinary medicine. Furthermore, it could be used as a starting point for additional personal research into employment and/or advanced education opportunities.

E. Research and development of the content The suggested content listed under each topic (Appendix IV) was designed to reflect the types of questions that would arise when students are researching international veterinary activities/programs. The content of each topic was designed to provide a complete overview of the

6 various activities within each field that have applications to the international veterinary medical community. Each topic proposed in the outline was researched using published articles and material available on the internet. As a recent veterinary graduate with limited knowledge on international veterinary activities, background research on each topic was necessary prior to developing the contents. Employing a recent graduate to create this package was ideal as the proposed contents reflected the thought process of a student researching the broad scope of international veterinary activities starting from a very limited knowledge base, which should also represent the majority of the users of the package.

F. Internal Review The proposed outline was distributed to the Director General and the Heads of each department for internal review. The contents of the outline were then revised, based on the comments and suggestions that were received.

G. External Review In consultation with the Head of the Publication Department, experts were identified who could be approached to contribute material to each topic. The proposed outline was sent via e-mail to a number of experts who were asked to comment on the suitability of the contents to the main theme of the package.

H. Distribution Packaging and distribution of the material to the target audience was a subject that required considerable thought. Comments and suggestions regarding the best means of distributing the material to veterinary students were requested by key reviewers who had strong relationships with the student bodies (i.e. Associate Deans Academic, International Veterinary Programs Coordinators). The main concern identified by the reviewers was the difficulty of attracting the interest of students who are already overloaded with course material. It was recommended that a fairly condensed version of the material be distributed to the students, with a more complete version accessible to those students who indicate further interest in the material.

Ideas regarding the packaging of the material as well as the possible venues of distribution are outlined in Appendices V and VI. A cost-effective and attractive format by which to promote the package to the veterinary student body was sought. The format for a pamphlet, consisting of a brief introductory text followed with a condensed outline of the topics, is proposed in Appendix V. Ideally, the pamphlet would have an eye-catching cover design to pique the interest of the students

7 (i.e. similar to the design on the cover of the recent OIE Reviews), and be made of a durable material so that students would be more prone to retain and file the pamphlet than to throw it in the garbage after quickly glancing at it. While there would be an initial cost involved in producing the pamphlet, this seems to be the most cost-effective method by which to target the large population of veterinary students in North America. A link to a webpage would be listed in the package where a comprehensive version of the material would be accessible to interested users. An online version of the educational package would be an ideal format as it is cost-effective, it can be easily accessed by North American students, students are familiar with online educational material, the contents can be easily updated, and links included in each section would allow for navigation to associated websites.

A number of different venues of distribution are also suggested in Appendix VI. Regarding the distribution of material within veterinary schools, two options should be considered: 1) general distribution to the student body, and 2) distribution as part of an elective/extension course on international veterinary activities. Students participating in elective/extension courses would be a key target audience as they have a demonstrated interest in the subject matter. Other venues of distribution may include international and national meetings (particularly when an OIE information booth will be present), libraries (veterinary medicine, agriculture, biology), and National Veterinary Medical Associations (i.e. advertised as a page in the association journal or included in the pamphlet format in the front cover of the journal). OIE information booths would be an ideal and convenient site by which to advertise the material. Most libraries have a table at their entrance where new texts and informative material are displayed. The majority of veterinary students receive the National Veterinary Association Journal free of charge during the DVM program. The journal is also widely read by faculty and some private clinicians.

I. Future Considerations To date, a comprehensive outline, including proposed contents for each topic, has been developed and the material reviewed internally by the OIE Director General and the Department Heads. Key experts have been identified and the material has been forwarded by e-mail for external review. Comments and suggestions on the outline and proposed contents are expected shortly. Upon receiving and reviewing the comments, minor adjustments and/or additions to the outline can be made. At this stage, key experts should be approached and asked if they would be willing to contribute to this project. If they agree to participate in the project, a detailed set of instructions outlining the proposed format and contents of their particular section would be provided. A deadline for the submission of materials should be agreed upon in advance in order to ensure that

8 the project continues to progress in a timely manner. After the material is received, the content should be reviewed and the text edited for style and grammar.

