Study Guide: 1800-1848 (From the College Board)

Study Guide: 1800-1848 (from the College Board)

After reading the student learning objectives (below the table) and key concepts (line above the table), read each table from left to right and, in the right- hand column, give supporting examples and outside information. Other important examples may be added from notes, other readings, or video lessons.

Key Concept 4.2

Developments in technology, agriculture, and commerce precipitated profound changes in U.S. settlement patterns, regional identities, gender and family relations, political power, and distribution of consumer goods. Supporting Ideas (from College Board) Evidence Examples from Text (page), Notes (date), Video, Supplement Book (Title, pg), etc. 4.2.I. A global market and communications A. Innovations including textile machinery, revolution, influencing and influenced by steam engines, interchangeable parts, canals, technological innovations, led to dramatic shifts railroads, and the telegraph, as well as in the nature of agriculture and manufacturing. agricultural inventions, both extended markets and brought efficiency to production for those markets. B. Increasing numbers of Americans, especially women in factories and low-skilled male workers, no longer relied on semisubsistence agriculture but made their livelihoods producing goods for distant markets, even as some urban entrepreneurs went into finance rather than manufacturing.

For the AP Exam, students should be able to use the above to help them do the following:

1. Analyze how innovations in markets, transportation, and technology affected the economy and the different regions of North America from the colonial period through the end of the Civil War. (WXT-2)

2. Explain how and why different labor systems have developed, persisted, and changed since 1800 and how events such as the Civil War and industrialization shaped U.S. society and workers’ lives. (WXT-5) Supporting Ideas (from College Board) Evidence Examples from Text (page), Notes (date), Video, Supplement Book (Title, pg), etc. 4.2.II. Regional economic specialization, A. Southern cotton furnished the raw material especially the demands of cultivating southern for manufacturing in the Northeast, while the cotton, shaped settlement patterns and the growth in cotton production and trade promoted national and international economy. the development of national economic ties, shaped the international economy, and fueled the internal slave trade. B. Despite some governmental and private efforts to create a unified national economy, most notably the American System, the shift to market production linked the North and the Midwest more closely than either was linked to the South. C. Efforts to exploit the nation’s natural resources led to government efforts to promote free and forced migration of various American peoples across the continent as well as to competing ideas about defining and managing labor systems, geographical boundaries, and natural resources.

For the AP Exam, students should be able to use the above to help them do the following:

1. Explain how changes in the numbers and sources of international migrants in the 19th and 20th centuries altered the ethnic and social makeup of the U.S. population. (PEO-2)

2. Analyze the causes and effects of major internal migration patterns such as urbanization, suburbanization, westward movement, and the Great Migration in the 19th and 20th centuries. (PEO-3)

4. Explain how and why different labor systems have developed, persisted, and changed since 1800 and how events such as the Civil War and industrialization shaped U.S. society and workers’ lives. (WXT-5) 5. Explain how arguments about market capitalism, the growth of corporate power, and government policies influenced economic policies from the late 18th century through the early 20th century. (WXT-6)

Supporting Ideas (from College Board) Evidence Examples from Text (page), Notes (date), Video, Supplement Book (Title, pg), etc. 4.2.III. The economic changes caused by the A. With the opening of canals and new roads into market revolution had significant effects on the western territories, native-born white migration patterns, gender and family relations, citizens relocated westward, relying on new and the distribution of political power. community systems to replace their old family and local relationships. B. Migrants from Europe increased the population in the East and the Midwest, forging strong bonds of interdependence between the Northeast and the Old Northwest. C. The South remained politically, culturally, and ideologically distinct from the other sections while continuing to rely on its exports to Europe for economic growth. D. The market revolution helped to widen the gap between the rich and poor, shaped emerging middle and working classes, and caused an increasing separation between home and workplace, which led to dramatic transformations in gender and in family roles and expectations. E. Regional interests continued to trump national concerns as the basis of many political leaders’ positions on economic issues including slavery, the national bank, tariffs, and internal improvements. For the AP Exam, students should be able to use the above to help them do the following:

2. Compare the beliefs and strategies of movements advocating changes to the U.S. economic system since industrialization, particularly the organized labor, Populist, and Progressive movements. (WXT-7)

3. Explain how changes in the numbers and sources of international migrants in the 19th and 20th centuries altered the ethnic and social makeup of the U.S. population. (PEO-2)

4. Analyze the causes and effects of major internal migration patterns such as urbanization, suburbanization, westward movement, and the Great Migration in the 19th and 20th centuries. (PEO-3)

5. Analyze the role of economic, political, social, and ethnic factors on the formation of regional identities in what would become the United States during the colonial period though the 19th century. (ID-5)

6. Analyze how migration patterns to, and migration within, the United States have influenced the growth of racial and ethnic identities and conflicts over ethnic assimilation and distinctiveness. (ID-6)