2Nd Meeting of the TCG for the Censuses in South East Europe

2nd meeting of the TCG for the Censuses in South East Europe 24-25 June 2010, State Statistical Office, Skopje

Nationality/ethnicity and mother tongue data of Hungarian population censuses (Gabor Rozsa, expert of ICON Institute)

Short historical overview

The history of collecting and publishing census data on nationality/ethnicity, mother tongue and religion in Hungary goes back to the 19th century: the 1850/51 Austrian census published nationality and religion data for Hungary. Then, from the second Hungarian population census (1880/81), the topic mother tongue always figured on the questionnaires, while from 1941 on (except 1970) it was complemented with the direct question on nationality/ethnicity. The data were published in geographically detailed brakdown (counties, localities). In 1880/81 for instance they included tables on place of birth of present population (inside Hun- gary: same locality, same county, other county, the capital city, Croatia-Slavonia, Fiume, Austria, foreign country, unknown), as well as on religion, mother tongue, knowledge of languages besides mother tongue. In the 20th century, after the Trianon Treaty the national/ethnic dimension of Hungarian censuses drastically changed, but still remained an important and in- teresting topic of statistics. In 1941 data on religion, mother tongue, nationality and knowledge of the Hungarian language were collected and published. The war did not allow for an extensive publication, so most demographic and occupation data were published in 1979 only, e.g. on mother tongue, nationality and religion by sex and geographic areas (counties, towns etc.), containing Hungarian, Slovak, Rumanian, German, Ruthene, Serb, Croat, Slovene/Vend, Bunievaci, Sokaci, Hebrew, Gipsy and Other as categories used. The publications for 1949, 1960 and 1980 were similar – only supplemented with several other spoken languages, e.g. Russian, Czech, Bulgarian, Polish, English, French etc.), while the data collection in 1970 was limited to mother tongue. The growing interest for such data led to a more extensive census activity in the 1990s. While in former censuses nationality-related issues were poorly represented in cross-tabula- tions, several data collections were published after 1990 on the situation of national/ ethnic/ language groups of the country, either reproducing former data or producing new combined tables. For instance, shortly after the 1990 census, a booklet was published by the Hungarian Central Statistical Office with preliminary data on nationality, mother tongue and knowledge of other languages of the population of localities presumed as being inhabited by (relatively) important concentration of minorities. Then, within the series of census publications two volumes contained nationality and mother tongue data of all censuses at county level and a further one with locality level data for 1980 and 1990. In 1993 a set of detailed cross-tabula- tions for Hungarians, Slovaks, Rumanians, Croats, Serbs, Slovenes, Germans and Gipsies was published in two volumes, allowing combinations of nationality and mother tongue data with demographic and occupational characteristics. (The Table of contents of this publication has been reproduced on the next two pages.)

2 3 The already mentioned growing national and international interest for nationality-related statistics – at least in this part of Europe – resulted in the organization of an international conference on this topic in Budapest, in September 1992, with the open purpose to provide a forum to discuss conceptual and methodological questions, to adopt common guidelines for future censuses and to publish reliable data on the number of composition of national/ethnic minorities living in these countries. The main conclusions of the 1992 conference were the following:

Questions or topics to be included in censuses:  ethnic nationality group  mother tongue  use of languages  place (country) of birth  citizenship  religion  ethnic nationality and country of birth of both parents

Data collection:  to pre-print on the questionnaire all main nationalities/ethnicities/languages  questionnaires to translate  based on free declaration and confidentiality  uniform (harmonized) definitions  participation of ethnic groups  to publish data at small er geographic/administrative areas  to cross-tabulate with main demographic and socio-economic variables  exchange of data between countries and common publication  specific surveys in areas inhabited by minority groups

Factors determining national/ethnic affiliation of the population in the 2001 census

In relation to the subject „nationality”, the program of the 2001 census contained four questions: what is the person’s nationality; to which nationalities' cultural values and traditions did the person feel affinity with; what is the mother tongue of the enumerated person; what is the language spoken by the person with family members or friends. According to the respective Act on national and ethnic minorities’ rights, Armenian, Bulgarian, Croat, German, Gipsy (Roma), Greek, Polish, Rumanian, Ruthene, Serb, Slovene, Slovak and Ukrainian national/ethnic minorities are regarded as officially recognized as native in Hungary. Every interviewed person was allowed to give three answers to the questions at most. From the ethnic groups not listed above, only one could be marked, provided the number of alternative (multiple) answers given to each of the questions – including Hungarian, if marked – was not more than three. Consequently, a given person had been as many times counted, as many answers in relation to the question belonging to values, traditions of a nationality, to the mother tongue and to the language spoken with family members and friends he/she marked. Taking into account that regarding the nationality the possibility of multiple answers was given, two ways of processing was possible: the one based on the total number of answers, the other reflecting to the number of persons. (E.g. based on the answers the person speaking both the Romany and the Bea language was counted twice, while based on the number of persons, only once, as a Gipsy.)

