Indiana Teachers of Writing (ITW)

Indiana Teachers of WritingWriting Matters:Matters: Writing (ITW) Writing Project ConnectingConnecting InstructionInstruction andand A site of the National Writing AssessmentAssessment UsingUsing thethe 66 Project Trait® Model and Writing Trait Model and Writing Indiana AcrossAcross thethe CurriculumCurriculum University- Purdue University Indianapolis

Steve Fox, Ph.D. Director Herb Budden, M.A. Mary Nicolini, M.A. Co-directors

Table of Contents

Introduction…………………………………………..3

The Stampede……………………………………….4

Planning a Schoolwide Writing Policy…………….5 Creating a Vision…………………………………….6

What about State Tests?...... 13

Complete Original 6 Traits Rubric ………………..14

Student-Friendly Scoring Guide…………………....19

Abbreviated One Page Rubric……………………...22

Teaching the Traits with Anchor Papers…………..23

Sample Papers…………………………………....…26

More Sample Papers………………………………..33

What about Grading?...... 34

The e-Writing Profile………………………………...36

A Schoolwide Writing Assessment………………...36

Strategies for teaching the traits……………………37

Writing Across the Curriculum…………………...…42

Modes & Types: Expanding our Notion of What Counts in Writing………………………….46

Strategies for Using Writing to Learn (WTL)………48

Designing Your Plan…………………………………53

Trait Descriptors……………………………………...55

Workshop Organizer…………………………………56

Hallway Walk………………………………………….58

Rubric, Elaborated 6 point scale………………….…59

Beginning Writers Rubric (K-2)………………….…..65

Introduction

Welcome!

This workshop should answer these questions: 2 1. WHY is Writing Across the Curriculum so important? 2. WHAT are the Six Traits, and WHO says these are the ones? 3. WHY should we use them to teach writing? 4. HOW can we use them effectively to improve our students’ achievement in writing?

The Six Trait model is used in virtually every state and in many countries around the world. It’s the model used to score papers in many state assessments, and in countless district assessments, including my own. Instruction based on the six traits is growing by the day. Classroom instruction materials using assessment as a starting point are changing the way teachers work with student writers in a most fundamental fashion.

As an active and longtime member of the Indiana Teachers of Writing, I worked with a group of English teachers from around the state to give input to the IDOE and McGraw-Hill as they were developing a scoring guide for the ISTEP. We had completed that work, and the ISTEP rubric as it now stands is pretty much what we came up with. It’s a workable, holistic way of measuring writing performance.

Then, in 1998, I heard a remarkable presentation by Vicki Spandel of the Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory. It was called “The Six Traits of Writing: Linking Assessment and Instruction.” I discovered in that lecture that other teachers around the country were doing what we had done, but thanks to the resources of the US Department of Education through the NWREL, they had done a far more thorough job. They had gone farther than we had by developing more useful ways of looking at the individual skills of writing. I, and many of my Hoosier colleagues, were immediately convinced of the value of the 6+1 Traits of Writing approach; it was a way to use a system to talk about writing skills that our students could fully understand. The results of the approach indicate that students indeed become more confident and skillful in their writing, and it shows!

Herb Budden Co-director Indiana Teachers of Writing (ITW) Writing Project, a site of the National Writing Project IUPUI 425 University Blvd Indianapolis IN 46202 [email protected] 317-278-2054

The materials in this workshop are taken from a variety of educational resources, including those of the original 6 Traits researchers at NWREL, Vicki Spandel and Ruth Culham. Other sources are cited; all, including the material created by me for Hamilton Southeastern High School, are used strictly for classroom purposes and may not be duplicated for any other purpose.

3 The Stampede I

You’re standing in the large field minding your own business when you hear rumbling sounds in the distance. The sounds begin to intensify, and at first you wonder if it is thunder you hear approaching. Because it’s a beautiful, cloudless day you dismiss the notion. As the rumbling sounds grow louder, you begin to see a dust cloud rising just over the ridge a few yards in front of you. Instantly, you become panicked because at that exact moment it dawns on you that the rumbling you’re hearing is the sound of hundreds of wild bulls stampeding over the ridge. There are hordes of them and they are bearing down right on top of you. They are clearly faster than you and there is not time to escape. what should you do? Survival experts recommend only ONE of the following actions:

a.) Lying down and curling up, covering your head with your arms b.) Running directly at the bulls, screaming loudly and flailing your arms in an attempt to scare them in another direction c.) Turning and running like heck in the same direction the bulls are running (even though you know you can’t outrun them) d.) Standing completely still; they will see you and run around you e.) Screaming bad words at your parent(s) for insisting on a back-to-nature vacation in Wyoming

from Worst Case Scenario Survival Handbook (Piven and Borgenicht, 1999, p. 49)

The Stampede II

We are immersed in the dawn of the Information/Knowledge Age. More than ever before in history, the ability to read and write will determines how far one will go in this world. For the most part, people who read and write well will compete and prosper; people who read and write poorly will be left behind. Simply put, there is a literacy stampede approaching and it is bearing down right on top of us. What should we do?

a.) Go home, curl up on the sofa, watch a lot of TV, and hope the demands of the literacy stampede will go away b.) Stare the Information/Knowledge Age in the face, screaming wildly and flail our arms, in an attempt to make it go away c.) Elevate our reading and writing abilities to the point we can run with the literacy stampede d.) Stand completely still. Pray that the literacy stampede will avoid us. e.) Scream bad words at our parent(s) for conceiving us in the shadow of a literacy stampede

4 Planning A School-Wide Writing Policy: Meeting the Writing Challenge to the Nation A Statement from the National Council of Teachers of English

The Value of a Writing Policy

Recent research provides information on successful features of writing instruction and achievement, and indeed, one feature is clear: students experienced with writing more than one draft of a paper, and students whose writing was saved in folders or portfolios, achieved higher average scores than their peers who did not write multiple drafts or save their writing. (1998-2005 NAEP Report Card; see http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/ writing.) Yet despite such findings, recent studies of the status of writing in the school curriculum also show that too often students are asked to write infrequently and within a narrow range of genres and for limited purposes. Clearly refining your district or school practices can insure that teachers are incorporating key writing experiences that contribute to the development of skilled student writers.

Characteristics of Effective Writing Policies

• Allocate time and resources to develop teacher knowledge. • Recognize that students use writing functionally before their efforts are conventionally accurate. • Recognize that all students possess knowledge about written language and build from that knowledge and effort; • Outline a flexible range of experiences and assignments that provide teachers with instructional guidelines and students with multiple opportunities and purposes for writing. • Recognize the multiple functions that writing serves, both informal and formal. • Incorporate technology in supporting student writing and the presentation of learning. • Recognize that the responsibility for developing writing ability is shared across grade levels and content areas. Why establish a writing policy?

As the National Commission on Writing asserts in issuing its Writing Challenge to the Nation, accomplished writing and sound writing instruction can be found today in many schools and institutions. Those schools that consistently have students with high levels of achievement in writing have systematically implemented productive teaching and learning practices. When a school commits to creating a culture of writing by subscribing to and supporting sound teaching practices, it offers every learner the conditions needed to learn to think and write clearly. What does a school-wide writing policy accomplish? It provides vision and direction from which subject areas can develop more specific practices.

What are the characteristics of a secondary school-wide writing policy?

• Administrators are committed to writing and lead by example. • All teachers in a school are committed to teaching writing. • Teaching writing is an integral part of all subjects and classes. • Writing practices are based on current and effective research about writing. • Students are given time and multiple opportunities to write. • Teachers consistently evaluate their writing instruction. • Student writing is assessed in multiple ways.

What practices do schools with effective writing policies follow?

Research shows that schools that consistently develop fluent, highly competent writers follow established practices: • Allocate adequate time and resources to advance student learning by having students write every day, in every subject. • Help administrators and teachers understand how to assess writing to enrich student learning. • Support teachers in gaining a sophisticated understanding of writing processes and in selecting appropriate strategies to advance every student as a writer. • Provide insights and strategies to administrators, families, and community members to help them work together to advance student writing. • Commit to building a culture of writing over time that will sustain growth and achievement through a student’s academic career and beyond.

How can you get your school started?

A writing policy will be most effective if it develops and builds on the knowledge that teachers, administrators, and other key members of your instructional team possess. Get representatives of each of these groups involved from the outset. Here are some key steps: • Provide training for all staff. • Audit your instructional practices, support structures, and assessment procedures. • Evaluate the basis of your writing practices. Align them with research best practices. • Allow time and opportunities for writing and responding to what is written 5 CREATING A VISION

(from Spandel, Vicki. Creating Writers Through 6-Trait Writing Assessment and Instruction. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 2001)

A VISION—NOT A WHOLE NEW CURRICULUM

Easier is good. No teacher anywhere these days is saying, "I don't know what it is—with this skimpy curriculum, I simply cannot fill the days." Teachers are treading water faster than ever, and the tide continues to rise. Six-trait assessment and instruction cannot make classes smaller or make testing go away. It can, however, ease writing teachers' stress by showing them how to help students • Take charge of their own writing process • Understand the difference between strong and weak writing—and use that knowledge to write stronger drafts • Revise and edit their own writing because they can "read" it and know what to do to make it better

All this sounds a little like magic, but really, it's logic. The key has been right before us the whole time; we had only to put it into the lock. The key is language. Writers' language. And that key unlocks the door to revision.

Consider for a moment the power of language to influence thinking: What medical intern can diagnose or treat patients without knowing terms like hypoglycemia, myotonia, or toxemia? Would we place much faith in an investment advisor who could not speak with ease about market risk, return on equity or price to earnings ratios? Similarly, writers must know about leads, transitions, brevity, clarity, development, detail, fluency, conventional correctness, conclusions and so much more—and must use these terms with ease in discussing their own and others' work. I am not talking about a superficial vocabulary list of the week approach here, but an in-depth understanding of how to write, how to revise, and how to assess.

Not a Replacement By the way, trait-based instruction is intended to enhance a process-based approach to writing instruction, not to replace it. You will not need to give up any of the good instructional things you are now doing, including modeling, use of writer's workshop, direct intervention through individual or group teaching, integration of literature, sharing in response groups, or sharing your own writing. Each of these components will be strengthened by your use and your students' use of writers' vocabulary—six-trait language. Further, because the traits and the criteria that define them at various levels of performance are already developed, you will not need to invent them yourself. (You could—and that would be a very good use of your students' time and yours, for you would learn much through the process—but you won't have to.) And so you'll find yourself— once you've taught the traits to students—saving time.

Paul Diederich (1974) demonstrated the practical value of good criteria when he and some colleagues analyzed how long teachers were spending grading student essays. Results of his study showed that teachers who marked student essays line by line spent, on average, a remarkable eight minutes per essay. That means a teacher with 130 students (a much smaller class load than many have these days) could spend nearly eighteen hours per assignment just responding to students' work. (As a teacher, you might wish to have this figure handy the next time someone asks, "Why don't teachers assign more writing?") But here's the interesting part: When teachers abandoned their old ways of grading, stopped functioning as editors for their students, used consistent criteria that were familiar to student writers, and kept their comments to a minimum (brief marginal notes on what the student had done well plus one short suggestion), that time dropped to just two minutes per paper —one-fourth the time they had been spending.

Don't get discouraged when you first begin to use the six traits and find it takes you ten minutes to score one paper. Speed comes with practice, and if you score one paper per day for a month, your efficiency and knowledge of the traits will astound and encourage you; you will be able to read and score a double-spaced two-page paper on all six traits in about three minutes —add one minute for a brief comment/and you're done.

ASSESSING TO LEARN When we think assessment, we usually think grading. But while assessment feeds our grading system, its most important function by far is to help us understand those things, like writing, that are too complex to teach through mini lessons and worksheets. As Lucy Calkins (1994) so eloquently points out in her revised edition of The Art of Teaching Writing, we assess to learn: "If . . . children can't talk easily about texts, they will have a hard time being critical readers of their own or anyone else's writing" (p. 326). They will also have a difficult time revising. How can you revise something if you do not know whether it is any good or not? Learning to look deep within (for that's what assessment is, after all) is essential not only to students' understanding of their own writing, but to the very act of writing itself. "We teach [students] how to read books," Donald Graves (1994) points out, "but not how to read their own writing. Unless we show children to read their own writing, their work will not improve." This, then, in a nutshell is our vision of success: Students who can read their own writing, and who know what to do to make it stronger. It's easier to see this link to learning if we take assessment out of the classroom altogether and consider how we use it in everyday life.

6 If you're a World Series fan, you watch the pitchers and the batters closely, and over time, you learn what to look for, don't you? If you've been a pitcher or batter yourself, you watch with an even keener eye. As you drive down the freeway, you watch the drivers "performing" all around you, and you figure out what to look for there, too. If asked, you could list the traits of good driving right now, probably—could you not? In fact, you probably applied those criteria and made some judgments about others' driving the very last time you were out in traffic. The truth is, we use assessment criteria all the time: in choosing books to read, clothes to wear, candidates to vote for, or even people to marry. Assessment is the key to understanding almost anything; to say we can write and revise without learning to assess is like saying a surgeon can operate without first making a diagnosis. Yes, technically, she can, but...

Knowing What to Assess

In writing, as with anything, the trick lies in figuring out what to assess in order to make the most accurate judgments without overlooking anything important. If someone had asked me during my first years of "teaching whether I used criteria to assess my students' work/ I would have said/ "Yes/ certainly. Doesn't every good teacher do that?" The "six traits" had yet to be written down, and I had never held a rubric in my hand—nor, to my knowledge/ ever even heard the word. Yet/1 was quite sure that my own criteria for assessing writing existed in my head, and that I applied them consistently and fairly in judging students' work.

To some extent, I was probably right. I look at my own library/ filled with the works of Sandra Cisneros, Wallace Stegner, Larry McMurtry, Maya Angelou, Tim O'Brien/ Mark Twain, Carl Sagan—and more recently, Walter Dean Myers/ E. Annie Proulx/ Janet Fitch, Karen Hesse, and Toni Morrison. And it seems to me I have always treasured strong/ independent voice, and a gift for finding significance in the tiniest of details. Surely I looked for those qualities in my students' writing/ too. Or did I? Did I recognize detail and voice when I saw them? Did I reward those things with praise—or teach my students to look for those things in others' work or in their own? Sometimes/ probably Maybe. Possibly. One thing I know for sure/ though: I did not provide my students with any written description of what I was looking for in their writing. If they had a vision of success, they made it up themselves through inference.

It had not yet occurred to me as a beginning teacher how powerful sharing criteria with students could be. For one thing, I still thought (unfortunately) that assessment criteria were for me, the assessor. I didn't know yet that we assessed to learn; I was still assessing to grade, and so did not see any reason to involve students in the process.

But beyond that, putting expectations in writing, especially writing that makes sense to students (and by the way, criteria that do not speak to students are all but worthless) is hard—as anyone who has tried it will tell you. It demands that you come face to face with what you value in writing, and that you understand it, for if you don't, you won't be able to describe it in anything but the vaguest of terms. Had I tried it, I would probably have discovered what most people discover the first time they attempt to put their own criteria in writing: that I really did not know precisely what I was looking for from my students, even though I thought I did. Later, when I worked with a teacher team in putting the original six-trait model together, we discovered language that described things we'd been trying to teach, struggling to teach all along, only we did not know what to call them—things like voice and fluency. There they were, like old friends, speaking to us from the page; in the words of Yogi Berra, "It was deja vu all over again" (Lederer, 1994).

Once we had figured out what we were looking for, the next step was to share it with students, so they would know too. We would put our scoring guides, our rubrics, right into their hands, from day one. We would say, "Here it is. Here's the goal. Now we're going to help you achieve it." No more mystery. No more black box. As clear and open book as you can make assessment: That is what six-trait writing is about. You get the answers first.

GOOD ASSESSMENT: HELPING STUDENTS HIT THE TARGET It's easy to make the teaching of writing sound simple. It's not simple. Not even if you are a champion in the art of process- based writing. Not even if you write yourself. Not even if your room is awash in six-trait posters and rubrics. The teaching of writing is extraordinary in its demands—but also in its rewards. Similarly, good writing assessment (which is an important component of instruction, not a separate activity) does not come about by accident. It's planned. When we judge the quality of our writing assessment, here are seven critical things we should be looking for all the time (Stiggins, 1996).

Key 1: Making the Target Visible Students who have their own rubrics know precisely what criteria will be used to assess their work. Then the target is visible— and thus much easier to hit. Further, they get immediate feedback on their performance, not from the teacher, but from themselves. Students who can self-assess do not have to wait for some outside authority to tell them whether their performance is all right. They "read" their writing, as Donald Graves has suggested, and they know. - "A student who remains dependent on the teacher's grades for evaluation," declares Peter Elbow (1986), "is defectively taught in a simple, functional sense. He cannot, strictly speaking, do what he was supposedly taught to do because he cannot do it alone; without help, he cannot tell whether he did it right" (p. 167). Students who are taught to use criteria know when they are doing well, without waiting for outside confirmation, and when things go wrong, they know what to do about it. When we present students with clear criteria, we turn on the lights. Instead of simply saying "Be specific" or "Include more detail," we define what we mean by "detailed writing": • Details are carefully, selectively chosen to go beyond common knowledge. • The reader learns something. • The writing is visual; the reader can picture what the writer is talking about and feels he/she is right at the scene. 7 • The reader's questions are answered. • The writer's knowledge and experience lend the writing authenticity. Now let's round out the picture with an example that helps the student understand what we're talking about. With younger writers, you might use this one from Roald Dahl's classic Matilda: When she marched—Miss Tnmchbull never walked, she always marched like a storm-trooper with long strides and arms aswinging—when she marched along a corridor you could actually hear her snorting as she went, and if a group of children happened to be in her path, she ploughed right on through them like a tank, with small people bouncing off her to left and right. (1988, 67) Do you see Miss Trunchbull? Of course. A woman who ploughs through small children like a tank is hard to miss. With older writers, a good example might be this short excerpt from Rick Bragg's All Over But the Shoutin': You begged the sky for a single cloud. The sun did not shine down, it bored into you, through your hat and hair and skull, until you could feel it inside your very brain, till little specks of that sun seemed to break away and dance around, just outside your eyes,(1997,100) Feel the heat? Examples—whether written by professionals or by students themselves—help make criteria complete.

Key 2: Ensuring That What We Assess Is Important We should be very careful what we assess because what we assess is what we will get. I often think of my friend and colleague Barry Lane (author of After THE END and The Reviser's Toolbox) whose high school teacher commented on one piece of his writing "It's nice to read typewritten work." We have to wonder how much time that teacher had spent pondering what she really wanted to see from her students. Was it really typewriting, or was that just the obvious trait? As teachers, we usually mean well. We start out intending to teach knowledge of foreign capitals, but wind up assessing another thing altogether— whether the names of the capitals are written horizontally on the page. Or, we may intend to teach the importance of content and delivery in public speaking skills, but wind up assessing the length of the speech: Did it run the full four minutes? This tendency to assess the obvious, the readily observable, happens more often than we might like to think. In Reflections on Assessment, Kathleen and James Strickland caution that "Many rubrics we use are invalid because we don't score what's important in the real-world application of the content being assessed. Instead we design rubrics to assess what's easiest to describe rather than what really matters" (81). As teachers of writing, we may start out meaning to assess content, voice, fluency, or organization (and even go so far as to tell students this is what we will be looking for) but wind up basing a grade on neatness, choice of topic, use of a pen rather than a pencil, perceived effort, length, or close adherence to the assignment. In short, the easy things to spot. One teacher actually gave an F to a third-grade student who had written a clever, original fairy tale—in purple ink; the teacher did not consider this color appropriate for a serious writing assignment. We might counter that giving a low grade for such a superficial reason is not appropriate in serious assessment.

Key 3: Ensuring That the Task Matches the Assessment Method Possible assessment methods include selected response (multiple choice, true-false, matching, and fill-in); essays (which show in-depth understanding sometimes backed by factual knowledge); performance assessments (in which students actually do something, such as make a speech, or write a persuasive essay); and direct personal communication with the student (through conferences, interviews, and questionnaires). No one method is inherently better than another—and often a combination of approaches over time yields the most complete picture of what a student knows and can do. Although this book obviously focuses on one specific kind of performance assessment—six-trait analytical writing assessment—other kinds of assessment work for other purposes. If we want to know whether students can punctuate copy correctly, for instance, we could give them a short editing task: two punctuation-free paragraphs to prepare for publication. We could also use a multiple-choice test, but it would not give us as much information about students' ability to apply rules. If we wish to know whether students can write a critique of a film or craft a short narrative or prepare a persuasive argument about a newly proposed law, we must give them opportunities to gather information, to write, and to revise and edit their work. Since performance assessment does not involve "right" or "wrong" answers but degrees of proficiency, it requires definitions of performance along a continuum ranging from beginning levels through proficient. Use of an analytical scoring guide such as the one presented later helps ensure consistency among ratings of students' work.