Once all of the material has been compiled, the next step will be to incorporate it into a user- friendly format for distribution. If a web based format is to be used, this will require the collaboration of the educational package coordinator, an information technologist and possibly a graphic designer. Once a web format of the material is available, advertising of the education package can proceed.

Based on the receptivity of the education package by the North American audience, a schedule can be determined for the translation of the text and distribution to veterinary students and faculty of other regions, public and private service veterinarians, and key animal health organisations and associations.

IV. Acknowledgements I would like to extend my sincere thanks to Dr. Brian Evans, Delegate to Canada, for the time and energy he invested in making this internship possible. I would also like to thank the following people: the Director General, Dr. Bernard Vallat, for his support for this internship and review of the projects; the Head of the Publications Department, Dr. Raymond Dugas, for providing me with this opportunity; the staff of the Publications Department, Alexandra Moran, Magda Banaszak, Annie Souyri and Vanessa Leverkuehn for their help and support during my internship; Dr. Angot and Stéphane Berlaud for helping me with some of the initial arrangements; a final thank you to Alexandra Moran for sharing her office with me and being so kind.

9 Appendix I: The International Veterinary Medical Community Concept

World Organisation for Animal Health

The International Veterinary Medical Community Concept

The globalization of areas such as travel and tourism, trade, education and communication has created an increasingly interconnected world. Immigration and the formation of multicultural societies is now considered a prominent feature of many nations and is an important driving force behind the development of trade regulations and health standards in the field of animal health and zoonoses. Global animal health and the establishment of an international veterinary medical community is a concept that is of increasing importance in accordance with a continued emphasis on worldwide trade in animals/animal products, increasing focus on public health protection, food safety and animal welfare, and the ongoing progress in international relations between countries.

Health issues, both animal and human, of transboundary concern have created a demand for international collaboration between countries. Diseases with the potential for transboundary spread can have significant global impacts on animal production, poverty levels, food safety, food security and trade. Recent disease outbreaks such as foot and mouth disease in Great Britain and avian influenza in Asia have emphasized the need for international collaboration on numerous animal and public health issues including areas such as disease monitoring, disease information dissemination, disease diagnosis, emergency preparedness and response to disease outbreaks, zoonoses and public health, biomedical research, trade restrictions and economics. The widespread impact of such disease outbreaks has identified the need for an international body, such as the OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) 1, that is able to draw on the veterinary expertise of their members to research, design, advise and act in conjunction with organisations such as the World Trade Organisation in the development of standards and programs concerning animal health issues and the trade of live animals and animal products.

While globalization has created a multitude of new opportunities in a variety of fields it has not occurred without some degree of compromise. The concept of a safe world is no longer a reality in the 21st century. Intentional introduction of disease to a susceptible population of animals would have a devastating impact not only to the economy of a single country but would have consequences on a global scale. Likewise, the use of animals and animal products as vectors of zoonotic disease agents is a constant and real threat. Veterinarians from all parts of the world are an important first line of defense in maintaining the safety of the global food supply and hence public health. Public awareness has increased not only with regard to the safety of the global food supply

1 Although renamed the World Organisation for Animal Health, the acronym OIE (derived from the historical name Office International des Epizooties) is still used by the organization. and the potential for animal to human transmission of diseases, but also with regard to the health and welfare of the animals used for food production. Increased public sensitivity and awareness of a number of aspects of veterinary medicine are an important consideration and driving force behind the future direction of the international veterinary medical community.

The establishment of international animal health standard setting Organisations, such as the OIE, is an important means of developing relations between the animal health sectors of various countries. The 167 Member Countries of the OIE contribute to the development and implementation of the seven mandates of the OIE (transparency, scientific information, international solidarity, sanitary safety, promotion of veterinary services, animal production food safety and animal welfare). Through these mandates, the OIE and each of the Member Countries are able to contribute to the globalization of the field of animal health.

International awareness and information sharing has become an essential component of most fields of animal health, i.e. regulatory medicine, epidemiology, biomedical research, teaching, clinical veterinary medicine etc. As international relations between countries continue to progress, the global demand for all categories of veterinary services will continue to increase. Veterinarians employed in both traditional and non-traditional areas of veterinary medicine will require not only a strong technical background, but also an enhanced awareness of animal health issues in a global context. The global responsibility of veterinarians from developed countries is of particular importance. Opportunities and resources easily accessible to veterinarians in developed countries can be utilized to assist less developed countries in reaching a greater standard of living. Solidarity and equity of the veterinary profession is a necessity in the continuing process of globalization.