4 Summary and methodological remarks The census interviewers were thoroughly trained as to fill in the questionnaires in absolute ac- cordance with the respondent’s declaration, irrespective of their own personal impression, as 5 well as of any other responses to other questions. This was particularly important in the case of questions connected to subjective judgements, e.g. belonging to a national or ethnic minority. The relevant bloc of the person’s questionnaire contained 17 pre-printed answers: the 13 minorities in alphabetic order, supplemented with two different languages spoken by the Roma/Gipsy population, and with the answer “Hungarian”; besides, the respondent was allowed to chose “do not wish to answer”. After the pre-printed answers another possibility allowed to specify any other response in the open part, but for each question 3 answers at most could be given. The question on national/ethnic affiliation was put in line with the method and form inaugurated in 1941 and practically unchanged until 1990. The 2001 changes consisted in the number of possible answers. Besides, as the Hungarian word for nationality is a synonym of citizenship, this required a specific explanation in the Instruction manual. Affiliation with national cultural values and traditions was asked for the first time in a Hungarian census. It was put in line with proposals from researchers dealing with specific aspects of national and ethnic affiliation, assimilation and the strength of the relationship to the national/ethnic origin. The responses allow for new studies in minority researches both in themselves and in correlation with the answers given to other related questions. As far as mother tongue, this topic has been part of the programme of Hungarian censuses for 120 years (first put in 1880). The method used hardly changed either, except that from 1930 on, the main languages were pre-printed and in 2001 several answers (three at most) were allowed. There was a fourth and new question on language(s) spoken in family and with friends. Researchers reported that minority families living outside the environment of their native language, still used to speak on that language within their family. The relevant part of the Instruction manual for interviewers gave the following guidance in respect of gathering these data: “Answering these questions is not compulsory. The respondents are to be informed about this! Questions relating to national/ethnic and linguistic affiliation ... Question 23.1 Which national/ethnic group do you feel to belong to? The enumerated person should declare the nationality/ethnic group to which he/she feels to belong, without any kind of influence or pressure and irrespective of citizenship and mother tongue. In order to allow for multiple affiliation, at most three answers can be given. Question 23.2 Affiliation with national cultural values, traditions? At most three..., irrespective of the answers given on national/ethnic affiliation and mother tongue. Question 23.3 What is your mother tongue? Mother tongue is the living language that the enumerated person had learnt (usually as first) in early childhood, and uses it regularly with members of his/her family and declares to be the mother tongue. Taking into account that most people belonging to national/ethnic minorities speak more than one language from early childhood, there is possibility to declare three at most. Question 23.4 What language do you mostly use in family and with friends? In this context the family concept is different from that of the nuclear family used in the population census, i.e. it comprises all persons considered by the respondent as belonging to his/her family, irrespective of place of residence, country borders or degree of kinship. In case of lone persons declaring not to have any family relationship, the question may remain unanswered.” 6 The person’s questionnaire was translated into (almost) all officially recognized (native) minority languages (as well as into English, Russian and Chinese), for information purposes.

Public acceptance of nationality-related questions Although at the beginning section of the relevant bloc of questions, their non-compulsory character had been clearly specified, it was admitted by 5-6 percent of respondents only. This positive public perception was mainly due to the different and strict regulations on national/ethnic minorities’ rights, on data collection and processing, on data privacy, as well as representatives and nationwide or local organisations of the minorities.