Key 4: Sampling Enough to Trust Results Sampling repeatedly over time instead of hoping one writing sample will "tell all" gives us a more accurate picture and helps minimize bias. The value of this approach is confirmed by Alan Purves's (1992) ten-year study of primary and secondary writing within fourteen international school systems, including those in the United States, England, Finland, Wales, Italy, Chile, Nigeria, and New Zealand. Among this study's many intriguing findings is this conclusion: "To make any assessment of students' [overall] writing ability, one at least needs multiple samples across the domain" (p. 112). Most of us would agree without thinking twice, but the "one sample tells all" approach is widely used at district and state levels where funding is scarce and time short; and at the classroom level, though we know instinctively we need as much information as possible, the reality of huge class loads makes us ask, "What's reasonable?" No teacher can reasonably hope to assess dozens of samples of writing per year per student, however much we might wish to have such thorough information. But on the other hand, a teacher who assessed only one or two samples could not possibly count on such a small snapshot to tell her whether Mike's writing was strong in voice or whether Emily could plan and conduct sound research. Somewhere between these hypothetical extremes lies a realistic and valid compromise: a representative sample of all possibilities small enough to manage, yet large enough to yield strong inferences about how well students write. Probably, because each classroom is different, we'll never come up with a magic formula to tell us precisely how many samples we need. Yet, there are guidelines to help us. First, we can look at what is being emphasized in the classroom—say 8 narrative writing or business writing. Then we might say, well, it would be good to have at least two examples of each form of writing to assess. More (say three to four), if we wish to show growth over time in one specific form. Smaller assignments mean less to assess and so, if we wish to look at more than one or two samples per grading period, we should minimize assignment length in favor of more opportunities to write. Time must play a factor, too. What is reasonable to demand of student writers and of ourselves as assessors over a 9- or 10- week period? Students may write daily, but formal assessment is not likely to occur more than once in two weeks, and even that is asking a lot of a teacher who has 150+ students to whom he/she must respond. From four to six samples per grading period will offer us a good minimum (a small body of work) on which to base conclusions about student performance, and teachers who are able to do more will receive a proportionately more accurate picture of students' writing skills.

Key 5: Finding Ways to Limit Bias In performance assessments, many things, including test content and structure, can bias results. Raters' expectations and cultural preferences are factors, too. Imagine, for instance, an assessment of public speaking skills administered to two very different groups of children: one culturally predisposed to freely sharing ideas and readily questioning adult authority, the other predisposed to exhibiting a quiet demeanor and never challenging an adult speaker. If raters look for a strong, confident delivery and plenty of eye contact, it is riot difficult to imagine which group will be favored—regardless of the quality of content in their presentations. In writing assessment, raters (who most often are teachers but sometimes professional writers or editors) may fail to use criteria, misinterpret those criteria, place too much emphasis on one factor while disregarding others, or ignore criteria altogether in favor of some personal basis for making a judgment (e.g., "This student wrote a science fiction piece, and I just don't like science fiction"). Research cited by Brian Huot (1990) indicates that raters often do not know the reasons behind their responses to a piece of writing or that they may believe they are responding to such factors as ideas and organization when in truth it is the voice of the piece or even the rater's own tendency to agree with the writer's point of view that determines the score. Researcher and writing instructor Paul Diederich (1974) discovered that raters actually scored the very same essays higher when told they had been written by honors English students. We might also ask ourselves, How often do similar expectations influence our assessments within the classroom?

A LITTLE SUBJECTIVITY WON'T HURT YOU We must be cautious about taking the position that subjectivity is somehow inherently wrong, or that it invalidates the assessment process. There's nothing wrong with subjectivity if it's applied with consistency and intelligence. After all, lots of things in this world—films, books, restaurants, and performers in the Olympics—are rated subjectively, but we trust those ratings when they are given by persons with the training, insight, or experience required to make the ratings meaningful. We wouldn't want writing teachers to judge Olympic skating competition, and we would not ask professional skaters to judge writing samples. At the same time, our judgments must be defensible. If I say, "Emily's writing in this piece about quarter horses isn't very good. It just feels—I don't know—kind of twoish to me," that judgment comes from the sort of intuition-based, crystal ball approach that has made many teachers suspicious of writing assessment—and rightly so. But suppose I say, "Well, Emily spells well and punctuates correctly, but her paper lacks development and shifts in focus here . . . and here. Emily's voice shines through with this humorous anecdote on page 1 but fades on page 3 with these generalizations about the importance of animals in a person's life." Now my subjectivity is grounded in defensible points that match Emily's text to explicit criteria. Emily (or anyone else for that matter) has a right to disagree, but at least we have good beginning points for useful discussion. Further, as Peter Elbow (1986) points out, our subjective reactions can be just what student writers value most. "When we give our students our frankly acknowledged subjective reactions," says Elbow, "we are treating them with more respect: 'Here are my reactions; here's the data; you decide what to do with them' " (p. 230).

Key 6: Making Students an Integral Part of the Assessment Research by Paulette Wasserstein (1995) shows that students learn best when they are challenged, actively engaged, and asked to be self-reflective: "Hard work does not turn students away, but busywork destroys them" (p. 43). With six-trait assessment, students are elevated in status; they become part of a writing community in which their opinions about the quality of writing are frequently, actively sought. It is a good feeling to have your opinion valued. It teaches you to think, and it makes you feel as if your presence in the classroom might have purpose.

Key 7: Bringing Parents Into the Process, Too A six-trait, criterion-based assessment model can look suspiciously lenient to parents haunted by memories of the good old days, when sentences were stretched on racks and the red ink flowed. Too often parents have not had the opportunity—or the invitation—to question what was truly being assessed in those classrooms of long ago, or to question whether writing instruction should cover thinking and presentation skills, not just mechanic As teachers, we can show them how six-trait assessment works by sharing rubrics, and inviting parents into our classrooms to observe and work wit student writers using writers' language. We can even ask them to write, an to identify the strengths and weaknesses, trait by trait, within their own writing: an enlightening experience for anyone. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY Degree of consistency (sometimes called reliability) depends on the specificity of the scoring criteria and the quality of the rater training. When the criteria are highly refined and very explicit, and when the raters are very thoroughly trained and feel confident in applying those criteria (so confident they could score a paper without even looking at the criteria, but the, look at the criteria anyway), the likelihood of their scoring consistently rater to rater or paper to paper increases dramatically. This is 9 important not only in large-scale assessment, but in the classroom as well. More so there, in fact because so much more assessment occurs at the classroom level. A good assessment of writing is also said to have validity, the closes possible connection with the knowledge or skills we wish to assess. Four kinds of validity are possible (and you should consider them all as you us< the six-trait model we present in this text): Predictive validity: The extent to which performance on the assessment will be a good predictor of performance in a related context (e.g., in e writing course or a job that requires writing) Concurrent validity: The extent to which performance on one assessmenl will be a good predictor of performance on another assessment Construct validity: The extent to which the assessment measures skills and abilities truly essential to writing competence Face validity: The extent to which the assessment measures skills and abilities that teachers of writing (and employers who require writing) deem important

FROSTING ON THE CAKE: STUDENT MOTIVATION Wouldn't it be terrific—as long as we're creating a vision here—if our students could feel engaged, motivated, inspired to write, and confident enough to take risks? Many students simply do not like to write, are afraid to write, or feel they have nothing important to say. Perhaps engagement is too much to hope for—or is it? When we ask students to be critics, to use criteria in assessing the work of others, we show respect for their opinions and their thinking. And we discover something interesting: Students like being assessors. They like being the ones to say for a change what works and what doesn't. The result? Not only do writing and revising skills improve, but motivation and enthusiasm go up as well. In a recent analysis of this question, Richard Strong and others (Strong, Silver, and Robinson, 1995) suggest three factors essential to student motivation.

• We must clearly articulate the criteria for success and provide char, immediate and constructive feedback. • We must show students that the skills they need to be successful are within their grasp by clearly and systematically modeling those skills. • We must help students see success as a valuable aspect of their personalities. We do all three with six-trait assessment. Rubrics define success in student friendly language. The immediate feedback is there if students are taught to understand the criteria within the rubric and look for features like fluency or a strong lead in their work. As we'll see when we talk about weaving traits into instruction, modeling is key. We recommend not only sharing strong and weak pieces of writing, but modeling the writing process itself through the sharing of your own writing and your thinking about that writing. And finally, analytical scoring offers every student an opportunity for success. Instead of assessing just one big "whole"—writing—we offer six traits, six chances to do well.

Multiple Chances for Success This multiple-trait scoring and the performance profile it generates are important because every writer's work is so different. We're not all crackerjack editors; we do not all have powerhouse voices. But we all do something well. Rocky is a case in point. Rocky had not experienced much success with writing in his early years of school, and had not enjoyed many positive comments from teachers. Negative comments and multiple corrections taught Rocky an important lesson: Don't write too much. Keep it short. Get in and get out; then, they can't hurt you too much. Then, he had an opportunity to make friends with Harry, the school custodian. From all indications, this was an enormous boost to Rocky's spirit. In addition, Rocky encountered a teacher who encouraged him to write, to express himself. From this kernel of success grew the courage to write more than a line or two—to actually express himself on paper and, not surprisingly, he chose the topic that was important to him at the time: his friend, Harry.

Harry is the one that made me stop fighting help me focus and do my work. Ever sense I've been friends with Harry I've got all As &? Bs on my report cards. He's brought me to his camp, brought me fishing, let me sleep over his house I think hes the best friend a kid could have. He brought me to eat at a restaurant in Wiscasset. He bought me an carereokey isn't that so nice. Harry and I play the gutar together my gutar is alatrek his I have know idea. Harry plays like the greatest singer there is. I help Harry at lunch time he let's me help him dump trays. The day Harry and I stop being friends is the day I die, and that's along time from now. from Rocky, Grade 4 Rocky's paper contains a number of conventional errors. But this is not what his teacher chose to focus on. She chose to focus on the details and the voice. Her positive comments let Rocky know that in two important ways, sharing a complete story and letting the reader in to share his feelings, he had indeed succeeded. "I can write/' was his response. He certainly can. And we hope he continues.

NOT EXPECTING TOO MUCH No assessment can answer all our questions, yet we often act as if it could. We expect assessment, especially large-scale assessment, to magically improve performance, when the reality is that only instruction can do that. If assessment alone were the key, we would need only to weigh ourselves daily to lose weight. Would that it were so. If you think this sounds silly, ask yourself what it is we do when our student writers do not perform as we feel they should. That's right. We assess more often, make our standards more rigorous, heighten our expectations. Well, then, perhaps if we weighed ourselves hourly... As we look at the results from large-scale writing assessment, we should also keep in mind that while they can be good—even excellent—indicators of how students as a group (all fourth graders in a district or state, for instance) are performing, they are 10 of limited value in determining either overall quality of instruction across a group or the nature of individual performance. Only a pre-post format can determine whether quality instruction is occurring across a given group, since too many factors prior to one isolated assessment will determine how students perform on that particular test of writing—just as prior events determine how we cook or drive or speak publicly on a given day. A pre-post assessment—assuming it is well-conceived, carefully administered, and not overly restrictive in terms of prompt choice or time restraints—will show a very great deal about growth in writing across a group, and if it is quality of instruction we wish to look at, we must stop trying to do that with single-assessment indicators and get serious about setting up the kind of pre-post assessment that will provide the information we need. We must look at where students (as a group) begin in their writing performance (the pre-test)—and then at how far instruction across a given period takes them (growth, as measured by the post-test). We must be sure that our assessment process matches—at least in a general way—the writing process within the classroom, that students have opportunity for revision (the heart and soul of good writing), and that the prompts are both clear and relevant to students' experience. As for individual performance, a single measure gives us a good guess about overall performance—nothing more. And this is so even when all the essential components are in place: good prompts, choice of prompts, time to write and revise, time between writing and revision, sound criteria tested and retested over time, criteria provided to students during the assessment, access to writing tools such as dictionaries or handbooks during the assessment, prior related instruction, outstanding training for highly qualified raters, review training during the assessment, a knowledgeable and qualified scoring director, and frequent, repeated checks for rater bias (beginning with review of the prompt and all assessment procedures). We must also be willing to recognize that even under ideal conditions, countless factors other than writing proficiency can influence individual performance—making our interpretation of results tricky at best. Here are just a handful: a student's understanding of or personal response to the prompt, his or her attitude toward the teacher administering the test, time allotted for writing and revision, what may be happening in that child's personal life, attitudes of the raters, quality of the criteria, a good match between the prompt and the criteria, skill of the raters in interpreting the criteria accurately, time allowed for thorough assessment, absence of distractions (e.g., noise) during assessment, absence of any bias (racial, ethnic, content, contextual, experiential, etc.) on the part of raters and prompt writers, and far from least, the general philosophy of the scoring director, or the person who trains the raters. This person can literally cause the whole atmosphere of an assessment scoring session to shift—through such things as an overly heavy or minimal emphasis on conventions, over-attention to word choice, under-valuation of content and detail, or scoring based on factors that have nothing to do with writing ability per se, such as the child's perceived adherence to the precise requirements of the prompt. I say perceived because many papers (way too many) judged as "off topic" are in reality highly individual, even ingenious, responses to a topic that was hopelessly unclear or needed some serious tweaking in the first place to hold anyone's attention. Prompts are not holy writ. They're invitations to write, nothing more. Often, students who wander "off topic" are penalized for interpreting a prompt in an individual way or for thinking in an original manner, the very thing our instruction seeks (or should seek) to promote.

No wonder teachers so often say, when they receive their students' writing samples back from scoring, "These samples do not reflect my students best writing." They are right. Their students may have been inhibited by mind-numbing topics or perhaps had to complete all their writing within , fixed time that was ridiculously short. It's highly unlikely they had time to research or explore a topic in a way that would do it justice, or to talk with other writers about their work. "Revision," while often encouraged or even required, is usually, in reality, simply recopying to make the piece neater, longer, or both. Over a very large group of test takers, or over a series of writing performances by a single test taker, factors (other than writing skill per se) that influence performance tend to balance out because all students have "good' writing days and "bad" writing days. But it is risky—highly risky—to make major judgments, such as whether a student should go to the next academic level, on the basis of a single sample. We must not ask more of our assessments than they can give. They are snapshots and cannot be more. Let us not award them the status of biographical documentaries.

The Difference 6 Traits Can Make Six-trait assessment and instruction can make a difference in students' writing performance .not only at the classroom level but on large-scale measures of writing proficiency. This is so because students who know what writing is all about feel confident, know how to plan both a draft and a revision of that draft, and are likely to be a little speedier in doing both. These days, speed seems to be a common criterion for judging writing proficiency—perhaps because we do everything faster now, including shopping, eating, talking, and driving. How this came about, this reverence for speed, I am not sure, but I do not feel its overall impact on assessment is a good one. It creates stress, for one thing. But beyond this, writing is not by nature a speedy activity, but a reflective one. Until we recognize that, our measurements cannot dip beneath the superficial. That being said, though, it's time for practicality: The tests are here. They are upon us. And we must find ways to help our students survive. We must teach them to • Interpret prompts thoughtfully • Understand differences among modes of writing (e.g., narrative vs. informational), so they know what is being asked of them • Assemble their thoughts and respond quickly to the question being asked • Understand what good writing is (through the six traits), so they will have the best possible shot at creating something readable Notice, please: This is not my recipe for high quality writing instruction; it is a recipe for surviving when you're thrown into the pool at the deep end and someone is watching to see how you do.

11 Someday When we speak of a "vision of success," we generally mean a vision we share with students so they will know what we mean by quality writing performance. Just for a moment, though, let's broaden the definition to include our own vision of the seamless integration of assessment and instruction, especially how that integration might look if student success were the driving force behind it. Someday—in the world of Ideal Assessment— 1. Criteria will be clear, written in student friendly language, and carefully aligned with the traits or qualities teachers and professional writers value in good text. 2. Those criteria will be shared with teachers at all grade levels and taught to students from kindergarten on up—not three or six weeks prior to testing, but all the time, as an integral part of the curriculum. 3. Criteria will be consistent from grade to grade, class to class, teacher to teacher—and will not be alarmingly different from what is emphasized on any district, state or national test of writing. 4. Criteria will be shared with parents, too, so they can support a system that teaches their students to think critically about writing and to revise their writing for audience and purpose. 5. Self-assessment will be a major focus of the writing curriculum, making revision a logical step, not an imposed torture. 6. Students will self-assess during the writing process—not wait for the teacher to assess after the fact when it is too late to do anything about identified problems in the writing. 7. Grades or scores will almost never be a surprise because students will know without any outside intervention whether their writing is good. 8. Formal writing assessment will model classroom writing instruction, with time for gathering information, shaping thoughts, drafting, sharing, revising, editing, and proofreading. 9. In the classroom, students will write sometimes on topics of their choosing, but will also learn to interpret and personalize (as appropriate) assigned topics. In large-scale assessment, students will have choices among prompts and will be encouraged to come to an assessment with a preaccepted prompt of their own choosing, if they prefer. 10. Ability to present coherent ideas in a logical fashion and to address the informational needs of an audience will be valued above following directions, and the concept of "off-topic" will go the way of the Dodo bird. 11. Everyone who participates in the creation of a large-scale assessment or the use of its results will also participate by submitting an anonymous writing sample to be assessed. I do mean everyone, including teachers, administrators, prompt writers, and legislators. How can we possibly presume to judge whether an assessment is reliable and valid, or whether our assessment procedures are sound, unless we undergo the assessment process ourselves and allow our own performance to come under scrutiny? 12. All large-scale assessment results will be reviewed by an interpret panel comprising classroom teachers, teacher-raters, administrate curriculum specialists, prompt writers, parents, and the scoring director for the assessment. Together, these people will discuss how the assessment process worked, whether and how it could be improved, what the results meant, and how curriculum within the building district or state could better serve student writers. 13. High stakes conclusions—e.g., How well writing teachers or schools are performing—will be based on the careful assessment of multiple writing samples collected over the duration of the instructional year. (Additional factors, including teacher observation, will naturally be included in any such evaluation.) 14. Teachers will focus on making students lifelong learners and writers-not just on helping them survive the "writing test." 15. Students will not lie awake the night prior to a writing assessment about to cry when they stare at a sheet of blank paper or glaze over in bewilderment when they cannot figure out what a poorly worded prompt is asking of them. Instead, they will walk into any assessment situation any time, any place, with the confidence that only comes from knowing that you write well enough to meet head on any assessment they can throw at you.

12 WHAT ABOUT ISTEP?

Facts about ISTEP+ scoring

Where: Indiana law requires that the Applied Skills portions of the ISTEP+ test be scored in Indiana. The scoring site is located in Indianapolis. The testing company with whom Indiana contacts is CTB McGraw-Hill.

Who: Perspective scorers are initially interviewed by Kelley Services personnel but they do not score students papers. Applicants must hold at least a Bachelor's degree and provide documentation such as transcripts, diplomas, and letters of recommendation. Hiring preferences are given to teachers who are retired or out-of-work and applicants who have previously scored student papers. Selected scorers are given 2 to 4 days of extensive training by CTB supervisors in the use of holistic scoring rubrics. The scoring rubrics were developed using Indiana teachers and consist of a 6 point Writing Applications rubric and a 4 point Writing Conventions rubric.

Throughout the scoring process, scorers are frequently checked for their accuracy of scoring, and when needed, retraining takes place. If after being retrained the scores are not consistently accurate, the scorer will be dismissed.

How: The Writing Applications and Writing Conventions portions are scored independently of each other. The writing rubrics are applied only to the essay and extended response portions of the test. Only student work written in the test booklet will be scored. The quality of handwriting does not count against a student. Titles of essays are not scored. Pre- writing and planning sections are not scored. Students are not penalized for misspelled words above grade level. When unclear about a score between two score points, the student is always given the benefit of doubt. Student essays are scored holistically, not analytically. There is not one writing score that is considered average/passing. All grade 10 student essays are given double reads. All grade 12 and adult student essays are read twice and automatically rescored. A percentage of grade 3, 6, and 8 student papers are given double reads. Liberal reads are applied when scoring student essays. Students are not penalized for first draft errors in their essays.

IDEAS/CONTENT IDEAS/CONTENT

ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION

VOICE VOICE

SENTENCE FLUENCY STYLE

WORD CHOICE

CONVENTIONS CONVENTIONS

6+1 Traits ISTEP

ISTEP collapses the first four traits into ONE SCORE (a holistic score); Conventions is scored separately as ONE SCORE.