11 Appendix II: Introductory Statement

World Organisation for Animal Health

Introduction

The comparative based approach of the veterinary curriculum has resulted in the production of highly trained professionals qualified to work in a broad range of veterinary services. The demand for animal health professionals in a variety of different fields has provided veterinarians with the unique opportunity to work in a diverse range of careers. The varied skills of veterinarians have, therefore, provided the foundation for the development of a strong international veterinary network that is establishing essential linkages between veterinary science and other fields (i.e. public health, agriculture, environment, research, food production etc.). Veterinarians contribute to the international veterinary community through a variety of different means of employment including academia, research, non-governmental organisations, international technical co-operation organisations, international standard setting organisations and clinical work (day to day animal health monitoring and management is an important means of early disease recognition, notification, treatment and control). The rapid progress in international relations and globalisation impacts all areas of the veterinary profession; that has the capacity to face the challenges this will bring.

12 Appendix III: Condensed Outline

World Organisation for Animal Health International Veterinary Medicine Education Package: A Proposed Outline for North America

Co-ordinator: Jennifer Koeman

Proposed Contents (Condensed Version)

I. Introduction

II. The International Veterinary Medical Community Concept

III. Informative Topics on International Veterinary Activities

A. Introduction i. Setting the scene ii. The driving forces behind the diversity of international veterinary activities

B. International Veterinary Activities in Various Fields of Animal Health

i. Emerging and Re-emerging Animal Diseases and Zoonoses ii. Wildlife iii. Environment iv. Animal Welfare v. Animal Research vi. Veterinary Ethics vii. Veterinary Education viii. International Co-operation and Sustainable Livestock/Agriculture Development in Developing Countries

C. Areas with Established Standards in International Animal Health

i. Introduction (i.e. Setting the scene) ii. International Animal Health Standard Setting Organisation iii. Animal Disease and Zoonoses Information Systems iv. Food Safety v. Animal Welfare

13 D. Areas with Established Programs in International Animal Health

i. International Emergency Preparedness Programs ii. Transboundary Animal Disease Prevention and Control iii. Public Health/Zoonoses Prevention and Control

IV. Resources on International Veterinary Activities

A. Careers in International Veterinary Medicine

i. General areas/Organisations employing veterinarians in the field of international veterinary medicine ii. Qualifications required for each of the above careers iii. Personal qualities necessary to work effectively in each of the above careers

B. Examples of Options/Electives in International Veterinary Medicine as part of the Undergraduate DVM Program in North America

i. Texas A & M Purdue University – International Programs in Veterinary Education ii. Purdue University iii. TUFTS School of Veterinary Medicine iv. University of California Davis v. Iowa State University vi. Washington State University vii. University of Georgia

C. Examples of Advanced Degrees/Training in International Veterinary Medicine

D. Examples of Externships/Internships/Exchange Programs in International Veterinary Medicine

E. Examples of Non-Governmental Organisations and Associated Programs in International Veterinary Medicine

i. Specific NGOs specializing in veterinary medicine ii. Non-specific ad hoc programs

F. International Technical Co-operation Organisations

i. What is an International Technical Co-operation Organisation ii. Examples of International Technical Co-operation Organisations with programs in international veterinary medicine iii. Employment opportunities available within these Organisations with regard to international veterinary medicine

14 iv. Qualifications required to work in a International Technical Co-operation Organisation v. Personal qualities necessary to work effectively in an International Technical Co-operation Organisation

G. International Standard Setting Organisations

i. What is an International Standard Setting Organisation ii. The International Standard Setting Organisations iii. Employment opportunities available within International Standard Setting Organisations iv. Qualifications required to work in an International Standard Setting Organisation v. Personal qualities necessary to work effectively in an International Standard Setting Organisation

H. International Associations/Groups Promoting International Veterinary Medicine

i. World Veterinary Association ii. International Students Veterinary Medical Association iii. Regional Associations

15 Appendix IV: Expanded Outline

World Organisation for Animal Health International Veterinary Medicine Education Package: A Proposed Outline for North America

Co-ordinator: Jennifer Koeman

Proposed Contents (Expanded Version)

