Chapter 16 Study Guide

Chapter 16 Study Guide World History AP

Chapter 16 Summary

Confucian ideals of reverence for tradition provide a stable basis for Chinese society, and to outward appearances China, Japan and Korea seemed traditional, conservative and unchanging. China under the Ming and early Qing dynasties reached its cultural peak and was much admired by its neighbors as well as Europeans. The Tokugawa shogunate in Japan forged a more centralized and powerful government. All three societies were undergoing internal changes; these changes were wrought in part by contact with the west. Portuguese traders first sailed into Chinese and Japanese ports in the early sixteenth century and were initially welcomed by native leaders. As western ideas and values began to penetrate these traditional societies, however, local leaders chose to close off contact with the west. This closing did not stop changes that were already underway in these Asian societies.

Chapter 16 Outline

China at Its Apex From the Ming to the Qing First Contacts with the West Ming Brought to Earth Greatness of the Qing Qing Politics China on the Eve of the Western Onslaught Changing China Population Explosion Seeds of Industrialization Daily Life in Qing China Role of Women Cultural Developments Rise of the Chinese Novel Art of the Ming and the Qing

Tokugawa Japan Three Great Unifiers Opening to the West Tokugawa "Great Peace" Seeds of Capitalism Life in the Village Tokugawa Culture Literature of the New Middle Class Tokugawa Art

Korea: The Hermit Kingdom

Conclusion

World History AP: Chapter 16 2

Terms and Persons to Know

1. Chinese Empire and the West 38. sword hunts 2. Portuguese fleet 39. Portuguese 3. Confucian institutions 40. Francis Xavier 4. Zhenghe 41. eviction of missionaries 5. Beijing 42. Japanese controls on European trade 6. Macao 43. shogunate government 7. Jesuits 44. han 8. decline of Ming dynasty 45. fudai 9. Manchus 46. tozama 10. Qing dynasy 47. hostage system 11. Koxinga 48. samurai 12. Kangxi 49. expansion of trade and manufacturing 13. Yongzheng 50. ronin 14. Qianlong 51. bakufu 15. "Sacred Edict" 52. ie 16. bannermen 53. women 17. dyarchy 54. "floating world" 18. White Lotus Rebellion 55. eta 19. Russia 56. Saikaku 20. kowtow 57. Five Women Who Loved Love 21. Treaty of Nerchinsk 58. kabuki 22. English 59. Basho 23. East India Company 60. Pine Forest 24. population increase 61. woodblock print 25. industrialization 62. Utamaro 26. controls on native commerce 63. Hokusai 27. clocks 64. Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji 28. joint family 65. Hiroshige 29. clan 66. Fifty-Three Stages of the Tokaido 30. women Highway 31. Chinese novel 67. Yi dynasty 32. Imperial City 68. Yi Song Gye 33. Ming and Qing arts 69. yangban 34. Ashikaga shogunate decline 70. chonmin 35. daimyo 71. hangul 36. Toyotomi Hideyoshi 72. policy of isolation 37. Tokugawa Ieyasu 73. Manchu invasion

Mapwork

Map 16.1. China and Its Enemies during the Late Ming Era

 Who are the northern peoples identified on this map as the Jurchen? How were their incursions into China different from those of the Mongols?  Why was Canton such an important site for European trade? How did Chinese emperors use this city to maintain strict divisions between Europeans and native Chinese peoples?  Which Japanese ruler aspired to attack China? How did Korea enter into this conflict?

Map 16.2. The Qing Empire in the Eighteenth Century

 How did the existence of the "Little Brothers" or tributary states depicted on this map form Chinese expectations about the emerging Chinese-European trade relationship?  Why were these expectations on the part of the "Celestial Court" unable to be realized?

Map Canton in the Eighteenth Century

 What was the importance of Canton?  What role did Europeans play in the city?

Map Beijing Under the Ming and Manchus, 1900-1911

 Why was the Forbidden city kept walled off from the rest of Beijing?  What is the importance of the inner city?

Map Nagasaki and Hirado Island

 Where were European traders limited to in Japan?  Why were the Dutch allowed to stay?

Map 16.3. Tokugawa Japan

 Why did Tokugawa Ieyasu lay seige to Osaka? Why thereafter does Edo become the most important and flourishing city in Japan?  Which cities were open to European traders? Under what conditions? What was the European response to such limits?  How far is mainland China from Japan? The Korean peninsula? How is this proximity important to an understanding Japanese history?