6 Traits ALWAYS separates the traits into INDIVIDUAL SCORES (analytic scores).

13 THE COMPLETE 6+1 TRAITS OF WRITING RUBRIC

IDEAS AND CONTENT (Development)

5 This paper is clear and focused. It holds the reader's attention. Relevant anecdotes and details enrich the central theme. A. The topic is narrow and manageable. B. Relevant, telling, quality details give the reader important information that goes beyond the obvious or predictable. C. Reasonably accurate details are present to support the main ideas. D. The writer seems to be writing from knowledge or experience; the ideas are fresh and original. E. The reader’s questions are anticipated and answered. F. Insight—an understanding of life and a knack for picking out what is significant—is an indicator of high level performance, though not required.

3 The writer is beginning to define the topic, even though development is still basic or general. A. The topic is fairly broad; however, you can see where the writer is headed. B. Support is attempted, but doesn't go far enough yet in fleshing out the key issues or story line. C. Ideas are reasonably clear, though they may not be detailed, personalized, accurate, or expanded enough to show indepth understanding or a strong sense of purpose. D. The writer seems to be drawing on knowledge or experience, but has difficulty going from general observations to specifics. E. The reader is left with questions. More information is needed to "fill in the blanks." F. The writer generally stays on the topic but does not develop a clear theme. The writer has not yet focused the topic past the obvious.

1 As yet, the paper has no clear sense of purpose or central theme. To extract meaning from the text, the reader must make inferences based on sketchy or missing details. The writing reflects more than one of these problems: A. The writer is still in search of a topic, brainstorming, or has not yet decided what the main idea of the piece will be. B. Information is limited or unclear or the length is not adequate for development. C. The idea is a simple restatement of the topic or an answer to the question with little or no attention to detail. D. The writer has not begun to define the topic in a meaningful, personal way. E. Everything seems as important as everything else; the reader has a hard time sifting out what is important. F. The text may be repetitious, or may read like a collection of disconnected, random thoughts with no discernable point.

ORGANIZATION

5 The organization enhances and showcases the central idea or theme. The order, structure, or presentation of information is compelling and moves the reader through the text. A. An inviting introduction draws the reader in; a satisfying conclusion leaves the reader with a sense of closure and resolution. B. Thoughtful transitions clearly show how ideas connect. C. Details seem to fit where they're placed; sequencing is logical and effective. D. Pacing is well controlled; the writer knows when to slow down and elaborate, and when to pick up the pace and move on. E. The title, if desired, is original and captures the central theme of the piece. F. Organization flows so smoothly the reader hardly thinks about it; the choice of structure matches the purpose and audience.

3 The organizational structure is strong enough to move the reader through the text without too much confusion. A. The paper has a recognizable introduction and conclusion. The introduction may 14 not create a strong sense of anticipation; the conclusion may not tie-up all loose ends. B. Transitions often work well; at other times, connections between ideas are fuzzy. C. Sequencing shows some logic, but not under control enough that it consistently supports the ideas. In fact, sometimes it is so predictable and rehearsed that the structure takes attention away from the content. D. Pacing is fairly well controlled, though the writer sometimes lunges ahead too quickly or spends too much time on details that do not matter. E. A title (if desired) is present, although it may be uninspired or an obvious restatement of the prompt or topic. F. The organization sometimes supports the main point or storyline; at other times, the reader feels an urge to slip in a transition or move things around.

1 The writing lacks a clear sense of direction. Ideas, details, or events seem strung together in a loose or random fashion; there is no identifiable internal structure. The writing reflects more than one of these problems: A. There is no real lead to set-up what follows, no real conclusion to wrap things up. B. Connections between ideas are confusing or not even present. C. Sequencing needs lots and lots of work. D. Pacing feels awkward; the writer slows to a crawl when the reader wants to get on with it, and vice versa. E. No title is present (if requested) or, if present, does not match well with the content. F. Problems with organization make it hard for the reader to get a grip on the main point or story line.

5 The writer speaks directly to the reader in a way that is individual, compelling and engaging. The writer crafts the writing with an awareness and respect for the audience and the purpose for writing. A. The tone of the writing adds interest to the message and is appropriate for the purpose and audience. B. The reader feels a strong interaction with the writer, sensing the person behind the words. C. The writer takes a risk by revealing who he or she is consistently throughout the piece. D. Expository or persuasive writing reflects a strong commitment to the topic by showing why the reader needs to know this and why he or she should care. E. Narrative writing is honest, personal, and engaging and makes you think about, and react to, the author’s ideas and point of view.

3 The writer seems sincere but not fully engaged or involved. The result is pleasant or even personable, but not compelling. A. The writer seems aware of an audience but discards personal insights in favor of obvious generalities. B. The writing communicates in an earnest, pleasing, yet safe manner. C. Only one or two moments here or there intrigue, delight, or move the reader. These places may emerge strongly for a line or two, but quickly fade away. D. Expository or persuasive writing lacks consistent engagement with the topic to build credibility. E. Narrative writing is reasonably sincere, but doesn’t reflect unique or individual perspective on the topic.

1 The writer seems indifferent, uninvolved, or distanced from the topic and/or the audience. As a result, the paper reflects more than one of the following problems: A. The writer is not concerned with the audience. The writer’s style is a complete mismatch for the intended reader or the writing is so short that little is accomplished beyond introducing the topic. B. The writer speaks in a kind of monotone that flattens all potential highs or lows of the message. C. The writing is humdrum and “risk-free.” D. The writing is lifeless or mechanical; depending on the topic, it may be overly technical or jargonistic. E. The development of the topic is so limited that no point of view is present—zip, zero, zilch, nada.

15 WORD CHOICE

5 Words convey the intended message in a precise, interesting, and natural way. The words are powerful and engaging. A. Words are specific and accurate. It is easy to understand just what the writer means. B. Striking words and phrases often catch the reader's eye and linger in the reader's mind. C. Language and phrasing is natural, effective, and appropriate for the audience. D. Lively verbs add energy while specific nouns and modifiers add depth. E. Choices in language enhance the meaning and clarify understanding. F. Precision is obvious. The writer has taken care to put just the right word or phrase in just the right spot.

3 The language is functional, even if it lacks much energy. It is easy to figure out the writer's meaning on a general level. A. Words are adequate and correct in a general sense, and they support the meaning by not getting in the way. B. Familiar words and phrases communicate but rarely capture the reader's imagination. C. Attempts at colorful language show a willingness to stretch and grow but sometimes reach beyond the audience (thesaurus overload!). D. Despite a few successes, the writing is marked by passive verbs, everyday nouns, and mundane modifiers. E. The words and phrases are functional with only one or two fine moments. F. The words may be refined in a couple of places, but the language looks more like the first thing that popped into the writer’s mind.

1 The writer demonstrates a limited vocabulary or has not searched for words to convey specific meaning. A. Words are so nonspecific and distracting that only a very limited meaning comes through. B. Problems with language leave the reader wondering. Many of the words just don’t work in this piece. C. Audience has not been considered. Language is used incorrectly making the message secondary to the misfires with the words. D. Limited vocabulary and/or misused parts of speech seriously impair understanding. E. Words and phrases are so unimaginative and lifeless that they detract from the meaning. F. Jargon or clichés distract or mislead. Redundancy may distract the reader.

SENTENCE FLUENCY

5 The writing has an easy flow, rhythm, and cadence. Sentences are well built, with strong and varied structure that invites expressive oral reading. A. Sentences are constructed in a way that underscores and enhances the meaning. B. Sentences vary in length as well as structure. Fragments, if used, add style. Dialogue, if present, sounds natural. C. Purposeful and varied sentence beginnings add variety and energy. D. The use of creative and appropriate connectives between sentences and thoughts shows how each relates to, and builds upon, the one before it. E. The writing has cadence; the writer has thought about the sound of the words as well as the meaning. The first time you read it aloud is a breeze.

3 The text hums along with a steady beat, but tends to be more pleasant or businesslike than musical, more mechanical than fluid. A. Although sentences may not seem artfully crafted or musical, they get the job done in a routine fashion. B. Sentences are usually constructed correctly; they hang together; they are sound. C. Sentence beginnings are not ALL alike; some variety is attempted. D. The reader sometimes has to hunt for clues (e.g., connecting words and phrases like however, therefore, naturally, after a while, on the other hand, to be specific, for example, next, first of all, later, but as it turned out, although, etc.) that show how sentences interrelate. E. Parts of the text invite expressive oral reading; others may be stiff, awkward, choppy, or gangly.

1 The reader has to practice quite a bit in order to give this paper a fair 16 interpretive reading. The writing reflects more than one of the following problems: A. Sentences are choppy, incomplete, rambling or awkward; they need work. Phrasing does not sound natural. The patterns may create a sing-song rhythm, or a chop-chop cadence that lulls the reader to sleep. B. There is little to no “sentence sense” present. Even if this piece was flawlessly edited, the sentences would not hang together. C. Many sentences begin the same way—and may follow the same patterns (e.g., subject-verb-object) in a monotonous pattern. D. Endless connectives (and, and so, but then, because, and then, etc.) or a complete lack of connectives create a massive jumble of language. E. The text does not invite expressive oral reading.

CONVENTIONS

5 The writer demonstrates a good grasp of standard writing conventions (e.g., spelling, punctuation, capitalization, grammar, usage, paragraphing) and uses conventions effectively to enhance readability. Errors tend to be so few that just minor touch-ups would get this piece ready to publish. A. Spelling is generally correct, even on more difficult words. B. The punctuation is accurate, even creative, and guides the reader through the text. C. A thorough understanding and consistent application of capitalization skills are present. D. Grammar and usage are correct and contribute to clarity and style. E. Paragraphing tends to be sound and reinforces the organizational structure. F. The writer may manipulate conventions for stylistic effect—and it works! The piece is very close to being ready to publish.

3 GRADES 7 AND UP ONLY: The writing is sufficiently complex to allow the writer to show skill in using a wide range of conventions. For writers at younger ages, the writing shows control over those conventions that are grade/age appropriate. The writer shows reasonable control over a limited range of standard writing conventions. Conventions are sometimes handled well and enhance readability; at other times, errors are distracting and impair readability. A. Spelling is usually correct or reasonably phonetic on common words, but more difficult words are problematic. B. End punctuation is usually correct; internal punctuation (commas, apostrophes, semicolons, dashes, colons, parentheses) is sometimes missing/wrong. C. Most words are capitalized correctly; control over more sophisticated capitalization skills may be spotty. D. Problems with grammar or usage are not serious enough to distort meaning but may not be correct or accurately applied all of the time. E. Paragraphing is attempted but may run together or begin in the wrong places. F. Moderate editing (a little of this, a little of that) would be required to polish the text for publication.

1 Errors in spelling, punctuation, capitalization, usage, and grammar and/or paragraphing repeatedly distract the reader and make the text difficult to read. The writing reflects more than one of these problems: A. Spelling errors are frequent, even on common words. B. Punctuation (including terminal punctuation) is often missing or incorrect. C. Capitalization is random and only the easiest rules show awareness of correct use. D. Errors in grammar or usage are very noticeable, frequent, and affect meaning. E. Paragraphing is missing, irregular, or so frequent (every sentence) that it has no relationship to the organizational structure of the text. F. The reader must read once to decode, then again for meaning. Extensive editing (virtually every line) would be required to polish the text for publication.

PRESENTATION (optional) 5 The form and presentation of the text enhances the ability for the reader to understand and connect with the message. It is pleasing to the eye. A. If handwritten (either cursive or printed), the slant is consistent, letters are clearly formed, spacing is uniform between words, and the text is easy to read. B. If word-processed, there is appropriate use of fonts and font sizes which invites the reader into the text. 17 C. The use of white space on the page (spacing, margins, etc.) allows the intended audience to easily focus on the text and message without distractions. There is just the right amount of balance of white space and text on the page. The formatting suits the purpose for writing. D. The use of a title, side heads, page numbering, bullets, and evidence of correct use of a style sheet (when appropriate) makes it easy for the reader to access the desired information and text. These markers allow the hierarchy of information to be clear to the reader. E. When appropriate to the purpose and audience, there is effective integration of text and illustrations, charts, graphs, maps, tables, etc. There is clear alignment between the text and visuals. The visuals support and clarify important information or key points made in the text.

3 The writer’s message is understandable in this format. A. Handwriting is readable, although there may be discrepancies in letter shape and form, slant, and spacing that may make some words or passages easier to read than others. B. Experimentation with fonts and font sizes is successful in some places, but begins to get fussy and cluttered in others. The effect is not consistent throughout the text. C. While margins may be present, some text may crowd the edges. Consistent spacing is applied, although a different choice may make text more accessible (e.g., single, double, or triple spacing). D. Although some markers are present (titles, numbering, bullets, side heads, etc.), they are not used to their fullest potential as a guide for the reader to access the greatest meaning from the text. E. An attempt is made to integrate visuals and the text although the connections may be limited.

1 The reader receives a garbled message due to problems relating to the presentation of the text. A. Because the letters are irregularly slanted, formed inconsistently, or incorrectly, and the spacing is unbalanced or not even present, it is very difficult to read and understand the text. B. The writer has gone wild with multiple fonts and font sizes. It is a major distraction to the reader. C. The spacing is random and confusing to the reader. There may be little or no white space on the page. D. Lack of markers (title, page numbering, bullets, side heads, etc.) leave the reader wondering how one section connects to another and why the text is organized in this manner on the page. E. The visuals do not support or further illustrate key ideas presented in the text. They may be misleading, indecipherable, or too complex to be understood.

©Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory

18 STUDENT-FRIENDLY SCORING GUIDE TO THE SIX TRAITS OF WRITING

Ideas and Content

5 It's clear, focused, jam-packed with details, and holds the reader's attention. My topic is small enough to handle.

 Interesting tidbits give the reader important information.  Accurate details support the main idea(s).  You can tell I know a LOT about this topic.  I've thought of readers' questions and answered them.  This paper might even show some insight!

3 It has its intriguing moments, but the development is still basic or general.

 My topic might be a little too big.  It could use more details.  Ideas are clearer in my head than on the paper.  My information seems pretty general rather than specific.  The reader might still have some questions.  I've stayed on the topic, but don't really have a message

1 I'm just figuring out what I want to say.

 I just don't know enough about this topic yet.  It's hard to picture anything.  I'm still thinking on paper—looking for an idea.

Organization

5 Clear and compelling direction makes reading a BREEZE.

 My beginning gets you hooked.  Every detail is in the right place.  You won't feel lost.  My paper ends at just the right spot—and it leaves you thinking.

3 You can follow it pretty well.  I have a beginning.  Most details fit where I put them.  The paper has an ending, but it needs some work.

1 Where are we headed? You could get dizzy trying to follow this.  Beginning? Oops...  My ideas seem scrambled, jumbled, confusing— even to me.  It doesn't have a real ending. It just stops.

5 I've put my personal stamp on this paper!

 I speak right to my readers.  My paper shines with personality and confidence.  Tone and voice are appropriate for my purpose and audience. 19  Narrative seems honest, personal, and written from the heart.  Expository or persuasive reflects a strong commitment to the topic by showing why the reader should  know or care about it.  This will make you think. You'll want to talk about it with others.

3 What I truly think and feel shows up sometimes.  My personality pokes through here and there.  I play it safe and don't risk revealing too much of myself.  Narrative is sincere, but not passionate. Expository or persuasive might not be too convincing.  Right on the edge of finding my own voice: strong in places, vague in others.

I I'm not comfortable letting the real me show through.  It could be hard to tell who wrote this.  I kept my feelings in check.  Safe and careful—that's my paper.  Audience? What audience?  No point of view is reflected.

Word Choice

5 I picked just the right words to express my ideas and feelings.  Every word seems exactly right: specific and accurate.  The words create pictures that linger in your mind.  Colorful, fresh and snappy—yet nothing's overdone.  Striking words and phrases catch your eye.  Lively verbs, precise nouns, and descriptive modifiers.  Accurate and precise: that's me!

3 It might not tweak your imagination, but hey—it gets the message across.  Words are adequate and correct, but not very original.  My words communicate, but they seldom create pictures in your mind.  I might have over-utilized my thesaurus...  I used quite a few passive verbs and everyday nouns, adjectives, and adverbs.  I didn't revise much for word choice. What you see is pretty much the first thing that popped into my head.  It's functional, with only a moment or two of sparkle.

1 My reader is likely to ask, "Huh?"

 I'm a victim of vague wording and fuzzy phrasing.  It's hard to picture what I'm talking about.  Maybe I misused a word or two...  My vocabulary is limited and/or I've misused words.  Some redundant words and phrases might be redundant; too many  clichés.  The words just don't work in this piece.

Sentence Fluency

5 My sentences have flow, rhythm, cadence, and variety of length. They're a treat to read aloud.

 My sentence structure helps make the meaning clear.  Sentences vary in length and structure. Some are long and stretchy; others short and snappy.  Purposeful sentence beginnings add variety and energy. 20  The writing has cadence. It's easy to read aloud.

3 My sentences are clear and readable.  Even though the sentences are more mechanical than musical, they get the job done.  Some sentences could be combined; others should be cut in two.  Yeah, I got into a rut with those sentence beginnings.  You might not see how sentences interrelate.  When reading aloud, some parts are smooth and natural; other parts are a bit bumpy.

1 I have to admit, it's a challenge to read aloud.  Sentences are choppy, incomplete, rambling, and/or awkward; they don't sound natural.  Little or no "sentence sense" here.  Lots of my sentences start the same way or follow the same pattern.  Too many connectives (and, and so, but then, because, and then, etc.)—or so few that it's confusing.  You probably wouldn't want to read this aloud.

Conventions

5 I made so few errors, it would be a snap getting this ready to publish!  Spelling to knock your socks off.  Great punctuation guides you through the text.  Capitals are in the right places.  You won't be distracted by incorrect grammar or usage.  Paragraphs are indented (or spaced) and in the right places.  This piece is VERY close to being ready to publish. . 3 Some bothersome mistakes show up when I read carefully.  Spelling's correct on SIMPLE words.  Yeah, you might stumble over my innovative punctuation.  Capitals are mostly there.  I attempted paragraphing, although it may not have been done correctly.  Grammar's O.K., though not award-winning.  Moderate editing is still needed to get this piece ready to publish.

1 Read once to decode, then again for meaning.

 Look out four spelling mistakes.  Punctuation errors make the going rough.  I've forgotten some CAPS—otherS aren't needed.  Errors in grammar and usage affect meaning.  This piece needs extensive editing.

21 Abbreviated One Page Rubric 5 4 3 2 1 Total pts Ideas/ Clear, focused, Clear and focused, Clear and focused, May have a focus The paper lacks =

Content and interesting. but not though but lacks a central idea or Holds the as interesting may not be clarity or purpose or reader’s attention. as a top-scoring captivating. changes forces the Relevant paper. Support Support midpaper. Details reader to make detail enriches could be is attempted may not directly inferences the central idea. stronger. but may be limited support based on very or out of the main ideas. sketchy details. balance with main ideas. Organiz- Organization The organization The reader can At times, the Organization is = ation enhances the is clear but readily follow reader has dif- haphazard and central idea or perhaps formulaic. what’s being ﬁculty following disjointed. The theme. The said, but the the ideas writing lacks structure is overall organization because direction, compelling, may sometimes of lapses with moving the be ineffective in organization. ideas, details, or reader through or too events strung the text. obvious. together helterskelter Voice The writer The reader The writer Voice is The writer = speaks directly senses the person seems sincere inconsistent. seems to the reader in behind the but not fully involved At times indifferent, or a way that is words. It is in the the writer uninvolved, individualistic engaging topic. The result seems engaged The writing is and but not is pleasant, in the topic, and ﬂat, lifeless, engaged. Clearly as expressive as acceptable, at other times, stiff, the writer is a top-scoring sometimes not. or mechanical. involved essay. even personable, It and is but not may be overly writing to be compelling. technical or read. jargonistic.

Word Words convey Writer shows a The language is For the most Vocabulary is = Choice the intended competent quite ordinary, part, word limited and so message in an command of but it does convey choice is suf- vague that only interesting, diction.Words the message. ﬁcient to convey a general precise, are sometimes Often the the message, message and natural carefully chosen. writer settles for but at times comes way. The writing what’s easy, choices are through.Writer is full and rich, producing incorrect. gropes for yet concise. a “generic” words to convey paper. meaning.

Sentence Writing has an Sentences are Sentences are Lapses in correct The paper is dif- = Fluency easy flow and correct and varied mechanical sentence ficult to follow rhythm. but not rather than fluid, structure are or read aloud. Sentences carefully lacking rhythm beginning to Sentences tend are well constructed or grace. Some impede the to be choppy, built, with to awkward reader’s incomplete, strong, varied showcase the constructions understanding rambling, structure that meaning. force of the irregular, makes for the reader to text. or just very expressive slow down or awkward. oral reread. reading.