Question Total Real Real Person gave one Person gave two Person gave No answer (positive) (pos.) answer answers three answers answ. answers per number per number per num- per number per thous. thous. thous. ber thous. thous. Nationality/ethnicity 10,316,723 9,746,186 956 9,510,631 932.6 115,886 11.4 1,261 0.1 570,537 56.9 Cult. values, tradit. 10,349,808 9,721,480 953 9,423,111 924,0 142,259 13.9 4,617 0.5 628,328 61.6 Mother tongue 10,239,552 9,698,446 951 9,616,410 942,9 40,361 4.0 438 0.0 541,106 53.1 Lang. spoken in fam. 10,337,821 9,779,575 959 9,505,691 932,1 129,250 12.7 5,128 0.5 558,246 54.7

According to the following table one can conclude that the relevant 2001 data fit well into the series of former census data. The number of persons declaring a minority language as mother tongue has hardly changed. At the same time, the very close number of answers to the new question on language spoken with family members and friends stresses that mother tongue is a very close predicting element for national/ethnic belonging.

Nationality Number of persons declaring their mother tongue ethnicity affiliation with cul- language spoken in fam- tural values and tradi- ily and with friends tions 1990 2001 1990 2001 2001 2001 Bulgarian 1,370 1,299 – 1,358 1,693 1,118 Gypsy 48,072 48,685 142,683 190,046 129,259 53 ,323 Greek 1,640 1,921 – 2,509 6,140 1,974 Croat 17,577 14,345 13,570 15,620 19,715 14,788 Polish 3,788 2,580 – 2,962 3,983 2,659 German 37,511 33,792 30,824 62,233 88,416 53,040 Armenian 37 294 – 620 836 300 Romanian 8,730 8,482 10,740 7,995 9,162 8,215 Serb 2,953 3,388 2,905 3,816 5,279 4,186 Slovak 12,745 11,816 10,459 17,692 26,631 18,056 Slovene 2,627 3,187 1,930 3,040 3,442 3,119 Ruthene 674 1,113 – 1,098 1,292 1,068 Ukrainian 674 4,885 – 5,070 4,779 4,519

The data As far as the cartograms showing the geographic distribution of national/ethnic minorities, they have been prepared as to present the share of the given minority within the locality according to the highest value for that group from among the four questions, e.g.:

7 Serb

Roma/Gipsy

Depending on the answers given to the four different questions, the same person may belong to different national/ethnic groups. Besides, the person was allowed to give three answers, so he/she could be counted as for instance with Hungarian and Slovak at the same time. The very basic publication of the census series was National and county data, describ- ing on 13 thousand pages the population's demographic, educational, ethnic, religious, employment characteristics, the household and family structure, the composition and equipment of the housing stock of the capital, the counties and the country as a whole. For each main topic the main data were also analyzed. The county directorates of the Hungarian Central Stat- istical Office were provided with “their” data and on the basis of some common guidance, they prepared the relevant analysis by themselves, focussing on the main specificities of the situation of their region. Later on the publication of Demographic data also contained several tables with nationality/ethnicity data. In the second thematic publication on these topics, persons having declared as belonging to (at least) one national/ethnic minority according to at least one of the relevant questions (national/ethnic affiliation, national/ethnic cultural values and traditions, mother tongue, language spoken with family members and friends) have been considered as being members of that minority group. The first group of tables aims at following – possibly through more than a century – the changes in the mother tongue and national/ethnic composition and the knowledge of languages of the population, allowing for a better understanding, analysis and evaluation of the changes experienced during the last decades. Data referring to resident population and to present population go back to 1970 and 1900, respectively. Most retrospective data have been presented in the form of combined tables.