I. Introduction

II. The International Veterinary Medical Community Concept

III. Informative Topics on International Veterinary Activities A. Introduction i. Setting the scene a. Historical events in the development of international veterinary activities - Increasing world population and global food demand - Increasing movement of animal and animal products in order to meet these demands - Implications of these changes to trade, economics, poverty, disease transmission (animal and human) etc. - The creation of the OIE (1924) and FAO (1945) b. A brief discussion on the diversity of international activities in the field of veterinary medicine (i.e. Section III.B. International Veterinary Activities in Various Fields of Animal Health) – this is a broad conceptual topic – leading into a brief introduction to the establishment of international standards and specific animal health programs (Sections III.C&D) – these are more specific topics. ii. The driving forces behind the ongoing diversity of international veterinary activities a. Increasing emphasis on the protection of the environment, ecosystems, wildlife Suggested content: - Veterinarians play a key role in these fields in terms of research, regulatory medicine, disease monitoring, prevention, control etc. b. Responsibilities of developed countries Suggested content: - The importance of solidarity and equity of the veterinary profession - As the global food demand continues to increase the role for 16 developed countries in helping less-developed countries become self sustainable is of increasing importance - The production of safe food products that can be traded internationally is a global concern c. Veterinary medicine and societal values Suggested content: - Societal concerns/values and the inherent and increasing contribution of veterinary medicine to these concerns i.e. humane transport, humane slaughter, production practices, animal welfare, animal disposal/destruction approaches, antimicrobial resistance, traceability etc. d. Globalisation and the development of specific standards and programs in animal health Suggested content: - The increasing movements of animals and animal products to meet the global food demands has resulted in the development international standards pertaining to various aspects of animal health (i.e. animal trade standards, disease monitoring, food safety, and animal welfare) - In accordance with the increasing concern over animal and human disease outbreaks, specific animal health programs have likewise been implemented to address issues such as international emergency preparedness for disease outbreaks, transboundary animal disease control and the protection of public health

B. International Veterinary Activities in Various Fields of Animal Health i. Emerging and Re-emerging Animal Diseases and Zoonoses a. Introduction/definition of emerging and re-emerging diseases (WHO-FAO- OIE Consultation May 2004) This section will be developed as appropriate Suggested content: - Factors involved in emerging and re-emerging diseases and the complex interactions of factors that contribute towards the emergence and/or re-emergence of diseases. - Emphasis on the impact of globalisation on the emerging and re- emerging diseases - Implications of emerging and re-emerging diseases on a global scale b. The role of the international veterinary community in preventing, monitoring, responding to and controlling emerging diseases

ii. Wildlife a. Introductory description of the emerging/important issues in the field of wildlife and the relationship to the field of veterinary medicine b. Disease transmission between wild and domestic animals (livestock and companion animal issues) c. Zoonotic diseases and wildlife d. Surveillance and management of diseases of wildlife Suggested content: - Potential effects of implemented surveillance and management 17 programs on the wildlife population - Potential effects of implemented surveillance and management programs on the local ecology - Logistical issues regarding the surveillance and management of wildlife diseases e. Wildlife Diseases and International Trade (OIE) f. Zoo and Endangered Species Suggested content: - Trade of endangered/exotic species (disease importation and risks to wildlife and domestic animals, animal welfare, disease prevention, disease monitoring, the management of epizootics in zoos and natural habitats, and veterinary ethics re:treatment of illegally imported species) - Reproductive biotechnologies as a conservation issue g. CITES Suggested content: (based on CITES website) - What is CITES - How CITES works - International context (i.e. member countries) h. Role(s) of the international veterinary community in the field of wildlife Suggested content: - Importance of an awareness of wildlife diseases within the veterinary community with respect being able to recognize transmission to domestic animals - Education of the human medical community / public on the potential of wildlife as a source of zoonotic diseases - Obligation of the global veterinary community to protect the wildlife population from the possible devastating effects of disease iii. Environment a. Introductory description of the relationship of veterinary medicine/animal health and the environment b. Ecosystem health - What is the role of the veterinary field in ecosystem health and what is the global impact of the management/mismanagement of ecosystem health c. Food production waste management d. Environmental toxicology (land and water) e. Disease outbreaks and environmental contamination/control f. Summary of the global impact/importance of environmental management within the field of animal health iv. Animal Welfare a. Introductory description of the importance and increasing emphasis being placed on animal welfare issues