Conven- Conventions are Competent Writing convention Errors in writing Numerous = tions used effectively command of errors begin convention begin errors to enhance language, but to impair to impede in conventions meaning. Errors some errors readability. Errors meaning repeatedly are so minor keep this essay do not distract the that the reader from being a block meaning reader and can easily skim top-scoring essay. but tend to be make the text over them. distracting. difﬁcult to read.

Scoring Key: 5— Exemplary 4--Proficient 3—Developing 2—Emerging 1--Beginning

Total ______/____# of traits

22 scored = ______

TEACHING THE TRAITS WITH ANCHOR PAPERS

One of the fastest, most effective ways for student writers to learn the traits is by hearing, reading, discussing, and scoring other student work or printed material. This is probably the very way you learned the traits yourself. Of course, you won't try to teach students in a one-day workshop, the way you and your colleagues probably learned the traits. You may spend two weeks, or even longer, on one trait—partly because you need more practice time with students, and partly because you may be interweaving other strategies and other kinds of writing lessons with this one. It is worth pointing out that many teachers find this strategy so successful, it is the only one they use in teaching the traits. They may, for instance, have a student writing sample on the overhead when students come into class, then spend just ten minutes or so scoring and discussing that sample for one or more traits. And except for that one change, the remainder of their curriculum proceeds as usual. Even with that small change, many teachers notice a marked increase in their students' understanding of what makes writing work. After a couple of weeks, students begin to get a strong sense of what good writing is all about, and teachers see that insight reflected in both rough drafts and revisions.

Some Ground Rules This is a simple strategy, but there are a few tricks to making it work. Here are some important suggestions:

1. Do NOT use sample papers from student writers who are in your class. You want students to be honest in their reactions to the writing and not be concerned with hurting another person's feelings. If they know from the beginning that the paper doesn't belong to anyone in their class, it makes it safe to speak up and say things about weaker papers that they would be reluctant to say to someone they know. After a while, you can talk to them about how to make constructive suggestions as they work with a peer or a small group with "live" papers. In the beginning, however, it is important to use anonymous samples.

2. Use samples that are either very strong or noticeably weak on a given trait. Clear examples make it easier for students who are just learning the trait to see what characteristics are important in defining that trait. For instance, suppose you want your students to include interesting and important details in their writing. If you choose a middle-of-the-road paper that intermingles strong details and fuzzy generalizations, students may wind up more confused than enlightened.

3. Work on just one trait at a time. A paper that is strong in ideas may well be strong in other areas, too. A paper that is weak in organization may have other weaknesses. But focusing the discussion on one trait a time will make your teaching easier and faster for beginning raters. Revisiting the same paper for different traits will be a comfortable and familiar process for students. It will help you reinforce the concepts of the first trait you examined it for while serving to remind students that writing is all about using all of the traits to the best of their ability. One logically leads to the next.

4. Read all the samples you use aloud. Students learn the traits more quickly and more easily when they hear as well as see the text. It's a great way to reinforce the fluency trait, too. Students need to talk, share ideas, and hear language. Silent reading and reflection does not work here. As you read the piece aloud, someone in the group may hear something that others overlook. That person becomes, for the moment, the teacher of the group, guiding everyone down a path that all will find familiar next time.

5. Read and score all papers yourself ahead of time before sharing them with students. It can be very hard to lead a good discussion on a piece of writing you are seeing and thinking about for the first time. If you read it in advance, you'll have the opportunity to decide on what key points and features you want your student readers to notice in particular.

What About Grade Level?

Don't worry about the grade level of the papers. It isn't as important as it may seem. It is fine—often productive—to use third- grade papers with middle school students, for instance, or a high school paper with fourth-or fifth graders. The quality of the paper and your ability to use it to make a point are much more important than the grade level of the author. Length is a factor, too. Very long papers may be hard to work with compared to those that only run a page or two. For this reason, many teachers at all levels find it more convenient to use elementary-level papers than papers by older writers. A mix is ideal. Remember to use clearly strong and clearly weak papers to begin with; they are easier to rate than middle-of-the-road papers. Also, their obvious strengths or problems help define the traits in the writers' minds. Papers in the mid-point range are, by definition, a blend of strengths and problems. As students lean about writing, this mix of messages may be confusing—stick with papers that clearly define performance in a trait at one end of the continuum or another.

Step By Step: Teaching the Traits with Sample Papers Step 1 23 Decide which trait you will focus on for the lesson. Early on, it's best to do ONE at a time. Later, when students have had more practice, you can talk about two or more traits at once.

Step 2 For your discussion, choose sample papers that are very STRONG or WEAK in the trait you have chosen. Present papers in PAIRS (one strong and one weak) as much as possible, so you have a contrast. This makes teaching the trait much easier.

Step 3 Make an overhead of each sample paper you use. You can hand out hard copies, too if you wish, but use an overhead anyway. Some students need to see the paper as it is being discussed and be able to point to specific examples from the text.

Step 4 Read each paper ALOUD. Papers play very differently to the eye and ear. In addition, reading aloud helps everyone focus on the paper as a group. If the paper is especially weak in conventions, you may wish to read it aloud before you put it on the overhead for students to see. Otherwise, they may focus too much on the conventions without attending to other traits.

Step 5 Remind students to focus on ONE trait at a time, and to use the Student Friendly Guide you have provided. Ask them to find, in the scoring guide, specific language that justified the score they want to give. It is helpful sometimes to have students write down their scores and a few key phrases from the rubric to justify those scores. This keeps them from making overly general comments ("Pretty good." "I liked it," or "Not the best.")

Step 6 As you present each paper, give students a minute to talk to a partner before asking for comments from the large group. This gets more students talking, and confidently using the language of the scoring guide.

Step 7 After they've talked for 1-2 minutes with a partner by reacting to the writing, ask them to share comments aloud with the whole class.

Step 8 Ask for a show of hands: How many gave this a 5 on ideas? How many gave it a 4? and so on. Then, record the numbers on a chart like that included at the end of this strategy.

Step 9 Encourage students to be very specific, expansive, and articulate in explaining the reasons behind their scores. If a paper is "pretty good," they need to explain why; if a piece needs work, ask, "What would you do to revise it?"

Step 10 Students are usually quite close in their assessments IF they have a scoring guide to goby, IF you have discussed the trait, and IF the sample papers are good, clear examples of strong and weak performances. But if they are not close, put the paper back on the overhead, ask them to discuss the paper again with their partner (or a different partner, or in small groups), then re-vote to see if the scores come closer. Usually a little discussion is all that’s needed to come to agreement with the majority. It’s OK for a few people to disagree! The rule is this: If you disagree with the majority vote, you need to be able to explain why —in clear, specific, trait language.

RATER BIAS and HOW TO AVOID IT

Following are COMMON sources of rater-bias—any one of which can cause you to score unfairly:

• The positive-negative leniency error: A tendency to be too hard or too easy on everyone—just as a matter of principle. • Appearance: Scoring up because the paper looks neat and presentable, or down because it looks messy. Judge content first. Good appearance IS important, but it is not part of the 6-trait writing criteria. • Length: Is longer better? No! In fact, length often works against a piece if there's too much "interpretive information." Papers that are too short, of course, cannot be scored fairly, but the real trick is to balance the need for good detail with an ability to be succinct. • Fatigue: If you're never tired and bleary-eyed while you're doing this, you're either a machine, or you're sneaking papers onto someone else's stack. The point is, take an occasional break. You'll score faster (and MUCH more accurately) in the long run if you get up to stretch or have coffee/Coke/fresh air now and then. • Personality clash: I hate animal stories! I love sports papers! Oh, what a neat kid—he fishes with his dad! All this kid DOES is watch TV—he needs a couple 2's to wake him up to reality! This is the don't-even-go-there approach to scoring. If you simply can't (7 hate iguanas, my father hated iguanas, and I'm never changing my mind'), give the paper to someone else. Think: What if it were your paper? Your child's? • Skimming: You might think you know the first 8 lines, but DO read the whole thing to be sure you're assessing the entire performance, not just the grand opening. • Self-Scoring: Perceptive, intuitive readers fill in, anticipate, synthesize, and generally pull it all together for the writer. Be sure you're scoring the writer's work, not your skill in putting the puzzle together. 24 • Sympathy Score: Her dog died . .. She loves her grandpa so much . . . These situations tug at your heart, and rightly so. But the hard truth is, there are good and not-so-good pet papers, grandparent papers, etc. Be sure you score the writing, not the circumstances.

Be Aware of Your Pet Peeves • Big, Loopy writing • Teeny, tiny writing • Shifting tenses inappropriately • Writing in ALL CAPITALS • Tons! Of exclamation!! Points!! Yikes!!! Wow!!! • Messiness • Mixing it's and its • Run-ons • Mixing are and our, or their, there, and they're • "The End" (like I couldn't tell that) • The words and phrases cool, awesome, rod, dude, neat, great, nice, far out, very, really—or pick your own personal least favorites • The easy ending: "Then I woke up and it was all a dream" • Cliché adjectives: fluffy clouds, crashing waves • Total absence of paragraphs • Passionless writing • Different than instead to different from • Cuz • A lot, alot And watch out for pet peeves about which only you know. What are they? (Yes, you do have them, even if you are a nice person.)

25 S A M P L E P A P E R S

IDEAS/CONTENT

The Mystery of the Diamonds

It was the first day of spring vacation. Jan Hansen and her friend Sam Johnson were sitting on a bench in the middle of a busy shopping mall in Denver, Colorado. While Sam's mother was shopping, Jan and Sam were watching Sam's baby brother Andrew. Jan and Sam were playing a memory game. Sam's eyes were closed.

"What color of coat am I wearing?" Jan asked.

"Purple."

"Nope, I'm not wearing a coat. Ha, ha!"

Sam opened his eyes. "It's just not fair. I'll never have as good a memory as you!"

"You just have to keep practicing. You know, practice makes perfect. That's what my mother used to tell me when I thought I couldn't win at something," Jan said. "Now, you try me." Sam looked around very hard for something he was sure Jan hadn't noticed. Then he asked, "What does the sign in the card store window say?"

"That's easy. 'Mother's Day Sunday May 11. Remember your mother and she'll remember you."

"Fine, you win," Sam said with disgust.

Jan still had her eyes closed. "Come on, try again. Go ahead, ask me something else."

"All right," Sam said. "What color socks am I wearing?"

Jan thought a moment. "That's not really fair," she said. "I never saw your socks."

But Jan didn't open her eyes. "You're wearing green pants, a green belt, and green shoes, so I'll bet your socks are green, too."

"You're just too much, Jan!"

"No, you're just too neat!"

Checkmate!

Checkmate! Darn I lost again. I made the fatal mistake of altering my queen's position and therefore leaving my king susceptible to his relentless attack.

I have never beaten my grandfather in chess and I probably never will. Despite my losing record, I have a burning love for the game.

It was probably four or five summers ago that my obsession began. I played my grandfather nearly every day. It started out as him just teaching me the rules with friendly games. After a few weeks it was more than that, at least to me. I wanted to dethrone him more than any other thing my young mind could think to want. I challenged him every chance I got.

He always seemed to see my strategy coming, and he was relentless. I think he took pride in beating up on me. He knew both the rook four and knight two strategies that I had because he had taught them to me. He never let up on me.

I needed to come up with a game plan. I needed to do some research. I left for the library as soon as the idea popped in my head. I hit the doors running after my mother parked the car. I cannot recall how many hours I spent at the library. It did not matter. I was looking for the perfect strategy. I thought I had found the perfect plan, so I headed home for my final showdown in chess.

Afternoon

On Tuesday, December 22, I went about my business going to my classes as usual. After school my friend came and picked me up to go to his house. After we got to his house we grabbed his fishing stuff and started to go to my house. It was on the

26 way to my house, coming down the street, that we saw a hinder binder. After we got to my house we packed up my fishing stuff and we were on our way to the afterbay of the Bighorn River.

It was about 8:00 when we got there. We started fishing. We had a kind of cycle where one casts out and lets it float away before the other. Then when you retrieve it, you go behind the other person.

ORGANIZATION

In my Father's Eyes

"Just let if flow," my father said as he handed me the reel. I clenched it tightly with my tiny fingers as if in fear of dropping it. The wooden handle was smooth and almost contoured to the shape of my dad's hands. He had fished with the pole when he was younger and you could tell just by looking at it that it was put to much use. He said it was a special pole and began telling one of his "when I was your age" stories, which I unintentionally paid no attention to because I was anxious to begin.

I watched as my father effortlessly tied the yellow grasshopper fly on my line in a series of complicated knots with his thick fingers. The air was fresh and cold and the mountain breeze teased his coal black hair and rustled a few whiskers in his beard. When he was finished he looked up at me and smiled warmly. "Give it a try," he said encouragingly.

I carefully tip-toed over the jagged boulders and dead tree limbs to the water's edge. It moved fast, so I scanned the area for a calm spot to cast my fly. The stream was narrow, so I had to be careful not to snag my line in the trees behind me, and it would be difficult not to over-estimate and cast clear over to the other side of the bank.

I positioned myself between two large rocks and took off my shoes. The mud was cold and squishy, but I liked the feeling. I gave my line some slack and began the motion. Back and forth, back and forth. I must have watched my father do it a thousand times, so soft and rhythmic, border-line perfection. The motion of his wrists always seemed to be one with the pole, personifying it into a beautiful work of art. I longed to have this feeling.

On being Yourself

Shakespeare once said, "To thine own self be true." This saying reflects the idea of being yourself and not changing who you really are.

In the play Macbeth, which was written by Shakespeare, the character Macbeth displayed how he changed over the course of the play. He started off an honest man who fought to protect the king, and was somewhat reserved and quiet. But as soon as the three witches told him their predictions for his future, he became greedy. He thought of nothing but becoming king, and would not let anything stand in his way.

Macbeth made the wrong choice. This choice led him down the path of greed, murders, lies, betrayal, and fear. he thought that he was on his way to the top of the world, when in reality he had no self-control whatsoever. His fantasies and wishes blinded him from

Change

Once upon a time there was a girl named Betty. She had a younger sister named Annette. They were a year apart. Betty was a Junior in high school and Annette was a sophomore in high school. They both lived with their parents in California. They were both very beautiful. Betty had very long pretty dark frown hair, and brown eyes, she was tall, but not to tall, she had medium brown skin, and Annette had light brown hair and light brown eyes, she was tall, to, but like an inch shorter than Betty. She had light colored skin. They both had their own friends and their own interests. Betty liked to rollerblade alot with her friends, her and her friends always made plans to go rollerblading that weekend or else to a movie or something.

Her best friend was Jane. Betty was into sports like basketball or volleyball or whatever she wanted to play, and she always made the team, she was very athletic. Annette and her friends like to shop and flirt with the guys. Annette usually got any guy she wanted, the guy she liked always asked her out and that would get her friends kind of jealous.

VOICE My Story

I was finally dead. Released from my past life of torture and pain. And what now? What will become of me now? That is not important. It is time for me to tell you my story from the beginning to the end. That way you can also feel my pain.

I was born in 1933 in a small Mississippi town, population 5,000, give or take. My mother died at my birth. I never knew who my father was. When they couldn't hold me at the hospital anymore, I was sent to the county orphanage. The headmistress, 27 Mrs. Frankmore personally came to the hospital to pick me up. People told me she treated me well. The way it was said made me figure that that wasn't always the case.

When I was a year old, the money for the orphanage dried up. It was bankrupt. I guess other places took most of the kids. I don't know. I didn't understand cruelty yet because I had Mrs. Frankmore. Judith, that was her first name, took me in with her when the orphanage went belly-up. Most times she did without and was practically starving so she could feed me. I think she really loved me. I don't know why.

Working Lessons

All my experiences in life couldn't prepare me for my first job. This was one of the hardest adjustments for me, trying to combine work, school and the other problems that arise from day to day. My first, and only, job has been at a restaurant. Some people think fast-food is the lowest job you can have, but this job has taught me some of the most important lessons, points, and morals, that I've learned in my short life. It's also been a source for me to reaffirm values and morals that I already had in my life.

During the summer break, I got promoted to a manager. This new position has brought new responsibilities for me, and has given me a new perspective on seeing things. When I first started, a hatred of management and upper level employees set in. Personally, I thought they were being bossy and full of themselves. Now, being in their shoes, I have seen the flaws and wrongs in my previous judgements. Isn't it strange how a small change can create a big difference in how you see things?

The Stepdad

One brisk September morning a lady in her mid thirties by the name of Sue called her lawyer to file a divorce papers on her husband John,. After Sue got off the phone with her lawyer she went to work. A week past and the papers still did not show up at her door, so Sue called her lawyer and the lawyer said, "I will send them right away." So a week later the papers showed up in the mail.

Sue not ready to tell her three children Amanda, Katie, and Eric, she hide them under the bed. Amanda who is nine is the youngest of the three. then there is Eric who is 14. Then finally there is Katie who is 15. Amanda one day was jumping on her Mom's bed, fell of the bed and sited a manila folder. In side of it was the divorce papers. Amanda then told the other two kids about what she found. The kids held it inside of them for a long long time intel one day when Katie was talking to her mom and it accidentally slipped out, "are you and dad getting a divorce?"

WORD CHOICE

Remember my Dream

Seth came stumbling out of the forest to a clearing where the trees met the paved road. He was frozen with fear at the sight of the semi-truck stopped in the middle of it and Magi's crippled bike underneath. His brow was drenched in sweat and his clothes were soiled from the long run through the forest from the cabin. Catching his breath, he slowly walked around the front of the truck to see Magi lying in the middle of the road. He ran to her, asking her what to do. Magi's trembling voice spoke, "I wanted to show you everything."

"You will," he answered.

I could no longer fight back the tears, so I let go. I let myself quietly sob and allowed the salty tears to trickle down my flushed cheeks and into my trembling hand. I thought to myself, "He gave up everything he knew, everything he existed for to be with her, only for her to die the next day."

I took the tape out of the VCR and looked at myself in the mirror. I felt horrible. I felt the pain of the two lovers as though it were me in the film. I collapsed to the floor, gripping the marble sink above my head. I hated feeling this way. I absolutely despise it. I cried for the two strangers and for myself, wondering why it had to end that way and in part, wondering if ever a man would give something so dear to him to be with me. Then it struck me! That is exactly what I want to do--I have known all along, but now it is so clear. I want to make people feel sorrow, joy and anger. I want to be an actress.

The Adventure

Glacius awoke from the raggedy blanket he always kept with him. The cold chill of the early morning blew across the high mountain top. He was not cold however, it was far too refreshing and enchanting to be uncomfortable. As the young man overlooked the large valley he saw the lush and great forest that spread across the whole area so thick it was like a large green carpet. You could make out a few large cities which almost poked through the tall canopy..

28 After brewing a small cup of his favorite herbal tea, the young man decided it was time to descend into the unknown and unseen that lay before him, spread out across the valley below. So with that thought he was off down the narrow trail below, ready to face any and all danger below without fear, maybe. After several hours of walking on the narrow trail, he came before a small shack that seemed to have been very quickly erected. You could see by the smoke rising from the chimney so at least someone was home, weather or not the person inside was friendly was yet to be seen.

The Boxing Match

I watch the opponet siting in the corner, all six foot one inch, two-hundred pounds glaring at me. As the tenth round bell rings, I go out to fignt the opponet. I take three steps towards the defender only to get a right smashed against my face. The impact is like a baseball bat connecting to a baseball as I stumble back into the ropes, spit flies out of my mouth, like a flock of geese fleeing the water as a shotgun blast enters towards them. Blood pouring down my face like a crimson river over a waterfall.

My face looking like I was battered by an coming train I thought I could beat. Yet all of this destruction to a face which was in perfect condition only forty minutes ago, has the signiture of my opponet written all over it. The damage was caused by two equal size arms with mass of incredibly swollen baseballs and speed of a stealth fighter plane. As I bounce off the ropes, the opponet steps through the punch that I was supposed to land and connects to my left ear.

SENTENCE FLUENCY

Caution-Danger Ahead

It was a nice sumer's day. My family and I were up in the mountains on our way to go camping. Nothing could go wrong, or could it?

We were driving up a bumpy gravel road. We had to take it slow to prevent sliding. My sister and I were in the back of the car admiring the beautiful view of the forest. I was so excited to go camping. It was the perfect day, until the incident.

We had driven a few miles and only seen a couple of cars pass us so far. It was pretty calm. Up ahead I noticed that we were approaching a bend in the road. You could see nothing past it, and so my dad proceeded to drive slower. I remember reading a magazine and all of a sudden I had a gut feeling to look up. I was in shock as I saw a gray truck speeding towards us. It was as if it had come out from nowhere. A rush of fear ran through my body. From the moment I saw the car, time felt as though it was running in slow motion. I knew exactly what was going to happen and yet I could do nothing to stop it. I felt like I was trapped in a cage with no way to escape.