8 The second group of tables is that of detailed country-level results of the 2001 census, by national/ethnic groups native in the country, in line with the 1993 Law on national/ethnic minorities specifying 13 such groups (Bulgarian, Roma/Gipsy, Greek, Croat, Polish, German, Armenian, Rumanian, Ruthene, Serb, Slovak, Slovene/Wends, Ukrainian), in some cases with multidimensional tables. The first part of this chapter presents the age composition of the population of each national/ethnic minority, followed by tables on marital status, consensual part- nerships and number of live-born children by age groups. Further on, the population of these groups is presented according to educational attainment, religion and main groups of occupation. Separate combined tables have been devoted to data on educational attainment by major groups of occupation and industry. One of the main specificities of population censuses is the possibility of detailed geographic breakdown of their data. So the third group of tables has been devoted to the presenta- tion of the different census characteristics of national/ethnic groups by types of locality, region and counties. In order to compare national/ethnic minority data with those of the majority population, the data of the population having declared as Hungarian to the relevant question have also been included. Besides, a chapter containing the explanation of all important concepts used in the publication allows for an unambiguous interpretation and evaluation of the data. The tables contain the declarations of the smaller groupings in an aggregated form: like German, where at the processing Low German, Swabian, Bavarian etc. were taken into account; a similar aggregation has been used in the case of Croats, Catholic Serbs, Socaci; the category Russian includes Great Russian, White Russian; Ruthene also covers Little Russian and Russniak. Similar aggregations were used for the different African ethnic/linguistic groups, the Arab spoken in different countries, the Modern Hebrew, Ivrit and Yiddish etc. All this on the basis of a very detailed codelist (with several hundreds of languages and dialects) and rules for aggregation. Regarding the Roma/Gipsy minority, the summary tables show the aggregate of the Gipsy, Romany and Bea population, though the data regarding the affinity with ethnic cultural values, traditions differentiate the Gipsy and Romany population, while the answers given to mother tongue and to language spoken with family members, the Bea language has also been included. The list of the titles of the aforementioned publications and of all tables on nationality- related data in the 2001 census publications are found in Annex.

Socio-demographic situation of the Roma/Gipsy population in Hungary according to population census data, 2001

A special processing of the 2001 census ethnicity data has allowed for a more in-depth study of the situation of the Roma/Gipsy minority, far the largest ethnic community of the country, at the same time one of the main losers and the most disadvantaged with respect to the deep socio-economic transformation of the last decades. Some of the tables and figures based on this study are found below, in most cases comparing data of the minority group with those of the total population. (The data were put on a CD, but it has not been published.)

Evolution of the size of the Roma/Gipsy population (in thousands), 1930-2001 hetero evaluation Year census (other source) 1930 8 100 1941 27 .. 9 1949 38 .. 1960 56 222 1970 35 300 1980 6 .. 1990 143 394 2001 205 650 Roma population in selected localities

Population by five-year age groups (%), 1990, 2001 total 0–4 5–9 10– 15– 20– 25– 30– 35– 40– 45– 50– 55– 60– 65– 70– 75– 80– 85– Year 14 19 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 64 69 74 79 84 X Total population of country 1990 100,0 5,9 6,3 8,3 7,4 6,5 6,0 7,5 8,2 6,9 6,5 5,8 5,9 5,6 5,1 2,6 3,1 1,7 0,8 2001 100,0 4,8 5,7 6,1 6,6 7,9 7,7 6,9 6,0 6,9 8,1 6,9 6,0 5,2 4,8 4,3 3,3 1,5 1,2 Roma/Gipsy population 1990 100,0 13,8 12,4 13,4 11,8 9,0 8,5 7,7 5,8 4,0 3,5 3,1 2,7 1,9 1,2 0,5 0,5 0,2 0,1 2001 100,0 13,0 12,1 10,5 9,6 9,5 9,1 7,8 7,1 6,6 4,8 3,3 2,1 1,7 1,2 0,8 0,4 0,1 0,1

2,5% 2,5% 2,0% 2,0% Age pyramid (%) of Roma/Gipsy and of total population, 2001 A – Roma/Gipsy B – total population

10 Females aged 15+ by number of live-born children (%), 1990, 2001

0 1 2 3 4 5 6–9 10–X per 100 Year Total females live-born child(renen) Total population 1990 100,0 22,8 23,2 35,4 11,3 3,7 1,6 1,7 0,2 165 2001 100,0 25,7 22,3 35,6 11,1 3,1 1,1 1,0 0,1 153 Roma/Gipsy 1990 100,0 22,2 13,7 16,8 14,6 10,3 6,9 12,5 2,8 288 2001 100,0 20,7 14,2 17,8 18,4 11,4 6,7 9,3 1,4 264