*A brief discussion on the OIE standards for animal welfare is included in Section III.C.v. The discussion on animal welfare included in this section will be more detailed with regard to the various international veterinary activities/roles within this field 18 b. Areas in the animal health field in which animal welfare is an important concern (e.g. production, transport [land and sea], slaughter, research, testing, teaching, wildlife, zoos, exotic/companion animals, religious/ethnic considerations) c. The structure of the animal welfare field - Description of the different levels of activity within the field of animal welfare (i.e. policy making vs. hands on organisations) - What are the different organisations and what are their roles/activities in the field of animal welfare - Emphasis on the collaboration with NGOs (these organisations play a significant role in the field of animal welfare and provide much of the expertise outside of the government organisations) - Emphasis on the role for veterinarians in all levels of activity including policy making, hands on organisations, local shelters, and the obligations of clinical veterinarians d. The international animal welfare movement - Public perspective - Stakeholder perspective (World Veterinary Association, International Coalition for Farm Animal Welfare) e. Role(s) of the international veterinary community in: - Establishing animal welfare guidelines - Monitoring adherence to animal welfare guidelines at a multitude of levels (e.g. production, slaughter, research, exotic/companion pets) - Education of individuals working with animals - Education of the public v. Animal Research/Scientific Community a. Introduction to the broad scope of the veterinary scientific community b. International aspects of the veterinary scientific community Note: This section will be conceptual

Suggested content: - Emphasis on the international network of the veterinary scientific community: - The international impact of research projects - Idea sharing as the basis of scientific research (project development, combining of resources and expertise) - International funding - Collaboration between research groups (expertise, technical skills, training, etc.) - International conferences - Emphasis on the fact that all research conducted by the scientific community is conducted as part of a global network with impacts at the international level vi. Veterinary Ethics a. Moral/ethical obligations of the veterinarian (Introduction) Note: This section may be quite conceptual. Specific moral/ethical obligations of veterinarians may also be discussed in under the

19 applicable sections

Suggested content: - Specific training on veterinary ethics in the veterinary curriculum - The development of individual moral/ethical responsibilities - Moral/ethical obligations conferred by the DVM degree and the national veterinary statutory body - Fundamental ethical principals/obligations of each countries national veterinary services as outlined in the OIE Code b. Veterinary medicine and societal values Suggested content: - Societal concerns/values and the inherent and increasing contribution of veterinary medicine to these concerns i.e. humane transport, humane slaughter, production practices, animal welfare, animal disposal/destruction approaches, antimicrobial resistance, traceability etc. c. The application of veterinary ethics to international veterinary medicine Suggested content: - Ethical responsibility/awareness in all aspects of international veterinary medicine i.e. welfare of pets, commercial animals, wildlife, etc.; ethical responsibility of veterinarians certifying animals for international movement; ethical issues of veterinarians working in or with developing countries; ethical issues with regard to the development of international standards, disease control, etc. vii. Veterinary Education a. Introductory description of veterinary education on a global scale Suggested content: - An attempt to broaden the reader’s perspective on the range of veterinary education programs in place around the world b. Differences in the veterinary curriculum between select countries/regions Suggested content: - Emphasis on the differences in the veterinary curriculum with regard to the specific issues facing veterinarians within different countries/regions of the world - Select examples - The veterinary curriculum in a developing vs. a developed country with emphasis on the local issues influencing the veterinary curriculum - The veterinary curriculum in western Europe vs. North America vs. South America c. The importance of incorporating the concept of a global veterinary network into the veterinary curriculum Suggested content: - The veterinary community is not an independent entity within each region/country/province/state, etc. - International collaboration is essential at many levels (i.e. collaboration of research groups, collaboration of specialty labs/centers, collaboration of international regulatory organisations and their links to federal/local regulatory etc.)