Heading West

Friday afternoon, for Andy, was beginning to feel longer than Friday morning. The moment had finally come, the moment had had been waiting for since last year. Today after school, Andy and his father would take off and go to West Yellowstone to fulfill their favorite past time, snowmobiling. The moment finally came for Andy, a junior in high school, to go home. He rushed to his car and sped away to get home as fast as he could. When he arrived home, his father already had the truck loaded and ready to go.

"Ready to go?" Andy's father Kenny asked.

"Ready as I could ever be," Andy replied.

Both Andy and Kenny said their farewells to Andy's mom Darla, who stayed behind to take care of Andy's little sister Amber. After the goodbyes, Andy and Kenny were on their way to West Yellowstone.

Macbeth

Macbeth: noble, benevolent, and loyal, King Duncan's honored subject. Macbeth's valour and bravery in battle reach the ears of King Duncan before Macbeth can even reach home.

As Macbeth and Banquo travel home, they meet three witches who propose a plan of the near future: Thane of Glamis he is, Thane of Cawdor soon to be, and King of Scotland, he will be. Worthy Banquo is not left out of the prophecies, he is told he will begat kings. Macbeth will be king, yet Banquo will father future kings?

29 CONVENTIONS

Through the sky of hyperspace

Through the view ports of the Star Destroyer Relentless, the molted sky of hyperspace drifted silently by as Captain Teirrier stared coldly at his bridge crew before him. Not so long ago in the distant past he would have felt forgiveness or at least pity for the crew of his starship. But not now, not after the destruction of Mount Taintis and every last one of the Grand Admiral Thrawn's Sparti cloning cylinders. What was not left of the Empire was hardly enough to even take control of a single planet. Their main shipyards were destroyed and they were running out of military personnel to man their remaining ships. The Relentless itself was one of the few, but precious Star Destroyers in functional condition. Functional...As he thought it he almost laughed at his foolish choice of words. Only four of the original ten turbo blasters were operational now, and the starboard deflector shields were running at critically low energy. To top it off, the hyperdrive was constantly malfunctioning and the techs working on it apparently had no explanation. All in all the Star Destroyer Relentless was in tough shape.

But none of that mattered now that he was in charge. Captain Teirrier had plans for his precious empire. Big plans.

A lesson on the court

When I was younger about 5 or 6 I remember my first grade P.E teacher telling the class "It's not about who wins or loses, it's how you play the game" A good philosophy when teaching little kids how to play fair. But after a couple of years of playing basketball on the blacktop and football in the field, the philosophy becomes a little reworded "How you play the game decides who wins or loses: and most kids always want to be on the winning side. The play ground produces two types of personalitys participants and non-participants. the non-participant speaks for itself, the type of kid who doesn't care about sports. The participant the type of kid who plays everything, not because he or she is good but cause it is fun.

Character change in Macbeth

In the play Macbeth, There are many charecters,and they all change during the story. The two charecters I will talk about are Macbeth, A thane of glamis who overnight,turned into the king of Scottland. And on a lesser note,Lady Macbether,A woman who drove Macbeth to do evil deeds for her own personal bennefit..

In the begining Macbeth and King duncan respected each other,And after showing great talent on the batlefield,duncan called Macbeth a"valient Kingssman!,Noble gentleman.

30 Recommended Scores for Sample Papers

IDEAS ORG VOICE WC SF CONV Mystery  Checkmate!  Afternoon  In My  Fathers... On being  Your.. Change  My Story  Working  Lesson The Stepdad  Remember  my… The  Adventure Boxing  Match Caution-  Danger Heading  West Macbeth  Through the  sky… A lesson  on… Character  change…

Acknowledgements to the teachers of Billings MT High School for the free interactive website where these and many other sample papers may be found. It’s the first site listed below. The others are excellent as well; they worked a/o 7/05. http://senior.billings.k12.mt.us/6traits/index.htm This is the first interactive place for students to practice scoring http://www.kent.k12.wa.us/staff/LindaJancola/6Trait/6-trait.html This site has some pretty good lesson plans by trait http://6traits.cyberspaces.net/ has primary anchor papers (for teachers—these are interactive!) and other valuable ideas… excellent for lower grades

31 More Sample Papers

I don't get along with people to good, and sometimes I am alone for a long time. When I am alone, I like to walk to forests and places where only me and the animals are. My best friend is God, but when I don't believe he's around sometime's, my dog stands in. We do every thing together. Hunt fish, walk, eat and sleep together My dog's name is Fox, 'cause he looks like an Arctic Fox. Fox and I used to live in this house with a pond behind. That pond was our property. The only thing allowed on it (that we allowed) was docks & fish. If another person or dog would even look like going near that place, Fox and I would ran them off in a frenzy. There was a lot of rocks around, so I would build forts and traps for any body even daring to come near. The pond had a bridge that was shaded by willows, so on a hot day me and Fox would sit on that bridge & soak oar feet well, I would soak my feet Fox just kinda jumped in. At night the pond was alive with frogs, so I would invite this kid over, (he was a guy like me) and catch frogs. After we had a couple each, we would pick the best looking one out of our group and race them. The winner gets the other guys frog. In the winter, the pond would freeze over, and I got my iceskates out. The pond was now an ice skating rink. Fox would chase me as I went round & round the pond. After about a year I was riding my bike patroling the area around the pond. With Fox at my side, I raced downhill toward the pond. I tried to stop, but my back tire went into a skid. I went face first into murky, shadowy waters. When I went down, a minute later I felt something pull on my shirt I grabbed it not knowing what to think, when I hit the surface, I saw that it was Fox, pulling on my shirt as if he was trying to save me. He was to little to save me if I was really drowning, but it was the thought that counts, I owe him one. Another year passed. One day my mom got home from the store, and she bought me a rubber raft I was just a cheap one, but it was mine. I blew it up with a tire pump, It was just the right size for me & Fox. Out of respect for Fox, I named it the USS Fox and christened it right in the pond. On sunny days, I would take the raft out & lay in the sun with Fox on my legs. One day, when I was asleep in the raft the wind blew pretty hard and blew my raft right into a bunch of sticks and rocks, the USS Fox was given a sad salute, and then was no more. Another year passed, and this would be our last year by the pond. I admired and respected that pond more than I ever did that year Bat at long last all good things mast come to an end, we moved to another town. Fox & I still visit the pond, but it'll never be like them 3 years when she was mine.

The Redwoods

Last year we went on a vacation and we had a wonderful time. The weather was sunny and warm and there was lots to do, so we were never bored.

My parents visited friends and took pictures for their friends back home. My brother and I swam and also hiked in the woods. When we got tired of that we just ate and had a wonderful time.

It was exciting and fun to be together as a family and to do things together. I love my family and this is a time that I will remember for a long time. I hope we will go back again next year for more fun and an even better time than we had this year.

32 Earth

The Earth has lots of meaning to me. I like it cause it is where i live. And there are butiful things in the would lick trees, flowers, rocks and The nature that lives on the Earth, mountains, rivers. My grandparents, mon dad, my pets and my pets friends, the govenor, My teacher, all my friends, my brouther, my cousion, and all the nice people in the world. But the best thing on The Earth is my relatives my relatives are very very nice. They will do anything for you And i am glad they are here. I like the nature cause that gives the animals a lot of homes and a river lets the animal get a drink and the trees some of them give food to the animals, and some trees give us food. The mountains are rlly nice it is part of nature and thy are pretty big and they are part of nature and History like pikes peek and the mountions rushmore with the four presodent Earth has 50 states and about 7 countrys and most of the Earth is water there is Indian ocean Atlantic pacif and the golf ocean. And It is important to me cause if we didn't have trees we would died. That is the main reason.

Zeena, I know just how you feel. I love chocolate covered marshmellows too! But let rne tell you what happened to me. My mom came home from the store one day and let me have a chocolate covered marshmellow. It was love at first bit So lite, fluffy, chewy and slipped down my throat like a small piece of heaven. Just thinking about it makes me want to have another one until I recall what happened when I finished my last bag of those squishy delights. My mom told me I can help myself to a few and before I knew it the whole bag was gone. My mom called me to dinner and you know, the last thing I wanted, or even cared about was dinner, but you know how mothers are. I had to sit down and take one bite of everything. And after that I had diaria, diaria, diaria. But I was convinced it wasn't the marshmellows. Last fall my morn bought me all of these cute clothes for my birthday, shorts, jeans, skirts, so when the weather got warm and I went to put on my new clothes, they didn't fit to my amazement and not because I had grown to tall, just because I couldn't even zip them up. But it couldn't be the marshmellows, their too lite and fluffy; infact a whole bag of marshmellows doesn't weight as much as one orange. One day, when I put the tight clothes out of my mind, I grabbed myself some chocolate covered marshmellows, when I was biting down on one, a sharp stabbing pain went up my tooth and the side of my head. And when ever I ate, my teeth hurt So my mom took me to the dentist and let me tell you it was not a pretty picture, I had seven expensive, painful cavities. So Zeena, you can keep popping those marshmellows into your mouth, but before you do, remember not everything about chocolate covered marshmellows is sweet

33 WHAT ABOUT GRADING?

Translating Analytical Scores into Grades: Assessing Writing Fairly Basic Assumptions:

1. Scores in the traits are better tools to help improve writing than grades on individual papers. Why? Because grades on papers are tend to end discussion because they generalize about the totality of writing skills. Trait scores keep thinking open about specific skills, most often positively.

2. Not all traits need to be scored on all papers. We want to score what is most relevant to the assignments we teach. For instance, a piece of technical writing may emphasize conventions and word choice more than voice; the reverse may be true for a personal narrative. Most major papers will have scores in at least 4 of the traits. Rough drafts, because they are practice for developing skills, are never assessed using the traits.

3. We want to examine growth in writing from several pieces, not just from one—this is much more fair to the student! If we were to calculate scores into grades from a single assessment in a trait, this would be like basing a whole grading period grade on one quiz.

4. Scores in the traits are NOT grades. Just as a score on an individual quiz in math class is not necessarily indicative of the grade a student will receive on a report card, these scores should be considered a small part of a big picture. Students will know how many total points are possible in each trait during a grading period, and will be able to tell where they stand in terms of their grade for the class. It’s tempting to make a direct translation of the 1-5 rubric scores into grades, but to do so may lead to grossly inaccurate assessment.

5. Think of the scores in the individual 6 Traits as a continuum, a range from 1-5 that describes performance. While a 3 may naturally be assumed to be the mid-level performance, if we convert it directly to a percentage, it’s 60%, or failure! Therefore, If we used a straight 5=A, 4=B, etc., conversion, students would have to obtain extremely high scores to receive respectable grades. We have determined the chart below by examining numerous student scores and computing the resulting percentages. The percentage points we add are NOT “giving” students anything— This is simply making up for the fact that measurement on a continuum is by nature incompatible with our grading system.

CONVERTING A COLLECTION OF SCORES IN A TRAIT TO A GRADE USING CONVERSION CHARTS

Typical Grade Cut Offs:

A– = 93% B– = 85% C– = 74% D- = 65%

Say your official grade cutoffs are like those above. Convert to percentage the number of points a student obtained in a trait out of points possible in that trait—do not calculate single scores in a trait! Then, use the chart below to add percentage points to convert a collection of points in a trait to a grade.

90% and above—add 4% 80% and above—add 10% 70% and above—add 12% 60% and above—add 15%

Example: Student X obtains the following scores in the trait of “Ideas/Content” over a period of time where 4 papers are scored: 3, 4, 3.5, 4.5

In the Trait of Ideas/Content, total possible points would be 20 (4 papers with a potential of scoring a 5 on each). Student X’s total points: 15 [3+4+3.5+4.5=15]

15 is 75% of 20. Using the conversion chart above, (75%+12%=87%). Therefore, Student X would obtain a 87%, or about a “B” on the grading scale given above for this trait.

34 Name: Assignment:

5 4 3 2 1 TOTAL

IDEAS/CONTENT =

ORGANIZATION =

VOICE =

WORD CHOICE =

SENTENCE FLUENCY =

CONVENTIONS =

TOTAL ______/____(# of traits scored)= Scoring Key: 5—Exemplary 4--Proficient 3—Developing 2—Emerging 1--Beginning ______

Scores to grades conversion chart:

5.0= 100 4.0= 90 3.0= 80 2.0= 70 1.0= 60 4.9= 99 3.9= 89 2.9= 79 1.9= 69 4.8= 98 3.8= 88 2.8= 78 1.8= 68 4.7= 97 3.7= 87 2.7= 77 1.7= 67 4.6= 96 3.6= 86 2.6= 76 1.6= 66 4.5= 95 3.5= 85 2.5= 75 1.5= 65 4.4= 94 3.4= 84 2.4= 74 1.4= 64 4.3= 93 3.3= 83 2.3= 73 1.3= 63 4.2= 92 3.2= 82 2.2= 72 1.2= 62 4.1= 91 3.1= 81 2.1= 71 1.1= 61

The e-Writing Profile

This electronic folder, named the e-Writing Profile, is a student’s virtual writing portfolio.

35 The e-Writing Profile may require that all student papers deemed worthy by the department and required by state standards, be stored electronically. Here’s why the e-Writing Profile is better than the old paper/folder system:

 Teachers may easily look at them by accessing student H drives  The responsibility for completing them is more on the students than on the teacher  The profile reflects analytical scores in the 6 Traits, not a holistic score or grade

Six Traits of Writing Student e-Writing Profile Name: ID#: Class: Semester/Year: Teacher: Instructions: Fill out the above information according to teacher directions. Your teacher will give you a description of each writing assignment to replace the words in column one of the first table below. Place the score your assignment received in the appropriate trait column. Your teacher will tell you what to place in the Standards column. Note: not all assignments received scores in all traits.

Ideas/ Sentence Word Con- Organization Voice Standards Content Fluency Choice ventions Assignment 4 Assignment 3 Assignment 2 Assignment 1

Instructions: Once you have filled out the above table, follow directions in column one below to obtain your fair grade percentage for each trait. The highest score in a trait is 5. Therefore, if a trait received a score in that trait on two writing assignments, the total points possible for that trait would be 10. Remember that a 5 is not an “A,” nor is a 3 score a “C.” In order to give you a fair score- to-grade translation, you must follow the steps outlined below in column one.

Ideas/ Sentence Organization Voice Word Choice Conventions Content Fluency Total points Possible My total points in this trait My points divided by total possible points  Plus % (see table)= My Final % in this trait

Add 4% Add 6% Add 8% Add 10% Add 12% 90+4+1=95% 80+6+1=87% 70+8+1=79% 60+10+1=71% 50+12+1=63 91+4 =95 81+6 =87 71+8 =79 61+10 =71 51+12 =63 92+4 =96 82+6 =88 72+8 =80 62+10 =72 52+12 =64 93+4 =97 83+6 =89 73+8 =81 63+10 =73 53+12 =65 94+4 =98 84+6 =90 74+8 =82 64+10 =74 54+12 =66 95+4 =99 85+6 =91 75+8 =83 65+10 =75 55+12 =67 96+4 =100 86+6 =92 76+8 =84 66+10 =76 56+12 =68 97+4 =101 87+6 =93 77+8 =85 67+10 =77 57+12 =69 98+4 =102 88+6 =94 78+8 =86 36 68+10 =78 58+12 =70 99+4 =103 89+6 =95 79+8 =87 69+10 =79 59+12 =71 A Schoolwide Writing Assessment (SWA) Sample Results 2004-2005

A typical school conducts a schoolwide writing assessment each year in the fall and spring. The results are used to guide instruction the following year; the SWA is scored using the 6 Trait model, and is similar in execution to the ISTEP, the AP, the new SAT, and other large-scale writing assessments.

Sample Schoolwide Writing Assessment 2004-05 GRADE 10

Ideas / Org Voice Word Sentence Conven- Content Choice Fluency tions Fall =5 2.59% 4.57% 1.69% 1.64% 6.78% 4.20% Spr =5 4.85% 4.85% 4.13% 3.31% 6.61% 19.01%

Fall =4 23.29% 30.75% 27.97% 31.36% 29.66% 37.68% Spr =4 33.18% 33.48% 37.19% 36.36% 37.19% 45.45%

Fall =3 45.66% 44.14% 53.39% 52.54% 44.06% 27.54% Spr =3 42.42% 42.88% 35.54% 47.93% 42.98% 24.79%

Fall =2 24.05% 17.05% 13.56% 10.17% 10.17% 10.14% Spr =2 16.52% 15.00% 19.83% 12.40% 12.40% 10.74%

Fall =1 4.41% 3.35% 3.39% 4.24% 9.32% 7.25% Spr =1 2.73% 3.48% 3.31% 0% .83% 0% Notes Every essay is scored twice by different raters, neither of which is the teacher of record for the student.

The 6+1 Traits of Writing Rubric is based on a 1-5 rubric, 5 being the highest. The SWA is administered in the fall and spring with the same prompts being delivered each time. All students were scored 2x in Ideas/Content and Organization. A 20% random sampling of student papers were scored in all 6 Traits.

37 Seven Strategies for Teaching the Traits

The 6+1 Traits® Model is not a curriculum, but a tool for teachers to use to help break down the writing process for students. Its power lies in the ability to make analytic assessment of writing transparent to students; no longer does the criteria for what makes good writing need to remain ambiguous. The language of assessment is helpful for teachers and students from K- adult.

Which trait first? It’s really up to you. Many like to begin with the most comprehensive and complex trait, Ideas. Another would be to begin with one of the most familiar traits, Word Choice. Teachers tend to have lots of activities and ideas of how to expand vocabulary and help students work with effective words and phrases.

Resist the idea of teaching only one trait per grade level. Writing, like driving, is a holistic experience. All of the traits are used in every writing experience, just like all the skills of driving are used once the car begins moving. When learning to drive, one wouldn’t want to spend a year just parallel parking without driving anywhere, just the same way one wouldn’t want to spend a year working on Conventions without writing a whole piece.

STRATEGY ONE

• Teach students the language they need to speak and think like writers • Brainstorm qualities of good writing • Read, read and read some more! • Validate students’ opinions by giving them the Student-Friendly Guide & keep language of traits posted in room • Base grades on growth in traits

Additional ideas: • Small groups make posters based on rubric language and presenting key features of their assigned trait back to the large group • Create a poem of the traits and do choral readings that review the traits • Randomly call out descriptors and ask kids to respond by naming the trait • Go around room and ask kids to call off one thing from the rubric that they think is important to make a paper work in that area—make sure they have rubric in front of them. • STRATEGY TWO

• Read, score and discuss anonymous student papers • Use examples from opposite ends of the spectrum • Use samples for many genres

Additional ideas: • Work on one trait at a time. This makes teaching easier and faster for beginning raters. You can revisit the same paper for different traits. • Read the sample papers aloud. As the piece is read aloud, someone in the group may hear something that others overlook. • Read and score all papers yourself ahead of time before sharing with students • Grade level doesn’t matter that much. It’s fine—often productive—to use 3rd grade papers with middle school students, or use a high school paper with 4th graders. The quality of the paper and your ability to use it to make a point are much more important than grade level of the author.

38 STRATEGY THREE

• Rehearse the process of revision in small groups

Ideas: • Select an anonymous paper, or one you create, that “needs work” • Brainstorm in groups or as a whole class what kinds of things the author could do to strengthen the piece in one or more traits. • Write new pieces from the original, share. • Great benefit here is comfort of participants, and proof of value of revision, as all results will be better than original.

STRATEGY FOUR

• READ– Literature you love, yes, but also: • Think beyond books: • Discuss which trait(s) are emphasized in real-world writing, such as: – Computer manual -Junk mail – Recipe -Business letter – Menu -Travel brochure – Catalogue ETC!!!

Ideas: • Rate an office memo for Conventions. Score it, then edit it. Try it for Presentation, too. Redo the piece in small groups. • Look through junk mail for examples of strong and weak ideas, voice, etc. • Find samples of greeting cards that catch your eye or touch you—as well as some that turn you off. Score them for word choice and voice—then revise. Create your own greeting cards for made-up occasions like “Most interesting hair day.” • Check out menus. Which ones are best written? Why? • Review a set of directions for organization. What about voice? • Score a textbook excerpt for ideas, voice, word choice. Are some traits stronger than others? • Browse a manual. Is the voice strong? • Examine newspaper articles. What traits get the most emphasis? Why?

STRATEGY FIVE

• Focused Revision Lessons – Create a SHORT paragraph that is WEAK in the trait you want to emphasize in a lesson – Read your piece aloud on overhead. Have students score it – Ask students to help you make a Plan for Revision—a very specific suggestions for making it stronger in the focus trait – Save their suggestions on overhead – Revise, but don’t make it perfect! Talk it through!

39 STRATEGY SIX

• Designing Effective Writing Assignments RAFTS!

