Civil War to late 1800’s I. Abolition Movement A. Frederick Douglass – black abolitionist B. William Lloyd Garrison – radical white abolitionist that called for immediate emancipation C. Harriet Tubman – operated Underground Railroad II. Important steps leading up to Civil War (chipping away at apathy) A. Kansas-Nebraska Act (Bleeding Kansas) B. Bleeding Sumner C. Fugitive Slave Act D. Uncle Tom’s Cabin E. John Brown F. Dred Scott decision III. Abraham Lincoln A. Thought slavery was a moral wrong, but was not in favor of equality of the races B. “A House Divided Can Not Stand…” C. Election of 1860 – immediate cause of secession (not a single southern electoral vote) IV. Civil War A. Root cause is slavery, but other issues play a role  most link back to slavery B. Sectionalism C. Tariffs – South primarily opposed  drove up costs D. States rights – theory that says states have a right to nullify acts of the federal government E. Firing on Fort Sumter (federal property) causes Lincoln to call for volunteers for military  upper South joins lower South in secession F. Advantages for North - $, men G. Advantages for South – better trained military, defense, home territory H. NYC Draft Riots – Irish in NYC riot over draft I. Lincoln during war 1. Emancipation Proclamation a. freed slaves in rebelling territories b. wartime measure  if there are no slaves to work on southern farms, Confederate soldiers will have to return home to do work for themselves 2. un-democratic measures a. suspension of habeas corpus b. jailing of press reporters 3. Gettysburg Address a. “government of the people, by the people, for the people…” b. Redefined “We the people…” V. Reconstruction A. Black Codes – attempt to return southern blacks to as close to a position of slavery as possible B. Reconstruction amendments – attempt to bring a limited political equality and protect newly freed southern black population 1. 13th Amendment – bans slavery 2. 14th Amendment a. equal protection clause b. due process clause c. will be used for generations to expand protections in Bill of Rights to apply to state governments 3. 15th Amendment – can not discriminate right to vote based on race C. Lincolns major goal – reunite the nation as quickly as possible (Johnson will adopt same stance but will be more lenient) D. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 1. didn’t have the mandate that Lincoln had 2. Congress (Radical Republicans – they wanted to punish the South) disagreed with his stance on Reconstruction 3. impeached for firing his Sec. of War  real reason is Congress didn’t like him 4. not removed from office (saved by 1 vote)  no impeachments of any president again until Bill Clinton  idea after Johnson was that impeachment would only be for serious offenses, not political bickering (oops, sorry Clinton!) E. Compromise of 1877 – Rutherford B. Hayes is given the White House in exchange for removal of federal troops in South  Reconstruction ends, Jim Crow era begins VI. Jim Crow Era A. Name that came to symbolize the segregated South B. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – Supreme Court decided “separate but equal” was ok  provided legal basis for Jim Crow Era C. Grandfather clauses, poll taxes and literacy tests become the new weapons to disenfranchise southern Blacks D. Booker T. Washington 1. willing to put demands for political equality on hold 2. create an economic base, prove your worth, then make demands 3. founded Tuskegee Institute to further his agenda E. W.E.B. DuBois – demanded immediate social and political equality VII. Westward Expansion A. Contributing factors  completion of the transcontinental RR, Homestead Act (free land for farmers out west), Pacific Railway Act (free land and low cost loans to RR builders) B. Native American relations 1. long-standing US gov’t policy was reservation movement 2. 1887 Dawes Act – policy shifts – assimilate N.A.’s into larger American society 3. destruction of buffalo – concerted effort to wipe out the economic base of N.A.’s VIII. Rise of Big Business A. Corporations become dominant form of business organization in post Civil War era because of their ability to raise capital quickly B. Robber Barons v. Captains of Industry C. Carnegie (Steel), Rockefeller (Oil), Vanderbilt (RR’s) D. Monopolies amass huge fortunes and are able to buy influence in government E. Sherman Anti-trust Act 1. attempt to limit power of big business 2. vague wording makes it difficult to enforce 3. used to prosecute striking labor unions F. Labor Unions 1. Terrence Powderly, Samuel Gompers, Eugene Debs 2. wanted 8 hr work day and safer working conditions 3. strikes during this period were oftentimes violent events IX. Immigration during the Gilded Age A. E pluribus Unum B. #1 reason people came and come to the US  jobs C. “new immigrants” come primarily from eastern and southern Europe D. Nativism – discrimination against immigrants 1. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) 2. Gentleman’s Agreement (1903) X. Reform movements A. Grangers – political party organized around the issue of regulating RR’s B. Populists – adopted Granger platform + free coinage of silver & graduated (progressive) income tax C. Progressives – adopted Populist platforms + 8 hour work day 1. Muckrakers - expose abuses and corruption in government and big business a. Upton Sinclair, The Jungle – helped get the Meat Inspection Act passed b. Lincoln Steffens, Ida Tartabell, Florence Kelley 2. democratic reforms a. state reforms – direct primary, initiative, referendum, recall b. federal reforms - 16th, 17th & 19th Amendments 3. 18th Amendment – pinnacle of Temperance movement 4. Teddy Roosevelt a. First real presidential trustbuster b. Important to conservation movement (helped get national park system created) D. Third – party politics 1. gives voice to a political minority 2. concerns are oftentimes adopted by the major parties seeking a wider base E.