20 viii International Co-operation and Sustainable Livestock/Agriculture Development in Developing Countries a. The various roles of the international veterinary community in sustainable livestock/agriculture development projects Suggested content: - The role of governmental organisations - The role of NGOs - The role of individual veterinarians

C. Areas with Established Standards in International Animal Health i. Introduction (i.e. Setting the scene) Suggested content: - Brief explanation of the necessity of setting international animal health standards - Historical reasons - Present reasons - Volume of trade of animal and animal products (current figures) demands standards on quality control, animal disease surveillance and control, food safety and security, and animal welfare - Established standards act to decrease the barriers to trade, allowing developing countries access to the global market - Protection of a countries disease status (i.e. rabies) and the social consequences that will occur if this status is removed - What are the different areas in international animal health in which standards have been or are being addressed (Section III.C.ii.) - The fundamental principals of Veterinary Services (i.e. ethical, organisational and technical aspects) and guidelines on the evaluation of Veterinary Services as outlined in the OIE code should be briefly discussed - What are the individual organisations responsible for within each of these areas - The role of the three sisters (OIE, IPPC and Codex) and how they function together (this will be mentioned again briefly in the context of international veterinary careers in Section III.G.) - The role of the SPS agreement in animal health standards * guidelines on risk analysis (consistent with and endorsed by the SPS Committee) should be discussed here

ii. International Animal Health Standard Setting Organisation a. OIE Suggested content: - Introductory description of the OIE as the Organisation responsible for the setting of international animal health standards - Mention of what areas (i.e. trade standards, standards for methods used in the diagnosis, surveillance and control of important animal diseases and international reference standards) are addressed through

21 the standards established by the OIE (each area will be discussed in more detail in the following sections). b. International Animal Trade Standards . OIE Suggested content: Brief description of the OIE Terrestrial Animal Code and the OIE Aquatic Code with regard to: - The importance of having trade standards for terrestrial and aquatic animals - Quality of veterinary services (i.e. standards developed for the assurance of veterinary services with regard to international trade) - How the codes are developed - How often the codes are published and in what format - How the codes are implemented and monitored (The role of the OIE, WTO and SPS should be discussed here with regard to implementation, monitoring and reviewing of standards and the refereeing of trade disputes) c. International Standards for Methods Used in the Diagnosis, Surveillance and Control of Important Animal Diseases . OIE Suggested content: Brief description of the OIE Terrestrial Animal Manual and the OIE Aquatic Animal Manual with regard to: - The importance of having international standards for methods used in the diagnosis, surveillance and control of important terrestrial and aquatic animal diseases - How the manual is developed - How often the manual is published and in what format - Who uses the manual d. International Reference Standards for Tests Used in the Detection of Infectious Diseases of Animals . OIE Suggested content: Brief description of the International Reference Standards with regard to: - The importance of having international reference standards - How the standards are developed - How often the standards are published and in what format - Who uses the standards e.2 Role(s) of the international veterinary community in establishing, implementing and monitoring adherence to international animal health standards

iii. Animal Diseases and Zoonoses Information Systems

2 * At the end of each main topic a brief concluding statement has been included. The international veterinary network and its contribution to the particular field of veterinary medicine being discussed should be emphasized in this statement. The conclusion should also reinforce the concept that regardless of a particular career choice each individual (from the small animal clinician to the academic research veterinarian) has an essential role/responsibility, through their day to day work, in the global veterinary community.

22 a. Introductory description of the purpose/importance of international animal disease information systems and what animal disease information systems are available b. OIE (brief description of the purpose and means of distribution i.e. website, bulletins etc. of each of the following) - Alert Messages - Weekly Updates - Monthly Updates - Annual Disease Data

* the contents of this section will be further modified in accordance with the launch of the new animal disease information system d. OIE/FAO/WHO GLEWS concept as part of GF-TAD Suggested content: - Description of what the GLEWS concept is and how it is incorporated as part of the GF-TAD System (this will likely involve a hyper-link to a more in depth discussion of the GF-TAD system under Section D.ii.Transboundary Animal Diseases) - What are the objectives of the GLEWS concept - What is the importance of this type of concept in the context of animal disease information systems e. WHO - GOARN Suggested content: - Introduction to the WHO-GOARN system, i.e. what is the GOARN system - What are the objectives of the system - What role(s) does the system have in the context of animal disease information systems f. FAO – EMPRES Livestock Program (early warning component) Suggested content: - Introduction to the EMPRES Livestock Program, i.e. what is the EMPRES system - What are the objectives of the system - What role(s) does the system have in the context of animal disease information systems g. Role(s) of the international veterinary community in developing and maintaining animal disease information systems - Emphasis on the responsibilities of individual countries/regions as an integral part of the international disease information system network iv. Food Safety a. Introductory description of the organisations responsible for establishing food safety standards b. OIE initiatives with regard to the development of animal production and food safety standards c. Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) - Introduction to the CAC, i.e. what is the CAC - What is the purpose of the CAC (international harmonization of food standards) - What role does the CAC have in the context of animal health and