Population aged 15+ by highest educational attainment, 2001 less than 8 vocational school secondary school third-level dip- classes (uncom- 8 classes certificate final exam loma Population, pleted primary) age groupe total Roma/ total Roma/ total Roma/ total Roma/G total Roma/ pop. Gipsy pop. Gipsy pop. Gipsy pop. ipsy pop. Gipsy total (%) 11,2 39,2 33,8 50,1 18,6 7,6 25,4 2,4 11,0 0,7 males (%) 7,7 32,1 31,6 54,4 26,5 10,3 22,5 2,5 11,6 0,7 females (%) 14,2 46,4 35,7 45,7 11,6 4,9 28,1 2,4 10,4 0,7 15-29 (%) 3,3 30,5 34,0 57,2 24,3 9,2 31,3 2,7 7,1 0,4 30-39 (%) 2,3 29,6 21,2 57,7 31,8 9,7 29,1 2,3 15,7 0,8 40-49 (%) 2,8 43,6 27,6 46,8 27,3 6,3 27,8 2,4 14,6 1,0 50-57 (%) 4,1 59,1 34,8 32,7 18,0 3,8 28,7 3,1 14,4 1,2 58-61 (%) 8,8 74,1 57,4 23,3 0,6 0,1 21,5 1,6 11,6 1,0 62-X (%) 38,6 84,6 41,2 13,4 0,0 0,0 12,9 1,2 7,2 0,8

Equipment of dwellings 2001 (situation of Roma/Gipsy) Gaz (piped or Piped water Toilet Sewage system Year bottle) % of dwellings 2001 90,6 (61,5) 89,5 (74,7) 85,0 (47,1) 91,0 (61,9)

11 Distribution of population in employment by educational attainment, 2001 less than 8 certificate of Total (all levels secondary diploma at classes second-level Pop. in em- of educational 8 classes school final third-level edu- (unfinished vocational ploym. attainment) examination cation primary) school (%) Roma/ Roma/ Roma/ Roma/ Roma/ Roma/ total total total total total total Gipsy Gipsy Gipsy Gipsy Gipsy Gipsy total 100,0 100,0 0,8 15,0 19,6 56,9 28,8 18,3 32,5 6,7 18,3 3,1 male 100,0 100,0 0,9 13,7 17,9 57,5 37,8 20,9 26,6 5,5 16,8 2,4 female 100,0 100,0 0,7 17,6 21,6 55,6 18,2 13,1 39,4 9,2 20,1 4,5

Size of Roma/Gipsy households, 2001 Size of households, total country, 2001

with 5 members or with 1 or 2 with 5 members or with 1 or 2 with 4 more members more members

25% 9% 39% 16%

17% 20% 55% 19%

with 4 with 3 with 3 members members members

Distribution of family-households by the number of children, 2001 Family-households Number of children living in the household Roma/Gipsy total 0 14,5 32,3 1 23,2 33,8 2 23,9 25,6 3 19,7 6,3 4–X 18,7 2,0 total 100,0 100,0 Children per 100 households 222 113

Composition of Roma/Gipsy Composition of families family- (total country) by households by economic economic activity of their activity of their members members

12 Annex: List of publications and tables on nationality/ethnicity-related issues of Census 2001

4. National/ethnic affiliation – Data of national/ethnic minorities Summary data Tables by counties and, within them by type of locality on the number of answers given to the relevant questions as well as their breakdown according to Hungarian, native or non native national/ethnic minorities. 1.1 Nationality/ethnicity 1.2 Affinity with national/ethnic cultural values and traditions 1.3 Mother tongue 1.4 Language(s) used in family and with friends Summary data for national/ethnic minorities native in Hungary 2.1 Nationality/ethnicity 2.2 Affinity with national/ethnic cultural values and traditions 2.3 Mother tongue 2.4 Language(s) used in family and with friends Data by counties, small regions and localities 3. Population size and number of answers 4. Size of national/ethnic minority population 6. National and county data 1 Retrospective data 1.1.9 Population by mother tongue, nationality and sex, 1930, 1960–2001 1.1.10 Population by languages spoken with family members or friends, affinity with nationalities' cultural values and sex 1.1.11 Population by knowledge of languages (most commonly used in Hungary) and sex, 1960, 1980–2001 2 Detailed data 2.1.8 Population by nationality, main demographic, occupational characteristics and sex 2.1.9 Population by affinity with nationalities' cultural values, traditions, by main demographic, occupational characteristics and sex 2.1.10 Population by mother tongue, main demographic, occupational characteristics and sex 2.1.11 Population by language spoken with family members or friends by main demographic, occupational characteristics and sex 2.1.12 Elements of the national/ethnic affiliation of the population 2.1.13 Population by knowledge of languages, main demographic, occupational characteristics and sex 2.1.14 Citizenship by major age groups, mother tongue and nationality 3 Data by regions Combination tables on the main census data of the planning-statistical regions for facilitating the analysis of the potentials of a given region as well as of the comparison of the regions. 4 Data by counties Data in condensed tables by the counties and the capital respectively.

