Review for Unit 1

Periodization – an act or instance of dividing a subject into historical eras for purposes of analysis and study. Neolithic Revolution – major change to human life caused by the development of farming Civilization – a form of culture characterized by established cities, specialized labor, complex institutions, written records, and advanced technology Irrigation – the bringing of water to fields through man-made canals City-state – a political unit made up of a city and its surrounding land Dynasty – several rulers from one single family Cultural diffusion – the spreading of ideas and products from one culture to another Empire – a political unit where large numbers of people and areas of land are controlled by one ruler Monarchies – military leaders who commanded soldiers displace priests as rulers; power passed on to their sons, who in turn passed it on to their sons; this leads to formation of early dynasties in river valley civilizations (e.g., Sumerian city- states) Theocracies – rulers were divine leaders who were seen as god-kings (e.g., pharaohs in Egypt; stood at the center of both religion and the government and its army) Archaeologists (artifacts, fossils, excavations, etc.) Anthropologists (fieldwork, analysis of written records, DNA, etc.) Historians (primary sources, secondary sources, oral history, etc.) Geographers (GIS, satellite images, different types of maps, etc.)

Identify important changes in human life caused by the Neolithic Revolution- Readiness standard

Neolithic Revolution- Changes in human life caused by the Neolithic agricultural revolution (establishment of settlements which led to civilized societies)  Climate changed and became warmer- tools invented to help with agriculture- population growth  Settlements need rules and law to maintain order  Rules and laws needed to regulate irrigation along rivers and deltas  Threats of external invaders made it necessary to have leaders who could provide security  Finances were maintained by imposing taxes or tributes on residents

Identify major causes and describe the major effects of the following events from 8000 BC to 500 BC: the development of agriculture and the development of the river valley civilizations. -Supporting Standard

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF SPECIFIC EVENTS BETWEEN 8000 BC AND 500 BC

Development of agriculture: Known as Neolithic or Agricultural Revolution Causes Hunter – gathering bands scattered seeds near campsites that resulted in growth of new crops (10,000 years ago). Climate change – rising temperatures led to longer growing seasons and drier land. Growing populations led to discovery of new food resources and steady source of food. Settlements and communities Effects Shift from food-gathering to food-producing cultures leads to establishment of permanent settlements and eventually the first cities around rivers for transportation and water Positive effects – settlement leads to development of culture including art, religion, and specialization of labor; irrigation systems developed as crop production and land use increase Negative effects – close proximity of people leads to spread of disease; villages and cities susceptible to attacks; settlements could be destroyed by natural disasters

Development of river valley civilizations: Four early major river valley civilizations developed

o Tigris and Euphrates- Mesopotamia o Nile- Egypt o Indus- India o Huang He- China

Mesopotamia “Land between two rivers”/Fertile Crescent (3500 BC-1600 BC)

 Settlement on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers around 4500 BC  Sumerians arrive in 3500 BC and begin irrigation  Sumerian city – states established around 3000 BC and initially controlled by temple priests  Polytheistic religion – Ziggurat (temple) center of each city-state  Scientific achievements – wheel, sail, plow, bronze, cuneiform (wedge shape form of writing on clay tablets)  Babylonian Empire reaches its peak under Hammurabi (1792 BC-1750 BC), who establishes a written, uniform code of laws (Hammurabi’s Code).  Babylonian Empire ends around 1500 BC and other civilizations in this area, Assyrians, Phoenicians, and Hebrews, adopt ideas first developed by early Sumerians.  Hammurabi's Code o Political impact – by deriving a single code of laws from the body of custom of his day, Hammurabi made law something objective, and less personal and, therefore, more stable and predictable o Legal impact – the notion of a separate judiciary, as part of overall government (this is a hallmark of modern democratic governments, the world over)  Jewish Ten Commandments o Moses the Lawgiver o High standard of moral conduct o Covenant between God and the Hebrew people – God’s protection in exchange for keeping God’s commandments

Egypt (3000 BC-2000 BC)

 Earliest settlement along the Nile River begins in 5000 BC  Irrigation along the Nile leads to Egypt being known as “The Gift of the Nile.” Flooding was on a regular yearly cycle in a desert region  Ruled by pharaohs who were considered god-kings; theocracy established as form of government  Polytheistic religion  Religious features – pyramids built as tombs for pharaohs; belief in the afterlife; mummification of the dead to prevent bodies from decaying  Stratified society – royal family followed by upper class followed by middle class (merchants and artisans) and then the lower class (peasant farmers and unskilled laborers); slavery later became a source of labor  Writing system – hieroglyphics; writing done on papyrus  Scientific achievements – written numbers, geometry, stone columns, calendar for flooding cycle, advanced medicine  Empire declines as other civilizations invade Egypt from the Middle East after 1200 BC