23 food safety (reference for consumers, food producers and processors, national food control agencies and the international food trade) - How does the CAC collaborate with other international organisations involved in setting animal health standards, i.e. the relationship of the OIE and CAC d Role(s) of the international veterinary community in establishing, implementing and monitoring adherence to food safety standards

v. Animal Welfare a. Introductory description of the importance and increasing emphasis being placed on animal welfare issues (e.g. increasing demands on food production, increasing international trade of animals and animal products, the use of research animals, importation of exotic animal species) b. International Animal Welfare Standards – OIE Mandate c. Role(s) of the international veterinary community in establishing, implementing and monitoring adherence to animal welfare standards

D. Areas with Established Programs in International Animal Health i. International Emergency Preparedness Programs a Introductory description of the purpose/importance of emergency preparedness programs for disease outbreaks and what types of programs are available at the international, regional and national level b. OIE - Description of the OIE sharing forum on national contingency plans between OIE member countries c. FAO - Manual of the Preparation of National Animal Disease Emergency Preparedness Plans - Emergency Prevention System for Transboundary Animal and Plant Pests and Diseases (www.fao.org/EMPRES.default.htm) d. National Emergency Contingency Plans (select examples) e. Role(s) of the international veterinary community in establishing and implementing (i.e. primary training, simulation exercises) international emergency preparedness programs f. The International Veterinary Reserves

ii. Transboundary Animal Disease Prevention and Control a. Introductory description on the significance of transboundary animal diseases (i.e. global impacts on animal agriculture, trade and food security) b. OIE/FAO GF-TAD System Suggested content: - What is the GF-TAD System - What are the objectives of GF-TAD - What actions will be implemented through GR-TAD to meet the above objectives c. Role(s) of the international veterinary community (international, national and local responsibilities) in : - Surveillance and reporting of TADs

24 - Prevention of TADs - Control of TADs - National veterinary accreditation programs for private practitioners

iii. Public Health/Zoonoses Prevention and Control a. Introductory description of the emerging importance of public health and zoonoses in the field of veterinary medicine b. A global perspective on zoonoses (i.e. transboundary spread) - Trade of animal/animal products - Travel/tourism - Importation of exotic species - Intentional introduction of zoonotic agents c. Collaboration between the international veterinary community and the international human medical/public health community in the management of zoonotic diseases - Surveillance - Prevention (education of professionals and the public) - Response - Control (animal and animal products)

IV. Resources on International Veterinary Activities A. Careers in International Veterinary Medicine i. General areas/Organisations employing veterinarians in the field of international veterinary medicine a. Volunteer positions b. International Experts - Specialists within a particular field that work as part of a global network - Consultants within a particular field of veterinary medicine c. International Organisations with specific programs in animal health and production - OIE - FAO Animal Health and Production Division d. Ad hoc projects of international organisations and non-governmental organisations ii Qualifications required for each of the above careers iii Personal qualities necessary to work effectively in each of the above careers

B. Examples of Options/Electives in International Veterinary Medicine as part of the Undergraduate DVM Program in North America i. Texas A & M – College of Veterinary Medicine Global Leadership Program (Gale Wagner) a. ii. Purdue University – International Programs in Veterinary Education a. iii. TUFTS School of Veterinary Medicine – Department of Environment and Health, International Veterinary Medicine (Christine Jost)

25 a. iv. University of California Davis (Robert Hansen) a. v. Iowa State University (Jim Roth) a. vi. Washington State University (Mushtaq Memon) a. vii. University of Georgia (Corrie Brown) a.