R- Role A- Audience F- Format T- Topic S- Strong Verb Example: You are Ulysses (role) on your journey home from Troy after being gone for over ten years. Write a letter (format) to your wife Penelope (audience) explaining (strong verb) why you won’t make it home (topic) for dinner, AGAIN.

Idea: practice “teasing out” the RAFTS components in ISTEP prompts.

STRATEGY SEVEN

• FOCUS LESSONS – Ideas (Writer’s Notebook, e.g.) – Organization (Para’s out of order, e.g.) – Voice (Books vs. Encyclopedia article, e.g.) – Word Choice (Word Cemeteries e.g.) – Sentence Fluency (Sentence shapes,SAS) – Conventions (Punctuation, e.g.)

IDEAS– any activity that allows students to practice prewriting, generating ideas from thought/experience, borrowing ideas from other writers, keeping writer’s notebooks, knowing the purpose for writing, moving from broad topic to focused theme, learning to observe carefully, developing thinking skills (comparison, analysis, inference) ORGANIZATION—Any activity that allows students to practice writing a lead that hooks a reader, sequencing in logical, interesting ways, identifying the turning point, connecting ideas to a larger theme, linking ideas together for a reader, setting up a problem, then solving it, crafting a conclusion that ties up loose ends. VOICE—Any activity that allows students to practice helping writers feel safe and accepted, noting moments of voice in writing and pictures, valuing and requesting diversity, rewarding risk—even over success, providing opportunities to hear the voices of others, writing to someone (letters, posters), asking students to writer voice in…or out, looking for voice in advertising, print, and non-print resources. WORD CHOICE—Any activity that allows students to practice building vocabulary through reading anything and everything, brainstorming: how else could you say it? Learning to use resources—traditional and computer, putting “tired words to rest,” playing with language, dialects formal and informal usage, building power in verbs, practicing precision—more for less. SENTENCE FLUENCY—Any activity that allows students to practice developing an ear by reading aloud, practicing freewriting to making writing flow, using choral reading to hear phrasing, writing poetry, playing with sentences CONVENTIONS—Any activity that allows students to practice identifying reasons for editing, understanding the difference between revision and editing, keeping editing in proportion—ideas come first. Learning and using editing symbols, thinking like an editor, developing a proofreader’s eye, letting students by their own editors.

40 Top Ten Tips for Teaching the Traits

Remember always that the 6+1 Traits is a TOOL, not a curriculum. Instituting best practice in the teaching of writing may include the use of such a powerful tool, but it is not the only thing that is necessary. It is essential that your school establish a coherent writing policy that identifies goals and strategies for achieving those goals. The National Council of Teachers of English has excellent resources, including the document “Establishing a Writing Policy,” found on their website: www.ncte.org

1. Read Aloud each and every day!

We live in a universe of discourse, and reading aloud to students of ALL ages gives us all better access to that universe. Jim Trelease’s work establishes the gold standard for reading aloud.

2. 45 minutes of writing, 3x per week

This may seem like a lot, given the pressures of today’s curricula and accountability systems. Writing to learn, as opposed to writing to show learning in formal essays, counts as writing too, and should be expanded in virtually every subject taught. Writing to learn activities should account for about ¾ of all the writing students do, and the research says it shouldn’t even be graded, just required!

3. Once or twice a week, assess a paper on the overhead

4. Once or twice a month, work in pairs/partners to revise for one trait

5. File ideas for teaching writing by trait

6. Use the language of the scoring guide in teacher comments One of the most difficult things teachers of writing have to learn is to stop being an editor. Studies show that teacher corrections have very little effect on a student’s progress as a writer, but the development of a common language for talking about what makes good writing does have a positive effect.

7. Collect writing in working files that may lead to portfolios

Working folders are just that, and should be looked upon as the evidence of all the work, good and bad, fits and starts, that a student does over a period of time. They may lead to “showcase” portfolios of polished pieces.

8. Display the traits around the room

9. Parents need to learn the traits, too! Best source here, although expensive, is “Dear Parent: A Handbook for Parents of Six-Trait Writing Students.” It can be ordered through the Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory– www.nwrel.org

10. Grade based on growth and achievement in the traits.

The trouble with rubric scores is that it’s a continuum, ranging from “Exemplary” through “Proficient” to “Progressing” work. When we assign numbers to those levels, we usually range from 5 to 1. A 3 score in a trait might be considered “Proficient” but mathematically, 3 out of 5 is only 60%, which on virtually every grading scale is an “F.”

There are ways around this problem, explained in depth by both Vicki Spandel and Ruth Culham in their respective books. (Book titles/descriptions and lots of info about them and their work is best accessed simply by typing their names individually into a good search engine, like Google.)

41 WRITING ACROSS THE CURRICULUM:

Frequency of Levels

Maxwell, Rhoda. Writing Across the Curriculum in Middle and High Schools (pp. 43-48). Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1996.

Level l

The fact that writing is used as a tool for learning necessitates that level 1 is the most common type of writing in school. Level l is a daily occurrence when critical thinking plays a dominant role in a classroom. Level l writing gives students a means of putting their thoughts on paper without concern over writing conventions. Our minds go so much faster than our ability to write that we need freedom from restrictions to get our thoughts down. Also, level 1 works when students are muddling through, concentrating on a problem. The writing may come slowly, but the intensity of thinking requires that one's self-editor stay out of the way. If we become distracted by a concern over spelling or punctuation, our train of thought is disrupted and we lose focus. Specific examples of level 1 writing are numerous:

. Notes from assigned reading in the textbook . Lecture notes . Lists . Notes from a small-group discussion . Questions from homework . Brainstorming the beginning of a longer writing . Free writing . Mapping, webbing, first attempts at organizing . Developing questions for use in writing reports . All journal writing . All first drafts

Because much level 1 writing is for organizing thoughts, helping with memory, figuring things out, and keeping track of information, it is important that students have frequent opportunities to do this level of writing.

Level 2

Next in frequency of use is level 2 writing, which usually is read and often evaluated by a teacher. Classmates may read the writing without the presence of the author, so the work must stand on its own. Punctuation and other writing conventions now become important for helping readers understand the writer's intended meaning. Level 2 writing may occur a few times a week; once a week is not uncommon. If teachers are assigning level 2 writing every day, they should switch to more level 1 assignments because most writing should not be read or evaluated by a teacher. When level 2 is used more frequently than level l, students are writing to inform a teacher about what they know more than to use writing as part of a thinking process. Level 2 is for answering questions in a more organized, planned way in order to share writing with a wider audience, whether that audience be the teacher or classmates, and to exhibit what the writer knows. Although these are important reasons for writing, the purposes for level 1 are essential to develop thoughtful, clear writing in the student's own voice, important for all the levels of writing. Examples of level 2 writing include the following: . Exams . Drafts . Homework assignments . Summaries . Reaction papers . Responses In the writing process, the drafting stage may begin with level l, but drafting is mainly at level 2 as students write to an audience beyond themselves.

Level 3

Because of the time involved in producing a level 3 piece of writing and the few times writing is intended for a wide audience, this level must be reserved for only occasional use. If students have the opportunity to work on a level 3 project every four to six weeks, this is sufficient time for them to learn how to prepare an error-free paper, using the final steps in the writing process. If level 3 papers are assigned more often, the amount of writing in the class drops considerably. There simply is not enough time in the day, week, or year for students to work on level 3 frequently and still have opportunities for other activities. What gets pushed aside are all the discovery techniques, variety of activities, creative opportunities, critical thinking. What remains is an outdated style of writing where every piece needs to look as if it were written for publication. Although publishing is important, it is unrealistic and unfair to expect students to limit all of their writing to this mode. Teachers do not; no one does in the real world. Misguided thinking still encourages some teachers to believe this is the only type of writing appropriate for school. The students are the losers in this artificial situation, where fluency is sacrificed for "correctness." 42 However, teaching the value of an error-free piece and the knowledge needed to produce one is also important. At times, it is essential that we pay as much attention to form as to content, although it is never appropriate to pay more attention to form than to content. That would be something like decorating a cardboard cake with beautiful designs--beautiful to look at, but lacking interesting or even palatable texture and substance. Students are more apt to understand the value of polished writing and to do their best work if the reason for the careful editing is realistic—a job application, letter to the editor, or submission for publication. But publication does not have to go beyond the school to require students' best work in creating the error-free copy. At times, level 3 is appropriate even if the work is intended only for the teacher and parent(s). For example, a culminating activity at the conclusion of a unit might be a carefully thought-out report oral project that represents a great deal of work on the part of the student. Even though the writing does not go beyond the classroom and is not published for a wider audience, the amount of effort put into the work calls for a polished final copy and is the ideal place to teach and emphasize final editing and proofreading skills. Examples of level 3 writings then could include the following:  business letters  job applications  writing for newspapers  submissions to a school anthology  essays for contests  final reports and projects

The description below summarizes the three levels of writing.

Level 1

Style: Informal—in speech, similar to talking with close friends Audience: Write and, in some cases, teacher and peer group Function: Thinking through writing, organizing thoughts, generating ideas, developing fluency, helping with memory Form: journal writing, responses, lists, brainstorming, mapping, first drafts Evaluation: Content only, often not evaluated at all; mechanics, word usage, organization, spelling and grammar are not considered

Level 2: Style: More formal--in speech, similar to talking to an audience outside one's close cir in speech, similar to talking to close friends and, in some cases, teacher and peer group Audience: Writer, classmates, teacher, parents; audience may not be known well.

Function: Organizing thoughts coherently, developing ideas, explaining, informing; practical—to get work done. Form: Exams, homework, multiple drafts, reports, summaries Evaluation: Evaluated for content and form; common writing conventions expected as grade and ability level.

Level 3

Style: Formal-- in speech, similar to talking to people not known, like giving a formal speech Audience: Writer, classmates, teacher, parents, audience outside the classroom, an unknown audience Function: Learning the value of producing error-free writing, reach a wider audience, learning how to edit and proofread Form: Letters, reports, poetry, research papers, books, final drafts Evaluation: Content and form of equal weight; all of the writing skills are expected to be correct; neatness and good handwriting or error-free typing important.

Expectations and Evaluations

Whenever any writing is assigned, the teacher and students must know the level described in terms of audience and purpose. In most cases the teacher decides the appropriate level. Once students become familiar with the use of levels, however, they, too, may choose the appropriate level, as long as their reasons are not in conflict with the obvious purpose. It is the purpose of the assignment that determines the level. When a teacher is not clear about what he or she wants a particular assignment to accomplish, neither are the students, and much confusion results over the expectations of the teacher:

. How many details should the writer include? . What about organization? . How about punctuation, spelling, and grammar? . How should the writing look?

43 By determining the level before telling students about the assignment, the teacher knows how he or she will evaluate it. That information should be shared with the writers. When students know the level, they do not ask if spelling counts. They know it does not in Level l, that it does for familiar words in Level 2, and that it does for every word in level 3. The same guidelines apply to every writing convention. For example, organization may or may not exist at level 1, depending on the particular writing task, but the writer knows that the presence or lack or lack of organization is not part of the evaluation.

In level 2, organization is necessary in order for readers to gain understanding, although some organization may be added as an afterthought and shown with arrows, insertions, and paragraph markers. This is especially appropriate on an exam, where the teacher’s purpose for writing is to check students’ knowledge about a subject, not to see if they can write in an organized fashion when time is limited and stress is likely high. An argument that some people put forth who believe that all writing should be level 3 is that students must learn how to write more formal papers. Yes, they should, but in assigning a level 3 piece approximately every four weeks and helping students learn how to revise, edit and proofread it, the teacher provides enough instruction and practice for students. To do more than this takes away valuable time from other types of writing and activities.

Length of Written Work by Levels

The fact that something is short does not mean it can be tossed off with little thought. A poem, letter, or explanation written for publication may take weeks of revising before the author decides he or she is finished. As much as possible, students should have a say in establishing purpose, although a teacher must help guide students to realize what purpose is for. Younger students, when asked why they are writing something, often answer, "Because the teacher told me to." In a broad sense this is true, but teachers have a purpose in making the assignment and need to relay this to the class so that students always know why they are doing the assignment. How the assignment is carried out, including length, remains the responsibility of the student.

Writing Levels within Assignments Many assignments use more than one level of writing. Level 3 always includes levels 1 and 2 because any published writing must go through the entire writing process. The beginning stages of the writing process are level 1 while the drafting is level 2. As examples, three unit projects are described next.

Science

The unit is "Adaptation for Survival" Specifically, students are looking at how animals adapt to changing environments. As the unit progresses, students keep notes on readings, films, and lectures (level 1). Every few days, they read over their own notes looking for connections and patterns. They jot down questions that come up about areas that are confusing or areas of particular interest. Students meet in groups to compare their notes and then write a report based on their material to hand in (level 2). The unit project is to choose one animal and research its adaptation necessary for survival. As students read additional material for the individual project, they keep notes (level 1), and then write a first draft (level 1). They meet in response groups, revise (level 2), and gradually the writing takes shape as they continue to revise (level 2). Students meet with a writing partner for editing and proofreading and then write a final copy (level 3). sis

English Students read To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. As they read, they keep a response journal, writing their thoughts about the characters; their reactions to the story; and related thoughts from their own lives, other fiction, or real-life stories (level 1). Students meet in groups to share their responses and thoughts about the novel. Individually, students write a character sketch of Dill or Boo. The sketch is handed in and evaluated by the teacher (level 2). As students continue reading and responding in their journals, the teacher reads their journals and writes comments (level 1). Near the end of the book, students write a short paper on how Scout changes throughout the book. They first write a rough draft and read it in response to groups (level 1). Students revise the draft and turn it in for evaluation (level 2). Student view the movie based on the novel, write responses (level 1), and discuss in groups. As a group, they write a short paper comparing the effectiveness of the book versus the film (level 2). There is no level 3 for this assignment. If students are not working on a final project, levels 1 and 2 are all that are necessary to engage them as active learners. Perhaps eventually students will write a level 3 paper comparing this novel to others they read, but level 3 writing is not required to make sure students read and understand.

44 English as a Second Language

ESL teacher Gail Servoss describes related activities that include all three levels she uses to help her students become fluent in English

Level 1 Students are given a picture showing a situation and more than one character. They write a dialogue from one character’s viewpoint. Students read the dialogues aloud, and the others guess whom the student is writing about.

Level 2 Each student receives a picture and writes a scenario or description of it in a limited time period. Students then get into groups of thee to five and read their stories to each other. The others interrupt the writer with questions concerning details. Each writer must answer the questions in writing.

Level 3 Students choose a picture from a magazine and write a story from it. Vocabulary is brainstormed individually with the teacher or with peers. The writing process is followed and the stories are published in a class book.

45 MODES & TYPES: Expanding our Notion of What Counts in Writing

CCCC Annual Convention, NYC, April, 2002 Bridging the Gap: How Articulating Theory May Help Herb Budden Indiana Teachers of Writing (ITW) Writing Project

“What We Talk About When We Talk About College Writing” in Teaching Writing in High School and College: Conversations and Collaborations. Ed. Thomas C. Thompson. Urbana IL: National Council of Teachers of English, 2002.

Many of us have attempted to translate into our classroom practice ways that will enable our students not only to be successful in post-secondary school, but also allow them not to feel beaten by their schooling, by what Harvey Daniels refers to as “the death march to literacy” that so much of what secondary curriculum, instruction and assessment feels like.

In my teaching experience, one key to moving toward a classroom that is based on sound theory is found in Daniels’ and Steven Zemelman’s book A Community of Writers (1988). Their explanation of Britton’s (1970) concept of the language continuum has allowed some of us to move away from notions of discrete writing modes and purposes and toward a more encompassing view of writing instruction that can indeed include the types of writing that students may actually enjoy doing, the kinds of writing that help move one to lifelong literacy, as well as the sort of writing that fosters the rigor of mind required by college writing courses emphasizing “analytical thinking.”

The liberating idea of Britton’s is that language is neither strictly “transactional,” i.e., businesslike and filled with intentions to persuade or inform a specific audience, nor strictly “poetic,” in which the language itself becomes the object of contemplation. Instead, he suggests that we all have a home base of language—“expressive” language—and that is the comfortable language we use in our heads in our own way. The others form a continuum emanating out from this home base. But they are all nevertheless always connected as an organic whole, like the rings in a tree, because transactional language can be poetic and poetic language can indeed be transactional.

Language Continuum

Expressive Poetic Transactional

46 To put this idea into classroom practice in a practical way so that both students and parents understand it, Zemelman and Daniels suggest a matrix of writing activities that includes all of the above modes of writing matched up with three major assignment types, depending upon the course goals. The assignment types are: writing-to-learn experiences, teacher- designed assignments (i.e., traditional), and self-selected writing.

To put this idea into classroom practice in a practical way so that both students and parents understand it, Zemelman and Daniels suggest a matrix of writing activities that includes all of the above modes of writing matched up with three major assignment types, depending upon the course goals. The assignment types are: writing-to-learn experiences, teacher- designed assignments (i.e., traditional), and self-selected writing.

Modes Poetic Expressive Transactional Types

Write-to-Learn writer’s journal; Dual-entry responses to Reflective writing; goal setting experiments with language outside reading

Teacher-Made poetry writing; sentence quizzes over text traditional essays Assignments analysis grids

Self-Selected (open-ended topics here— personal journals essays, letters could fall into any mode, depending upon student’s concept of purpose)

These sorts of assignments, used in conjunction with a strong assessment model such as the 6+1 Traits (www.nwrel.org), enable students to tap into points all along the language continuum. If students keep a working folder of drafts and revisions of all work and then are allowed to revise some of each mode and assignment types together with reflective writing (expressive and/or transactional language), they will have undergone a coherent experience in writing that satisfies on several levels: students feel motivated to write more because of the self-selected topics; they become aware of the value of writing-to- learn; they feel less stress with the traditional assignments in this context; and finally, they understand the purposes of writing more fully, and feel more sense of control over their work. It’s when teachers can articulate such things about writing to their students and colleagues at all levels that the gaps will begin to close.

47 Strategies for Using Writing to Learn (WTL)

WTL activities can happen frequently or infrequently in your class; some can extend over the entire semester; some can be expanded to include a wide variety of writing tasks in different formats and to different audiences.

1. The Reading Journal

How do reading journals promote learning?

First, students use the left half of the page or the left sheet of an opened notebook for recording what the reading is about. Teachers can ask for quite a lot of detail in this half of the reading journal so that students get practice in summarizing entire articles or summarizing particular arguments, identifying main ideas, noting key details, and choosing pertinent quotations, among other crucial reading skills.

On the right half of the page (or right page of the notebook), students jot down any questions they have or any connections they can make between readings or between readings and class discussions. At the beginning of the semester, the right half of the journal is dotted with questions, most of which can be answered quickly at the beginning of a discussion session in class. By the end of the semester, students will sometimes fill two right-hand columns for every reading. At this point, the questions are far richer (rarely about content) and the connections point out that students are integrating the readings and class work on their own.

The structure of the daily writing depends on the students' abilities.

 Lower-level students will need more structure and will move more slowly into analytic and reflective writing on the right-hand side.  Higher-level students can sometimes whisk right into reflection with much less attention and structure imposed for literal information.

The structure also depends on the particular reading/writing tasks, especially if you are building a sequence of tasks leading to a substantial writing assignment at the end of a unit, for example.

Obviously, teachers can assign specific questions to be addressed in the left-hand section, or assign more general prompts:

 What do you remember?  What did you hear?  What was the "talk" about?  Who is the focus of the reading?  What was the most important idea in the reading? What are the next important ideas?  What particularly striking example do you recall?  Who is the target audience for the selection?  What is the author's intention in this passage?

These prompts will focus on what because they are getting at the basic content (though we must remember that content is constructed and so even literal information may not appear the same to each reader/writer/speaker).

Regarding interpretive questions:

Students often need more focused questions to begin working on the right-hand side--the evaluative, reflective, or metacognitive side:

 Why are certain details more memorable?  What connections can you make between X and Y?  How did you arrive at this conclusion?  Why is this conclusion significant?  How does this assignment touch you personally?  How does this assignment change your thinking on the idea?  How could you write about your new insight?

48  What other information might you need to pursue this topic?  How does this reading/writing/discussion/group work build on our earlier discussion of the larger concept of X?

2. Annotations

Unlike the summary that attempts an objective rendering of the key points in a reading, an annotation typically asks students to note key ideas and briefly evaluate strengths and weaknesses in an article. In particular, annotations often ask students to note the purpose and scope of a reading and to relate the reading to a particular course project.

You can have students annotate (and eventually compare) readings assigned for the class, or you can ask students to compile annotations to supplement the course readings. Each student's annotations can be distributed to the class in one handout or through electronic media (Web forum, e mail).

3. Put Aside Notes

These can be used to check for thorough understanding, as well as to check on adequacy of note-taking. All writing from this strategy is either Level 1 or Level 2.