18. Demographic data 1 Summary data 1.28 Population by mother tongue, nationality and sex, 1900–2001 1.29 Population by mother tongue and main age groups, 1910–1941, 1970–2001 1.30 Population by nationality and main age groups, 1941, 1980–2001 1.31 Population by affinity with cultural values, traditions of a nationality and sex , 2001 1.32 Population by knowledge of languages (most commonly used languages in Hungary) and sex, 1930–1960, 1980–2001 1.33 Population by mother tongue and knowledge of languages 1.34 Population by knowledge of languages spoken world-wide and age groups, 1990–2001 1.35 Population by language spoken with family members or friends and main age groups, 2001 1.36 Population by citizenship and sex, 1949, 1960, 2001

13 1.37 Population by mother tongue and citizenship, 1960, 2001

2 Detailed data 2.21 Population aged 15 years and over by number of live-born children and nationality 2.22 Population aged 15 years and over by number of live-born children and affinity with cultural values, traditions of a nationality 2.23 Population aged 15 years and over by number of live-born children and mother tongue 2.24 Population aged 15 years and over by number of live-born children and language spoken with family members or friends 2.31 Population aged 15 years and over by nationality, age group and the number of years elapsed as from the beginning of the present consensual partnership 2.32 Population aged 15 years and over by affinity with cultural values, traditions of a nationality and the number of years elapsed as from the beginning of the present consensual partnership 2.33 Population aged 15 years and over by mother tongue, age group and the number of years elapsed as from the beginning of the present consensual partnership 2.34 Population aged 15 years and over by language spoken with family members or friends, age group and the number of years elapsed as from the beginning of the present consensual partnership 3 Data by counties 3.13 Population by nationalities 3.14 Population by affinity with cultural values, traditions of a nationality 3.15 Population by mother tongue 3.16 Population by language spoken with family members, friends 4 Data by size-groups of population 4.13 Population by nationalities 4.14 Population by affinity with cultural values, traditions of a nationality 4.15 Population by mother tongue 4.16 Population by language spoken with family members, friends

24. Ethnic minorities 1 Summary data 1.1 Factors influencing the ethnic affiliation of the population, 2001 1.2 Population by mother tongue, ethnic minorities and sex, 1900–2001 1.3 Population by mother tongue and main age groups, 1910–1941, 1970–2001 1.3.1 Total 1.3.2 Males 1.3.3 Females 1.4 Population by ethnic minorities and main age groups, 1941, 1980–2001 1.4.1 Total 1.4.2 Males 1.4.3 Females 1.5 Population by affinity with cultural values, traditions of ethnic groups and main age groups , 2001 1.6 Population by knowledge of languages (most commonly used in Hungary) and sex, 1930–1960, 1980–2001 1.7 Population by mother tongue and knowledge of languages 1.7.1 1960 1.7.2 1990 1.7.3 2001 1.8 Population by mother tongue and citizenship, 1960, 2001 1.9 Population by language spoken with family or friends and main age groups 2 Detailed data By main characteristics 2 Detailed data – Armenian 2.1 Population by age and sex, sex ratio 2.2 Population aged 15 years and over by marital status and age groups 2.2.1 Total 14 2.2.2 Males 2.2.3 Females 2.3 Population aged 15 years and over by marital status, consensual partnership, number of live-born children delivered and age groups 2.3.1 Total 2.3.2 Males 2.3.3 Females 2.4 Population aged 7 years and over by highest educational and professional qualification obtained, age groups and sex 2.5 Population by highest education obtained and sex 2.6 Population by religion, denomination main demographic and employment characteristics 2.7 Population by economic activity, age groups and sex 2.8 Persons in employment by major groups, selected groups of occupations and age groups 2.9 Persons in employment by section, selected division of industry and age groups 2.10 Persons in employment by highest education, major groups of occupations and section of industry By ethnic minorities 2.1 Population by age and sex, sex ratio Armenian Bulgarian etc. 3 Data by counties 3 County data – Armenian etc. 3.1 Population by main age groups, sex and selected demographic indicators 3.2 Population aged 15 years and over by marital status and sex 3.3 Females aged 15 years and over by number of live-born children 3.4 Females aged 15-19 years by number of live-born children 3.5 Population by highest education obtained and sex 3.6 Population by economic activity and sex