C. Examples of Advanced Degrees/Training in International Veterinary Medicine i. a.

D. Examples of Externships/Internships/Exchange Programs in International Veterinary Medicine i. a.

E. Examples of Non-Governmental Organisations and Associated Programs in International Veterinary Medicine i. Specific NGOs specializing in veterinary medicine a. What is an NGO b. Examples of NGOs specializing in veterinary medicine - Veterinaires sans frontieres c. Employment opportunities available within these Organisations with regard to international veterinary medicine d. Qualifications required to work in a NGO e. Personal qualities necessary to work effectively in an NGO ii. Non-specific ad hoc programs a. What is an ad hoc program in international veterinary medicine b. Examples of ad hoc programs in international veterinary medicine c. Employment opportunities available through ad hoc programs with regard to international veterinary medicine d. Qualifications required to work as part of an ad hoc group/program e. Personal qualities necessary to work effectively in an ad hoc group/program

F. International Technical Co-operation Organisations i. What is an International Technical Co-operation Organisation ii. Examples of International Technical Co-operation Organisations with programs in international veterinary medicine a. United Nations Organisations (i.e. FAO, WHO, PAHO, IAEA) b. Non-United Nations Organisations (i.e. IICA, OIRSA, AU/IBAR) iii. Employment opportunities available within these organisations with regard to international veterinary medicine iv. Qualifications required to work in a International Technical Co-operation

26 Organisation v. Personal qualities necessary to work effectively in an International Technical Co- operation Organisation

G. International Standard Setting Organisations i. What is an International Standard Setting Organisation ii. The International Standard Setting Organisations a. World Animal Health Organisation (OIE) b. Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) c. International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) iii. Employment opportunities available within International Standard Setting Organisations iv. Qualifications required to work in an International Standard Setting Organisation v. Personal qualities necessary to work effectively in an International Standard Setting Organisation

H. International Associations/Groups Promoting International Veterinary Medicine i. World Veterinary Association a. ii. International Veterinary Students Association a. iii. Regional Associations a. Commonwealth Veterinary Association b. Federation of Veterinarians of Europe

27 Appendix V: Pamphlet Design

PAMPHLET

Front page: International Veterinary Activities OIE logo Title of educational package Background image

How are international Inside left page: veterinary activities applicable to all - Brief introductory text veterinarians? o How are international veterinary activities applicable to all veterinarians What is the o What is the international international veterinary community? veterinary community

Outline of Topics Inside right page:

I. - Outline of topics A. ii. a.

II. A. Inside right page: ii. a. - Outline of topics cont. - Link to website - OIE contact info

www.intvetmed.oie.int

28 Appendix IV: Distribution

DISTRIBUTION / MARKETING

I. Materials o Pamphlet . Option 1: Website w/link to a webpage  Adv. - Inexpensive - All students have access to the web (either at school or at home) - The material can be updated if necessary . Option 2: CD  Adv. - Attractive package may motivate students to look at the material  Disadv. - Expensive - Wasteful as the students who are not interested in this topic will not make use of the material - Can not be updated

II. Venues of Distribution

o Veterinary Schools . Option 1: General distribution to the student body  Adv. - Most students will receive the material  Disadv. - Students are not in the right frame of mind when receiving the material to be interested in it at that moment - If the material does not apply to the lecture they have just received than it becomes just an added piece of paper that is placed in the garbage bin or in the bottom of their lockers - Some students will not receive the material depending on the mode of distribution used by the particular school

. Option 2: Distributed as part of elective/extension courses on international veterinary activities  Adv. - Students are in an appropriate frame of mind when receiving the material to take an interest in it - The venue should allow time for the student to look through the material as part of the lecture - The material will be filed with the other lecture material, rather than being thrown away, and may be looked at again at a later date when the lecture material is being reviewed for exams  Disadv.

29 - Not all students will necessarily receive the material as only certain students and/or classes may be taking the particular course o International / National Meetings . OIE information booth . OIE lectures o Libraries . Veterinary Medicine (targeting vet students, staff and faculty) . Agriculture (targeting pre-vet students) . Biology (targeting pre-vet students) o National Veterinary Medical Associations . Association Journals  Option 1: Advertise as a page in the journal  Option 2: Include the pamphlet in the front cover of the journal  Adv. - Most students receive this journal free of charge during the DVM program - The majority of faculty receive the journal - Some private veterinarians also receive this journal . Association Websites  This would not be useful as the sole means of distribution of the package as this website is not accessed by all students, staff and faculty  However, this may be a good additional means of distribution