Class/lecture or chapter notes the students take are collected, not to grade or even read, but simply to “put aside.” A few days later, the teacher hands the notes back to the students, who write a paragraph or two based solely on their notes. This strategy is a good check for the students themselves to see if their note-taking is adequate.

The initial notes may simply be checked for completion (Level 1 writing); the paragraphs based on the students’ individual notes may be informally read aloud or in small groups; if a teacher wishes to move this to a Level 2 writing, the paragraph summaries may be picked up, and evaluated strictly on ideas/content (accuracy of information).

4. Response Papers

Still another type of writing to learn that builds on assigned readings is the response paper. Unlike the summary, the response paper specifically asks students to react to assigned readings. Students might write responses that analyze specified features of a reading (the quality of data, the focus of research reported, the validity of research design, the effectiveness of logical argument). Or they might write counter-arguments.

To extend these response papers (which can be any length the instructor sets), consider combining them into another assignment--a position paper or a research-based writing assignment.

5. Synthesis Papers

A more complex response to assigned readings is the synthesis paper. Rather than summarizing or responding to a single reading assignment, the synthesis paper asks students to work with several readings and to draw commonalities out of those readings. Particularly when individual readings over-simplify a topic or perspectives on a question in your course, the synthesis paper guarantees that students grapple with the complexity of issues and ideas.

Like other writing-to-learn tasks, the synthesis paper can be shorter and less formal, or you can assign it at or near the end of a sequence leading to a more formal paper.

6. The Discussion Starter

Sometimes students feel baffled by a reading assignment and express that frustration in class, but they often understand more about the reading than they believe they do. When this situation arises, having students write about the reading can be especially valuable, both for clarifying what students do and don't understand and for focusing students' attention on key points in the reading.

If you know a particular reading assignment is likely to give students trouble, you might plan questions in advance. But even if students' frustration catches you by surprise, you can easily ask questions about the key issues or points in the article. Moreover, asking students to answer the same questions again at the end of the class, after you've had a chance to discuss the reading, will help you see what students still don't understand.

49 7. Focusing a Discussion

When a discussion seems to be taking off in several directions, dominated by just a few students, or emotionally charged, stop the discussion and ask students to write either what they saw as the main threads of the discussion or where the discussion might most profitably go. After writing for a few minutes, students will often be better able to identify and stay on productive tracks of discussion. Or, after asking a few students to read their writing aloud, the teacher can decide how best to redirect the discussion.

8. The Learning Log

The learning log serves many of the functions of an ongoing laboratory notebook. During most class sessions, students write for about five minutes, often summarizing the class lecture material, noting the key points of a lab session, raising unanswered questions from a preceding class. Sometimes, students write for just one or two minutes both at the beginning and end of a class session. At the beginning, they might summarize the key points from the preceding class (so that the teacher doesn't have to remind them about the previous day's class). At the end of class students might write briefly about a question such as:

 What one idea that we talked about today most interested you and why?  What was the clearest point we made today? What was the foggiest point?  What do you still not understand about the concept we've been discussing?  If you had to restate the concept in your own terms, how would you do that?  How does today's discussion build on yesterday's?

Such questions can provide continuity from class to class, but they can also give teachers a quick glimpse into how well the class materials are getting across. Some teachers pick up the complete learning logs every other week to skim through them, and others pick up a single response, particularly after introducing a key concept. These occasional snapshots of students’ comprehension help teachers quickly gauge just how well students understand the material. Teachers can then tailor the following class to clarify and elaborate most helpfully for students.

Many teachers assign several of the WTL activities described in this section to be completed for the learning log.

9. Analyzing the Process

Sometimes students are baffled by the explanations teachers give of how things happen because teachers move too quickly or easily through the process analysis. A quick run-through of an equation is often just not enough for students struggling to learn new material.

A more useful approach to process analysis--from the learners' point of view--is to trace in writing the steps required to complete the process or to capture the thinking that leads from one step to the next. Students can either write while or after they complete each problem. Particularly when students get stuck in the middle of a problem, writing down why they completed the steps they did will usually help someone else (a classmate, tutor, or teacher) see why the student experienced a glitch in problem-solving. Similarly, teachers can look over the process analyses to see if students have misapplied fundamental principles or if they are making simple mistakes. In effect, students can concentrate on problem-solving rather than on minor details, and they can move from simple procedures followed by rote into a deeper understanding of why they are solving problems appropriately.

10. The Problem Statement

Teachers usually set up the problems and ask students to provide solutions. Two alternatives to this standard procedure will give students practice with both framing and solving problems:

 After you introduce a new concept in your course, ask students to write out a theoretical or practical problem that the concept might help to solve. Students can exchange these problems and write out solutions, thus ensuring that they understand the concept clearly and fully.  Ask students to write out problem statements before they come to your office hours for conference. (Or you might suggest that they use e mail to send you these problem statements in lieu of a face-to-face conference.) Students

50 are likely to frame such a problem more concretely than they might otherwise do in preparing for a conference, and the resulting conference (or e-mail exchange) is likely to be more productive for both student and teacher.

Another version of this exercise is to have students write a problem statement that is passed on to another student whose job it is to answer it. Such peer answers are especially useful in large classes.

11. Solving Real Problems

Ask individuals or groups to analyze a real problem--gleaned from industry reports, scientific journals, personal experience, management practices, law, etc. Students must write about the problem and a solution they could implement.

12. Pre-Test Warm-ups

Another extension of the problem statement WTL activity is to ask students to generate problems for an upcoming test. Students might work collaboratively either to generate problems or to draft solutions. By asking each student or group of students to generate problems, students will cover the course material more fully than they might otherwise do in studying. Moreover, if you assure students that at least some of the test material will draw on the problems students generate, they are more likely to take both the problems and solutions more seriously. Furthermore, if students don't understand the material, they will surely find out as they write questions for the exams!

Another alternative for pre-test warm up writing is to give out sample test questions in advance of the exam. Students can work individually or in groups to write out responses. Again, because they know some of the test material will come from the WTL activity, students are likely to prepare more carefully.

13. Using Cases

Because cases provide students with a complete writing context, they can be exceptionally useful for student writers.

A simple use of the case is to set up a single scenario which notes the audience, purpose, and focus of a brief writing task. For example, a business student might encounter this scenario:

Assume that you've just been hired in a local office of a large asset management firm. Your first client has traded stocks conservatively for several years and now wants to try options trading. What basic principles of options trading do you need to be sure your client understands?

A teacher could assign this scenario and ask for a variety of writing tasks in response to it:

 Outline the principles in three minutes at the start of class to review the reading from last night.  Write an e-mail message to your manager to brief her on your plans for educating your client.  As a final exam response, explain both the principles of options trading and your ethical obligations to your client.  Generate a working list of principles in a group of four students and then find a dozen sources from the library to annotate for their usefulness to the new employee. Compile the most useful annotations from your group to distribute to the entire class.

A more elaborate case can include both more details for the student writer, as well as a wider range of roles to write from. A full case can call for multiple kinds of writing, drawing on the full range of informal and formal writing outlined in this guide. It can also emphasize the kinds of questions (and writing) most common in the discipline, and full-scale cases work well with both individual and collaborative writing assignments.

Finally, case histories are useful in many disciplines and writing contexts. This use of a case generally focuses on a post hoc analysis, either of what happened in the case or what could have happened with different interventions. Again, case histories can lead to a range of writing assignments, though they tend to restrict the roles students might play as writers within the case context.

14. Letters

Students can write to explain professional concepts, positions, or policies in letters of application or letters to politicians.

Students can also write business letters of introduction and research gathering, introducing their projects and plans for approval. Another version of an introductory letter could have students try to persuade an interested party (e.g. a foundation,

51 the NSA, etc.) to provide funding or approval for their research. Or have them write a letter after completing a project which tries to persuade someone interested in the project to accept their recommendations.

15. What Counts as a Fact?

Select two or more treatments of the same issue, problem, or research. For example, you might bring in an article on a new diet drug from USA Today, The Wall Street Journal, and the Journal of Dietetics. Ask students to write about what constitutes proof or facts in each article and explain why the articles draw on different kinds of evidence, as well as the amount of evidence that supports stated conclusions.

Alternatively, ask students to look at a range of publications within a discipline--trade journals, press releases, scientific reports, first-person narratives, and so on. Have them ask the same kinds of questions about evidence and the range of choices writers make as they develop and support arguments in your field.

16. The Believing Game and the Doubting Game

First espoused by Peter Elbow, this writing activity simply calls for students to write briefly

 first, in support of an idea, concept, methodology, thesis;  second, in opposition to it.

As students complete this writing activity based on a course reading or controversy in the field, they become more adept at understanding the complexity of issues and arguments.

17. Analysis of Events

Although this heading may suggest that only historians can assign this WTL task, in fact an analysis of events can be useful in most fields. This task can take two shapes:

Post hoc analysis: After an event is reported in the general news media or in your disciplinary media, ask students to reflect on

 what happened  why it happened  what it means to your field

Various engineering disciplines, for instance, could analyze the Pathfinder mission to Mars by focusing on appropriate elements of the actual event.

What-if analysis: Take an actual event and ask students to write about how the outcome might differ if one crucial condition were changed. For example, what if Dolly, the famous cloned sheep, had been successfully produced on the first try? Students in science disciplines can speculate about scientific elements of this event; students in agriculture courses can focus on the immediate impacts in food production; students in ethics courses could examine the balance of world-wide patterns of food production v. individual identity; students in political science could focus on government funding issues; and so on.

18. Academic Log

(adapted from Nonfiction Craft Lessons by Ralph Fletcher, Portland: Stenhouse Publishing, 2001) This is an especially useful tool to help students organize research material as well as a way to be sure that their own language and voice is utilized.

Students create a binder with the following divisions: 1. An ongoing list of questions 2. Notes organized around individual questions (usually one question per page) 3. Free Writes—these are early attempts at transforming notes into longer chunks of text. Students should follow every session of note taking with ten minutes of freewriting on what they learned that day about the topic (No notes allowed while freewriting!) This helps them bring in their own voices to the material. It also points out where their knowledge is fuzzy, helping them organize the next day’s research. 4. Bibliography or ongoing list of resources used 5. Glossary—for content specific words students are learning in the course of research.

52 This important tool can be assessed at Level 1 simply by checking on progress and date-stamping the work as it is due by deadline. Orally, a Level 1 assessment might be simply to ask students to “tell us what you are learning,” and have them read from their logs. Note: initial questions can be generated by use of a “group conference.” (See below). Level 2 assessment might be accomplished by having students hand in, periodically, the pages from the Free Writes sections. These should be checked on ideas/content (accuracy of info and clarity of expression).

19. Project Notebooks

On a more abstract & complex plane than an academic log, a project notebook, like a scientist’s log, can be used to capture work in progress during a project. Scientists and engineers use project notebooks to record data as they collect it, to brainstorm explanations of data, to record details of experimental apparatus, and to make progress notes. The project notebook can be formal or informal, recorded on paper or on the computer.

Project Notebooks for WTL (Level 1 & 2) Activities:

For example, in a senior-level engineering design course, students make the following kinds of general write-to-learn entries:

 Process Analysis - As students collect information, build models, and test hypotheses, they record the process they go through in as much detail as possible.  Problem-solving - When students encounter problems, they write about the problem, possible solutions, and attempted solutions.  Descriptions - Students record key points from class sessions or conversations with advisors, peers, teachers. Any questions that come up can be recorded in these entries.  Literature review - When students read printed material on their project topic, they summarize the material fully.  Pre-conference - Before students meet with advisors or teachers, they organize the questions and issues they plan to discuss in the conference.  Writing problems or questions

Project Notebooks that Combine Levels 1, 2 and 3:

In addition, the project notebook can be used to collect specific writing-to-learn tasks that lead to a final senior project that might include the following components:

1. Audience exercise - describe senior project to freshman in engineering, project advisor, liberal arts graduate. 2. Audience exercise - describe target audience for project and explain how audience will affect the paper. 3. Draft research question. 4. Draft literature review. 5. Draft work plan for remainder of semester. 6. Draft intro for final paper.

20. The Writing Journal

This variation of the journal or daybook is unlike the learning log or reading journal because it is much more self-directed (although teachers can assign specific journal tasks). Click on the items below to read about more about the writing journal:

Why Keep a Writing Journal?

 Writing more frequently helps students capture ideas--images, sensory details, connections between ideas, comparisons/analogies, etc.  Writing, reading, and critical thinking are intimately related: we tend to know best the material we write about.  Writing more frequently helps students think like writers. (Think about the last time you tried to learn a new physical skill--skating, skiing, swimming--and how much more comfortable you got as you simply put yourself repeatedly into the physical environment for that activity.)  What can go into a writing journal?

53 Anything can go into a writing journal because it is, quite simply, a collection of everything someone wants to write down. Especially pertinent for students, though, are responses to and questions about readings. Also, encourage students to think of a broad range of questions about what they read--questions about content, style, structure, audience, and so on.

Also students can use journals for other kinds of writing:

 jump starters - snatches of conversation, radio/TV bits, billboards, songs, pictures--jot down anything that strikes you as an interesting image or idea  experiments--try writing about the same idea to several different audiences (Ranger Rick, National Wildlife) or in different genres; try out different analogies to explain a concept  record of observations--physical or mental  problem statement and problem solving  dialogues  process analysis  letters  interviews (including conferences with teachers and discussions with peers)  scenarios or cases (especially good for audience analysis)  reflections on writing process--questions/problems/successes

Parts adapted from the Colorado State University website (http://wac.colostate.edu)

DESIGNING YOUR PLAN

Nothing will make the reality of a good writing program come to fruition more efficiently than a well-written plan. The following sets of inquiry questions should help you with this important endeavor.

•What is your rationale for your writing plan? (Why is it important, why you believe it will it work, and what research can back it up?)

•What are your goals, both short and long term? (What is the vision that guides the plan…that is, how do you envision what a good writing program will look like in your school? )

•How are you going to implement it? (Who, what, where, how is it going to work ? What sort of timeline is necessary?)

•What resources are needed for it to work? (Personnel needs, time needs, training needs, professional library needs?)

•How will you know if the plan is working? (What monitoring system and data will you use to prove that the plan has met its immediate and longer-term goals? What sorts of intervention processes and procedures will you have for those students who don’t meet immediate standards? How will this information be collected, who will be responsible for it, and to whom and how will the results be disseminated? In what ways will you be able to expand notions of what reveals growth in writing beyond standardized testing data?

The points above may stand for an outline with each becoming a heading named:

Rationale Goals & Objectives Implementation Required Resources Shaping Assessment & Evaluation

A finished product of these components, when well developed and written, will constitute a viable proposal& that you can use to qualify for funding from governmental and non-governmental sources. Organizin g ideas in 54 writing DESCRIPTORS FOR EACH TRAIT

IDEAS AND CONTENT DEFINITION: IDEAS AND CONTENT is what the writer has to say, a message. The ideas should be fresh and original. The ideas should also come from the writer's experience. The paper should be interesting and hold the reader's attention all the way through. The paper should contain supporting details that enrich the main idea. The main ideas should stand out from the supporting details. The writer should show how people respond to life and to each other. DESCRIPTORS FOR IDEAS AND CONTENT A writer should do the following: • Narrow the topic to something specific • Use fresh and original ideas • Write from experience • Show insight in the writing • Make the main idea stand out • Use supporting details • Stay in control of the topic • Develop the topic in an entertaining way

ORGANIZATION DEFINITION: ORGANIZATION is the structure of the paper. The order should be logical and effective so that the reader hardly thinks about it. The information should be delivered at just the right moment. There should be an inviting lead that "hooks" the reader. The body should build to an important point by using supporting details that fit where they are placed. The conclusion should tie everything together. The ideas should be linked together with smooth transitions. DESCRIPTORS FOR ORGANIZATION A writer should do the following: • Use an inviting lead that "hooks" the reader • Place supporting details so that they fit • Use logical and effective structure, order, and sequence • Use smooth transitions to help the ideas flow together • Use a conclusion that ties everything together & gives the reader a sense of resolution • Use organization that enhances the central idea VOICE DEFINITION: VOICE shows the writer's personality. The writing has a sound different from everyone else's. It contains feelings and emotions so that it does not sound like an encyclopedia article. The reader should be able to sense the sincerity and honesty of the writer. The writer should be writing from the heart. The language should bring the topic to life for the reader. The voice should be appropriate for the topic, purpose, and audience of the paper. DESCRIPTORS FOR VOICE A writer should do the following: • Write honestly and from the heart • Share his/her personal insights, not obvious generalities • Use language that brings the topic to life for the reader • Care about what he/she has written • Write to be read • Use more expression than what is in an encyclopedia article • Give the reader a sense of the person behind the words

55 WORD CHOICE DEFINITION: With good WORD CHOICE, the writer creates a mental picture for the reader by using words that are specific and accurate. The writer uses strong action verbs whenever possible to show the reader what is happening rather than tell the reader. The adjectives are as descriptive as possible. The nouns are specific, not general. Striking words and phrases catch the reader's eye, but the language is natural and not overdone. Slang and clichés are used sparingly, if at all. DESCRIPTORS FOR WORD CHOICE A writer should do the following: • Use words that create a mental picture for the reader • Use powerful action verbs • Use adjectives that are as descriptive as possible • Use specific, not general, nouns • Use language that is natural and not overdone • Use slang, and clichés sparingly • Be concise & use words correctly • Avoid repetition

SENTENCE FLUENCY DEFINITION: SENTENCE FLUENCY is the readability of the paper. The sentences should flow smoothly from one to the next. The writing should sound natural--the way someone might talk. The sentences should have different beginnings, lengths, and structures. The paper should be written in complete sentences, not fragments. Any fragments that are used should add to the quality of the message. Also, the paper should not be one long sentence containing no punctuation. DESCRIPTORS FOR SENTENCE FLUENCY A writer should do the following: • Give the writing an easy flow and rhythm • Invite expressive oral reading of the text • Use complete sentences--any fragments must add to the meaning of the text • Use different sentence lengths • Use different sentence beginnings • Use different sentence structures • Use writing that sounds natural

WRITING CONVENTIONS DEFINITION: CONVENTIONS include spelling, punctuation, capitalization, grammar, and paragraphing. The writer should use conventions to enhance the readability of the paper. Spelling should be correct on all words. Punctuation should be smooth and guide the reader through the paper. Capitalization should be used correctly. Paragraphing should reinforce organization. The writer may manipulate conventions for effect. DESCRIPTORS FOR CONVENTIONS A writer should do the following: • Reinforce the organization with good paragraphing • Use grammar that contributes to clarity/style • Guide the reader through the paper with correct punctuation • Use correct spelling, even on difficult words • Use capitalization correctly • Provide a long enough piece of writing to show a wide range of skills • Make sure any errors are intentional for stylistic effect

56 6 Traits of Writing Workshop Organizer

General Instructions: Each group should work together to come as close as possible to consensus on the tasks. Your group will be working on each trait one at a time; you will use one of these organizer sheets for each trait. You may start on any trait and move in any order. Have one member record your responses.

Step One: Go over the Definition/Descriptor sheet for the trait. It’s helpful to have someone read it aloud while others follow along. Discuss; when finished, leave the sheet out for group members to examine.

Trait examined:______

Characteristics of the trait your group noted (what words, ideas on the descriptor sheet stands out for you?) ______

Step Two: Examine the picture books and determine which one(s) might be good examples to model the characteristics of the specified writing trait. Please cite examples from the text you’ve chosen: ______

Step Three: Examine the sample student papers found on pages ______in your printed booklet. NOTE: these are arranged by trait—please examine only the FIRST and THIRD example under each trait. Using either the “student-friendly” rubric on p. 18, or the full rubric found on p. 13, score the papers for the trait you are examining on this sheet. It is helpful to score the papers first INDIVIDUALLY, then discuss and come to consensus as a group.

Student Sample Essay #1—Title:______

Score by consensus:______

Please explain why you rated the writing sample as you did:

______

Student Sample Essay #3—Title:______

Score by consensus:______

Please explain why you rated the writing sample as you did:

______

57 HALLWAY WALK If visitors walked into your classroom(s) when students were writing, they would see the teacher(s):

Check as many as applicable NORTH 1._____ Dictating sentences for the students to write. 2._____ Critiquing/circling all errors on students’ papers for students to correct. 3._____ Having students produce an essay (or similar large piece or writing) frequently, i.e. each week. 4._____ Teaching grammar (e.g., parts of speech, sentence structure) using workbook pages. 5._____ Scheduling regular days for the steps in the writing process (i.e. Monday = Brainstorming Day; Tuesday = Rough Draft Day; Friday = Editing Day, etc.). 6._____ Having students turn in all writings for a grade/score.