Indus River Valley Civilizations (2500 BC-1700 BC)

 First major cities include Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa that were developed on grid systems and had sophisticated plumbing and sewage systems  These early cities decline around 1750 BC due to a possible change in course by the Indus River  Indo-European people known as Aryans settle in the Indus Valley around 1500 BC  Aryan religious features: sacred literature known as Vedas  Caste system develops under Aryans

Chinese River Valley Civilizations (3950 BC-1000 BC)

 Huang He (Yellow) River Valley  Shang Dynasty (2000 BC) – division of classes; importance of family  Writing system where each symbol represents an idea  Technology and science – bronze working, silk

Summarize the impact of the development of farming (Neolithic Revolution) on the creation of river valley civilizations. -Supporting Standard

IMPACT OF FARMING ON CREATION OF RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS: Development of agriculture  Known as Neolithic or Agricultural Revolution  Irrigation leads to development of social classes and organized religion  Governments were need to organize and protect larger populations  Farming resulted in permanent settlements that developed into the world’s first civilizations  More food lead to population growth

CHARACTERISTICS OF CIVILIZATION  Advanced cities  Specialized workers- farms ranchers, sculpture, scribe, builder, Architecture – arch  Complex institutions – government, religion, economics  Record keeping (e.g., cuneiform in Sumerian cities)  Advanced technology – pottery, metalwork, beginning of Bronze Age in Sumer in 3000 BC, Irrigation, Written legal codes, Trade networks, Divisions of time/calendar system

Identify the origin and diffusion of major ideas in mathematics, science, and technology that occurred in river valley civilizations- Supporting Standard ORIGIN AND DIFFUSION OF MAJOR IDEAS IN MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE, AND TECHNOLOGY Mesopotamia-Plow, Pottery, Bronze, Wheel, Arch, Sail, Cuneiform writing, Number system based on 60 and 360 degree circles, Phoenicians – alphabet Egypt- Mummification of the dead, Pyramids, Hieroglyphics, Papyrus, Calendar system based on Nile’s flood cycle, Medical advancements in surgery and for repairing broken bones Indus River Valley- Sewer and plumbing systems in Mohenjo-Daro, Planned city systems Huang He River Valley- Writing system based on symbols, Silk, Coined money, Ironworks, Great Wall of China

ORIGINS/IDEAS/SPREAD OF RELIGIOUS AND PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

Buddhism- Founded by Siddhartha Gautama, born in 6th Century BC to a noble family in Northern India. Buddhism follows many of the beliefs of Hinduism, including non-violence, self-denial, and to seek oneness with the “Great World Soul,” but it rejects the Caste System and numerous gods.  Reincarnation – belief that the soul is reborn in a different form after death. Reincarnation reinforces the caste system of India  Karma – a person’s actions on Earth that determine how the soul will be reborn Confucianism- Based on the ideas of Confucius (the Latin name for Master Kung). His major ideas are recorded in the Analects. Living in a time of great confusion and chaos in China, Confucius sought to restore order through a basic set of ideas. Within Confucianism, there is an assumption that the universe has an order; therefore, mankind should focus on Human Behavior. Additionally, although the following is often associated with being a work ethic, Confucianism believes if we focus on the five Relationships and do what is right, there will be harmony. Hinduism- Polytheistic religion dating back to the Aryan invasion in 1500 BC, Vedas – collection of hymns and religious ceremonies of the Hindus that were passed down orally and eventually written down. Hinduism is associated primarily with India and has spread little throughout the world. Caste system (social class) was invented  Reincarnation – belief that the soul is reborn in a different form after death. Reincarnation reinforces the caste system of India  Karma – a person’s actions on Earth that determine how the soul will be reborn

Development of Monotheism

o Mesopotamian civilizations – cities had a local patron deity, such as Sin at Ur. o Egypt – Pharaoh Akhenaten claims to be a supreme god o India – references in the Rig Veda o Zoroastrianism – Ahura Mazda is supreme deity o Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) – one supreme God; also referenced as Yahweh or Allah

Judaism – historical origins and the central ideas of, including:

 Abraham, Moses,  10 commandments  Messiah David  Torah  Ethical monotheism  “Promised Land”