Datework

Chronology: China During the Early Modern Era

 Locate Taiwan on Map 17.1. How was this base an important complement to trading from Canton? What is the history of European use of this island?  What commonalities do you preceive between the seventeenth-century uprising led by Li Zicheng and the White Lotus Rebellion approximately a century and a half later? What issues continued to plague China? Why?  Why did Li Zicheng begin his revolt? How did his capture of Beijing lead to the seizure of China by the Manchus?  Why did Koxinga expel the Dutch from Taiwan?

Chronology: Japan and Korea During the Early Modern Era

 How did Portuguese merchants first arrive in Japan?  What did the Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier accomplish in Japan?  Why are Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu considered the three great unifiers of Japan? How does each build upon the achievements of his predecessors?  Who were the ronin? What does their existence demonstrate about the changing role of the samurai in early modern Japan?

Chapter Timeline: From the Rise of the Ming dynasty to the White Lotus Rebellion in China

 Why was a phonetic (rather than ideographic) alphabet developed in Korea? Why was hangul originally despised by the yangban?  What changes did Koreans make that demonstrated a growing independence from Chinese cultural domination?  What factors enabled the Manchus to take control of China? Exactly when did this occur? What governmental policies distinguished them from the earlier foreign people who ruled this country, the Mongols?  How long did Manchu domination last in China? Which dynasty included Manchu rulers? Among them, why is Kangxi considered by some scholars to have been the greatest ruler in Chinese history?

Primary Sources

Ming and Qing Primary Sources:

The Art of Printing: Matteo Ricci, The Diary of Matthew Ricci

 Why were the Jesuits so active in China? Were their missionary activities successful? Why were they eventually expelled?

A Confucian Sixteen Commandments: Kangxi's Sacred Edict

 What similarities do you perceive between Kangxi's Confucian edict and the Tokugawa decree that follows later in the chapter? Why would such similarities exist?  What did Emperor Kangxi hope to achieve by issuing a "Sacred Edict" on Confucianism? Why did other Confucian scholars continue to oppose him?  Why would general obedience to these commandments make the emperor's task of governance an easier one? Which laws in particular are aimed at securing cooperation with government officials?

The Tribute System in Action: A Decree of Emperor Qianlong

 Why was King George III so displeased by this letter from Qianlong?  Whom has the "Celestial Court" allowed into China? Into Peking? Under what conditions? Why?  What was Lord Macartney's opinion of the trade policies of the Chinese Empire?

A Chinese Woman Artist: View From the Jade Terrace

 How did Chen Shu express herself in her paintings?  How did her paintings help/hurt her family?

Japanese Primary Sources:

A Present for Lord Tokitaka: The Japanese Discover Firearms

 How does Lord Tokitaka apply the teachings of Lao Tzu to the use of firearms?  What evidence do you see here for the adaptation of the Portuguese traders to Japanese ways of thinking and speaking? How is this successful trade strategy similar to the missionary strategies employed by the Jesuits?  What will be the consequences of Tokitaka's "experiments" for the history of Japan?

Toyotomi Hideyoshi Expels the Missionaries: Letter to the Viceroy of the Indies

 Why did Hideyoshi consider Christianity to consist of "wrong, unreasonable and wanton doctrines"? How had the behavior of missionaries in Japan convinced him of this idea?  What similarities between Buddhism, Confucianism, and Shinto led Hideyoshi to write that "To know Shinto is to know Buddhism as well as Confucianism"? Why is Christianity not included?  How does Hideyoshi explain his success in governance? What were his plans in regard to Korea and "the great Ming nation"?

Keeping the Straight and Narrow in Tokugawa Japan: Maxims for Peasant Behavior

 Who comprised the bakufu under the Japanese shogunate? Why is the maintenance of social order paramount to their interests?  Would obedience to these provisions have contributed to the peasant standard of living and quality of life, or not? Why?  What Confucian elements in the earlier Sacred Edit of the Chinese Emperor Kangxi are lacking in this Japanese decree?  How is concern for the ie expressed in this document? What similarities do you perceive between such concern and the fundamental structures of Chinese society (the joint family and clan)?

Internet Exploration

To view art from the Tokugawa period in Japan, visit http://www.cjn.or.jp/tokugawa/english/

To read about and see the Toshogu, Tokugawa Ieyasu’s mausoleum, visit http://www.jgc.co.jp/waza/a2_nikko/toshog02.htm

To read the valedictory edict of Emperor Kangxi, visit http://people.ucsc.edu/~myrtreia/essays/Kangxi.html

World History AP: Chapter 16