EAST 1._____ Displaying “published” (final revisions) of student work. 2._____ Conferencing with individual students about their draft writing. 3._____ Supporting peer conferencing among students (grades 2 and higher). 4._____ Reviewing revision and/or editing strategies with students 5._____ Showing students how to use a rubric to consider possible refinements to a piece of writing. 6._____ Leading students in a collaborative writing activity or working in cooperative groups to create a piece of shared writing.

SOUTH 1._____ Supervising students re-copying corrections marked by the teacher on rough drafts. 2._____ Requiring students make as many corrections as necessary to obtain perfect papers. 3._____ Displaying perfect “A” papers in hallways, classrooms, etc.. 4._____ Exclusively assigning topics/subjects/genres. 5._____ Having students regularly “practice” writing for standardized tests by writing to sample prompts year-round. 6._____ Requiring students to write to a teacher-supplied daily prompt in their journals.

WEST 1._____ Giving students choices about the topic/subtopics to respond to a writing assignment. 2._____ Having students respond with their reactions or feelings to literature read. 3._____ Modeling how to write in a particular type of writing, e.g., haiku, persuasive writing. 4._____ Supporting students in a letter-writing activity prior to mailing or delivering the letters. 5._____ Teaching students how to make notes and write research drafts or content area reports. 6._____ Providing a writing center that has many “real-life” writing materials, e.g., forms, applications, memo pads.

58 Ideas and Content Communicating knowledge of the topic, Including relevant examples, facts, anecdotes and details 6 5 4 The writing is exceptionally clear, focused and The writing is clear, focused and interesting. It holds The writing is clear and focused. The reader can easily Interesting. It holds the reader’s attention the reader’s attention. Main ideas stand out and are Understand the mail ideas. Support is present, although throughout. Main ideas stand out and are developed by supporting details that fit the audience it may be limited or rather general. The writing has developed by strong Support and rich details and purpose. The writing has  an easily identifiable purpose. suitable to audience and purpose. The writing has  clarity, focus, and control.  clean main idea(s).  clarity, focus, and control.  main idea(s) that stand out.  supporting details that are relevant but may be overly  main idea(s) that stand out.  supporting, relevant, carefully selected details; when general or limited in places; when appropriate, resources  supporting, relevant, carefully selected details; appropriate, use of resources provides strong, are used to provide accurate support. when appropriate, use the resources provides accurate, credible support.  a topic that is explored/explained, although strong, accurate, credible support.  a thorough, balanced explanation or exploration of the developmental details may occasionally be out of  a thorough, balanced, in-depth explanation or topic; the writing makes connections and shares balance with the main idea(s); some connections and exploration of the topic; the writing makes insights. insights may be present. connections and shares insights.  content and selected details that are well-suited to  content and selected details that are relevant, but not  content and selected details that are well-suited to audience and purpose. always well-chosen for audience and purpose. audience and purpose.

3 2 1 The reader can understand the main ideas, but they Main ideas and purpose are somewhat unclear or The writing lacks a central idea or purpose. The writing may be overly broad or simplistic. Supporting development is attempted but minimal. The paper has detail is often limited, overly general, or sometimes has  ideas that are extremely limited or unclear. strays off the topic. The writing has  an unclear purpose that requires the reader to guess minimal or non-existent development; the paper is too  an easily identifiable purpose and main idea(s). the main ideas. short to demonstrate the development of an idea.  predictable or overly-obvious main ideas or plot;  minimal development; insufficient details. conclusions or main points seem to be the kind  irrelevant details that are off topic and clutter the we’ve heard many times before. paper.  support is attempted, but details are limited in extensive repetition of detail. scope or quantity, out of balance with too much or too little for particular points, somewhat off topic, predictable, or overly general.  details that may not be based on credible resources; they may be based on clichés, stereotypes, or questionable sources of information.  difficulties when moving from general observations to specifics.

Organization

60 Structuring information in logical sequence, making connections and transitions among ideas, sentences and paragraphs

6 5 4 The organization helps to communicate the central The organization helps to communicate the central Organization is clear and consistent. Order and idea(s) and its development. The order and idea(s) and its development. The order and structure structure are present, but may be too obvious. The structure are compelling and move the reader are strong and move the reader through the text. The writing has through the text easily. The writing has writing has  clear sequencing.  effective or creative sequencing; the organizational  effective sequencing; the organizational structure fits  an organization that may be predictable. structure fits the topic, and the writing is easy to the topic, and the writing is easy to follow.  a developed beginning that may not be particularly follow.  an inviting beginning that draws the reader in and a inviting; a developed conclusion that may lack subtlety.  a strong, inviting beginning that draws the reader in satisfying sense of resolution or closing.  a body that is easy to follow with details that fit where and a strong, satisfying sense of resolution or  smooth, effective transitions among all elements placed. closure. (sentences, paragraphs, ideas).  transitions that may be stilted or predictable.  smooth, effective transitions among all elements  details that fit where placed.  an organization which helps the reader, despite some (sentences, paragraphs, ideas). weaknesses.  details that fit where placed.

3 2 1 An attempt at organization has been made, but it is The writing lacks a clear organizational structure. The writing doesn’t hold together. Even after inconsistent, ineffective or too obvious. The writing The writing is either difficult to follow and the reader rereading, the reader remains confused. The writing has has to reread substantial portions, or the piece is has  attempts at sequencing, but the order or the simply too short to demonstrate organizational skills.  a lack of effective sequencing. relationship among ideas is sometimes unclear. The writing has  a failure to provide beginning an/or ending.  a beginning and an ending which are probably  some attempts at sequencing, but the order of the  a lack of transitions. there, but which are either undeveloped (too short) relationship among ideas is frequently unclear.  problems with pacing; the reader feels either bogged or too obvious (e.g., “My topic is…”; “These are  a missing or extremely undeveloped beginning, body, down in trivia or rushed along too rapidly. all the reasons that…”). or ending.  overuse of the same few transitional devices (e.g.,  a lack of transitions, or when present, ineffective or “and,” “then,” “but,” “so,” “or,” “for,” “yet,” overused transitions. numbering).  details that seem to be randomly placed, leaving the  a structure that is too tight, almost like a formula. reader frequently confused.  placement of details that is sometimes confusing.  an organization that helps the reader in some places, but breaks down in others.

61 Voice Expressing ideas in an engaging and credible way for audience and purpose

6 5 4 The writer has chosen a voice appropriate for the The writer has chosen a voice appropriate for the A voice is present. The writer demonstrates topic, purpose, and audience. The writer seems topic, purpose, and audience. The writer seems commitment to the topic. In places, the writing is deeply committed to the topic, and there is an committed to the topic. The writing is expressive, expressive, engaging, or sincere. The writing has exceptional sense of “writing to read.” The writing engaging, or sincere. The writing has  an inconsistent level of closeness to or distance from the is expressive, engaging, or sincere. The writing has  an effective level of closeness to or distance from the audience.  an effective level of closeness to or distance from audience (e.g., a narrative should have a strong  a sense of audience; the writer seems to be aware of the the audience (e.g., a narrative should have a strong personal voice, while an expository piece may have a reader but has not consistently employed an appropriate personal voice, while an expository piece may have more academic voice; nevertheless, both should be voice. a more academic voice; nevertheless, both should engaging, lively, or interesting. Technical writing  liveliness, sincerity, or humor, however, at times the be engaging, lively, or interesting. Technical may require greater distance.) writer may be either inappropriately casual or personal, writing may require greater distance.)  a strong sense of audience. or inappropriately formal and stiff.  an exceptionally strong sense of audience; the  a sense that the topic has come to life; when writer seems to be aware of the reader and of how appropriate, the writing shows originality, liveliness, to communicate the message most effectively. honesty, conviction, excitement, humor, or suspense.  a sense that the topic has come to life; when appropriate, the writing may show originality, liveliness, honesty, conviction, excitement, humor, or suspense.

3 2 1 The writer’s commitment to the topic seems limited. The writing provides little sense of involvement or The writing seems to lack a sense of involvement or The writer may use a voice that is either commitment. There is no evidence that the writer has commitment. The writing has inappropriately personal or inappropriately chosen a suitable voice. The writing has  no engagement of the writer; the writing is flat, lifeless, impersonal. The writing has  a lack of audience awareness; there is little sense of stiff, or mechanical.  no apparent matching of voice to topic, purpose, “writing to read.”  a lack of audience awareness. and audience.  little or no hint o the writer behind the words. There  no hint of the writer behind the words, with little sense  a limited sense of audience. is rarely a sense of interaction between the reader and of interaction between writer and reader; the writing  an occasional sense of the writer behind the words; writer. does not involve or engage the reader when it should. however, the voice may shift or disappear a line of  a voice that is likely to be overly formal and personal. two later.  limited ability to shift to a more objective voice when necessary.

62 Word Choice Selecting functional, precise and descriptive words appropriate for audience and purpose

6 5 4 Words convey the intended message in an exceptionally Words communicate the intended message in an interesting, Words effectively convey the intended message. The writer interesting, precise, and natural way. The writer employs precise, and natural way. The writer uses a broad range of employs a variety of words that are functional. The writing a rich, broad range or words which have been carefully words that have been carefully chosen and thoughtfully has chosen and thoughtfully placed for impact. The writing places. The writing has  words that work but do not add energy to the writing. has  accurate, specific words; word choices seem to give  expression that is functional; however, slang is not  accurate strong, specific words; powerful words energy to the writing. particularly effective. energize the writing.  fresh, vivid expression; slang, if used, seems  attempts at expressive language that may occasionally  fresh, original expressions; slang, if used, seems purposeful and is effective. seem overdone. purposeful and is effective.  vocabulary that may be striking and varied, but that is  overuse or inappropriate use of technical language or  vocabulary that is striking and varied, but that is natural and not overdone. jargon, considering audience and purpose. natural and not overdone.  ordinary words used in an unusual way.  rare experiments with language; however, the writing  ordinary words used in an unusual way.  words that evoke clear images; figurative language may have some fine moments and generally avoids  words that evoke strong images, figurative may be used. clichés. language may be used.

3 2 1 Language is ordinary, lacking interest, precision, and Language is dull or misused, detracting from the meaning The writing shows a limited vocabulary, or is so filled with variety. The writer does not use a variety of words, and impact. The writing has misuses of words that the meaning is unclear. Only the most producing a sort of “generic” paper filled with familiar  words that are colorless, flat or imprecise. general kind of message is communicated because of vague or words and phrases. Word choices may be  repetition or overwhelming reliance on word general language. The writing has inappropriately technical. The writing has expressions that repeatedly detract from the message.  general, vague words that fail to communicate.  words that work, but that rarely capture the reader’s  images that are fuzzy or absent altogether.  an extremely limited range of words. interest.  words that simply do not fit; they seem imprecise,  expression that seems ordinary and general; slang, inadequate, or just plain wrong. if used, is not purposeful or effective.  words that are accurate for the most part, although misused words may sometimes appear.  attempts at colorful language that are overdone.  reliance on clichés and overused expressions.  overuse or inappropriate use of technical jargon, considering audience and purpose.

Sentence Fluency

63 Developing flow and rhythm of sentences

6 5 4 The writing has an effective flow and rhythm. The writing has an easy flow and rhythm. Sentences The writing flows; however, connections between Sentences show a high degree of craftsmanship, are carefully crafted, with strong and varied phrases or sentences may be mechanical. Sentence with consistently strong and varied structure. structure. Expressive oral reading is easy. The patterns are somewhat varied, contributing to ease in Expressive oral reading is easy and enjoyable. The writing has oral reading. The writing has writing has  a natural, fluent sound; it glides along with one  a natural sound; the reader can move easily through the  a natural, fluent sound; it glides along with one sentence flowing into the next. piece, although it may lack rhythm and grace. sentence flowing effortlessly into the next.  variation in sentence structure, length, and beginnings  some repeated patterns of sentence structure, length, and  extensive variation in sentence structure, length, that add interest to the text. beginnings that detract somewhat from overall impact. and beginnings that add interest to the text.  sentence structure that helps meaning.  strong control over simple sentence structures, but  sentence structure that helps meaning by drawing  control over sentence structure; fragments, if used at variable control over more complex sentences; attention to key ideas. all, work well. fragments, if present, are usually effective.  varied sentence patterns that create an effective  control of style; dialogue, if used, sounds natural.  occasional lapses in control of style; dialogue, if used, combination of power and grace. sounds natural for the most part, but may at times sound  strong control over sentence structure; fragments, if stilted or unnatural. used at all, work well.  control of style; dialogue, if used, sounds natural.

3 2 1 The writing tends to be mechanical rather than The writing tends to be either choppy or rambling. The writing is difficult to follow or to read aloud. fluid. Occasional awkward constructions force the Awkward constructions often force the reader to slow Sentences tend to be choppy, incomplete, rambling, or reader to slow down or reread. The writing has down or reread. The writing has just very awkward. The writing has  some passages that invite fluid oral reading, but  significant portions of the text that are difficult to  text that does not invite, and may not even permit, others that are choppy. follow or read aloud. smooth oral reading.  some variety in sentence structure, length, and  sentence patterns that are overly repetitive (e.g.,  confusing word order that often makes the meaning beginnings, although the writer falls into repetitive subject-verb or subject-verb-object). unclear. sentence patterns.  sentence structure that helps meaning.  sentence structure that frequently makes meaning  good control over simple sentence structures, but  a significant number of awkward, choppy, or unclear. little control over more complex sentences; rambling constructions.  sentences that are fragmented, confusing, choppy, or fragments, if present, may not be effective. rambling.  sentences which, although functional, lack energy.  lapses in control of style; dialogue, if used may sound stilted or unnatural.

64 Conventions Demonstrating knowledge of spelling, grammar, punctuation, capitalization, usage, paragraphing

6 5 4 WorThe writing demonstrates strong control of standard The writing demonstrates strong control of standard The writing demonstrates control of standard writing conventions and uses them effectively to enhance writing conventions which effectively contribute to clear conventions. Minor errors, while perhaps noticeable, do not communication. Errors are so few and so minor that the communication. Errors are so few and so minor that they do impede readability. The writing has reader can easily skim right over them. The writing has not interfere with readability. The writing has  control over conventions used, although a wide  strong control of conventions; unusual usage  correct grammar and usage. range is not demonstrated. of conventions may occur for stylistic effect.  sound paragraphing.  correct end-of sentence punctuation; internal  strong, effective use of punctuation that  effective use of punctuation. punctuation may sometimes be incorrect. guides the reader through the text.  correct spelling, even of difficult words.  spelling that is usually correct, especially on  correct spelling, even of more difficult words.  few capitalization errors. common words.  paragraph breads that reinforce the  skill in using a wide range of conventions in a  basically sound paragraph breaks that reinforce the organizational structure. sufficiently long and complex piece. organizational structure.  skill in using a wide range of conventions in a  little need for editing.  correct capitalization; errors, if any, are minor. sufficiently long and complex piece.  occasional lapses in correct grammar and usage;  little or not need for editing. problems are not severe enough to distort meaning or confuse the reader.  moderate need for editing.

3 2 1 The writing shows limited control of standard The writing demonstrates little control of standard Numerous errors in conventions repeatedly distract the conventions. Errors begin to interfere with readability. writing conventions. Frequently, significant errors reader and make the writing difficult to read. The The writing has impede readability.The writing has writing has  errors in grammar, usage, and capitalization that do  little control over basic conventions.  very limited skill in using conventions. not block meaning but do distract the reader.  many end-of-sentence punctuation errors; internal  punctuation (including ends of sentences) that tends to  paragraphs that sometimes run together or begin at punctuation contains frequent errors. be omitted, haphazard, or incorrect. ineffective points.  spelling errors that frequently distract the reader;  frequent spelling errors that significantly interfere with  end-of-sentence punctuation that is usually correct, misspelling of common words often occurs. readability. but internal punctuation that contains frequent  paragraphs that often run together or begin in  paragraphing that may be irregular or absent. errors. ineffective places.  capitalization that appears to be random.  spelling errors that distract the reader, misspelling  capitalization that is inconsistent or often incorrect. or common words sometimes occurs.  a need for extensive editing.  errors in grammar and usage that interfere with  some control over basic conventions, but the text is readability and meaning. too simple or too short to reveal mastery.  substantial need for editing.  significant need for editing.

65 BEGINNINNG WRITERS RUBRIC (GRADES K-2) 1 Experimenting 2 Emerging 3 Developing 4 Capable 5 Experienced Ideas Ideas Ideas Ideas Ideas . uses scribbles . some recognizable . attempts a story to . writing tells story or . presents a fresh/original . dictates labels or story words make a point makes point idea . shapes that look like . labels pictures . illustration supports . illustration if present . topic is narrowed and letters . uses drawings that writing enhances the writing focused . line forms that imitate show detail . meaning of the general . idea is on topic . develops one clear, text . pictures are supported idea . details are present but main idea . writes letters randomly by some words . some ideas clear but not developed (lists) . uses interesting, some are fuzzy important details for support . writer understands topic well Organization Organization Organization Organization Organization . attempts to write left to . consistently writes left . a title is present . appropriate title is . an original title present right to right . limited transitions present . transitions connect . attempts to write top- . consistently uses top- present . attempts transitions main ideas down down . beginning but no from sentence to . the opening attracts . no sense of beginning . experiments with ending except “The sentence . an effective ending is and ending yet beginnings End” . beginning works well tried . experiments with . begins to group like . attempts sequencing and attempts an ending . easy to follow spacing words/pictures . logical sequencing . important ideas stand . key ideas begin to out surface Voice Voice Voice Voice Voice . communicates feelings . hints of voice present in . expresses some . writing is individual and . uses text to elicit a with color, shape, line words and phrases predictable feelings expressive variety of emotions in drawing . looks different fom . moments of individual . individual perspective . takes some risks to say . work is similar to most others sparkle, but then hides becomes evident more than what is everyone else’s . energy/mood is present . repetition of familiar . personal treatment of a expected . ambiguous response to . treatment of topic ideas reduces energy standard topic . point of view is evident task predictable . awareness that the . writes to convey a story . writes with clear sense . awaraeness of . audience is fuzzy— writing will be read by or idea to the reader of audience audience not present could be anybody, someone else . attempts non-standard . cares deeply about anywhere . reader has limited point of view topic connection to writer

66 1 Experimenting 2 Emerging 3 Developing 4 Capable 5 Experienced Word Choice Word Choice Word Choice Word Choice Word Choice . writes letters in strings . recognizable words . general or ordinary words . everyday words . imitates word patterns . environmental words used . attempts new words but . uses favorite words used well . pictures stand for words correctly they don’t always fit in correctly . precise, accurate, and phrases . attempts phrases . settles for the word or . experiments with new and fresh, original words . copies environmental print . functional language phrase that “will do” different words with some . creates vivid images . big words used only to success in a natural way impress readers . tries to choose words for . avoids repetition, . relies on slang, clichés or specificity clichés, or vague repetition . attempts to use language descriptive words to . attempts figurative create images language

Sentence Fluency Sentence Fluency Sentence Fluency Sentence Fluency Sentence Fluency . mimics letters and words . strings words together into . uses simple sentences . simple and compound . consistently uses across the page phrases . sentences tent to begin sentences present and sentence variety . words stand alone . attempts simple the same effective . sentence structure is . patterns for sentences not sentences . experiments with other . attempts complex correct and creative in evidence . short, repetitive sentence sentence patterns sentences . variety of sentence . sentence sense not yet patterns . reader may have to . not all sentences begin beginnings present . dialogue present but not reread to follow the the same . natural rhythm, understandable meaning . sections of writing have cadence and flow . dialogue present but rhythm and flow . sentences have needs interpretation texture that clarify the important idea

Conventions Conventions Conventions Conventions Conventions . writes letter strings (pre- . attempts semi-phonetic . uses phonetic spelling . Transitional spelling on . high frequency phonetic: dmRxzz) spelling (MTR,UM,KD, (MOSTR, HUMN, KLOSD, less frequent words words are spelled . attempts to create etc) etc) on personal words (MONSTUR, HUMUN, correctly and very standard letters . uses mixed upper and . spelling of high frequency CLOSSED, etc) close on other words . writes word strings lower case letters still spotty . spelling of high frequency . capitals used for . attempts spacing of . uses spaces between . uses capitals at the words usually correct obvious proper words, letters, symbols, or letters and words beginning of sentences . capitals at beginning of nouns as well as pictures . random punctuation . usually uses end sentences and variable sentence beginnings . student interpretation . nonstandard grammar is punctuation correctly use on proper nouns . basic punctuation is needed to understand common . experiments with other . end punctuation is correct, used correctly and/or text/pictures punctuation and other punctuation is creatively . long paper may be written attempted, such as . indents consistently as one paragraph commas to show paragraphs . attempts standard . paragraphing variable but . shows control over grammar present standard grammar . noun/pronoun agreement, verb tenses, subject/verb agreement