Unit: Circulatory System (Class Notes)

Unit: Circulatory & Respiratory System (Class Notes)

Circulatory - The circulatory system consists of the , , System and .

Function - The function of the circulatory system is to: 1) Deliver and to cells 2) Carries and away from cells

Heart - Pericardium:

- Myocardium:

- Septum:

- The heart has chambers – two and two

o Atrium: top chambers that the blood o Ventricles: bottom chambers pump blood out of the heart to either the or .

- Valves: flaps of tissue between the and that prevent blood from .

Circulation 1) Pulmonary circulation: of heart pumps - through the body blood to the

2) Systemic Circulation: of heart receives - blood from the lungs and pumps it to the

Heartbeat - The cells that start the muscle contraction or “ “ for the heart, are called the .

Blood - Composition of blood: cells, plasma

- Plasma: o 90% and salts, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, waste products, plasma proteins . A hormone is a

. Cells that

. Two kinds of glands:  Exocrine glands release secretions through ducts directly to the organs that use them. Example: sweat, tears, digestive juices  Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream. . Examples of hormones in the blood: Gland that produces it Hormone Action Thyroid

Adrenal Medulla Fight or flight response: Increases heart rate, blood pressure & blood flow to muscles Opens airways (more O2) Stimulates release of glucose into blood to produce a sudden burst of energy

Pancreas

. Regulating Blood Glucose:

  Diabetes Mellitus:

o Type I diabetes is an autoimmune disorder which results in little or no secretion of insulin. . Usually develops before the age of 15 o Type II diabetes is caused when the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells do not respond to it. . Interaction between receptor and hormone is insufficient - Cells: o Red blood cells: contain , the -containing protein that binds to in the lungs and transports it to tissues

o White blood cells: Guard against , fight , and attack . . Many types: 1) Phagocytes:

2) B Lymphocytes:

3) T Lymphocytes:

o Platelets: fragments of cells that form . Hemophilia: disorder where a defective does not allow blood to . - Treatment: inject the missing protein called “ “

Blood Vessels - 3 Types: 1) Arteries: Large vessels that carry blood from the to the

. The brings blood from the left ventricle to the body. 2) Capillaries: Smallest blood vessels that bring and

to tissues and and other waste products. 3) Veins: carry blood back to the heart.

Pathway of 1) (biggest vein) Blood Flow 2) Right

3) Right

4) arteries

5) To the (pick up )

6) veins

7) Left

8) Left 9) (biggest artery)

To the rest of the body

Blood Pressure - When the heart contracts, blood pumps through the body. - The force of the blood on the arteries’ walls is Red = blood rich in oxygen, . low in carbon dioxide - Normal blood pressure is Blue = blood low in oxygen, rich in carbon dioxide Respiratory System

Function - The function of the respiratory system is to exchange and between , the , and .

Mucus & Cilia - To keep your lungs healthy, entering must be , , and . o moistens air and traps particles of dust or smoke. o sweep particles and mucus to the throat.

Structures - Pharynx: passageway for both and SEE DIAGRAM - Epiglottis: flap of tissue that covers the

when you

- Trachea: also called ; tube in neck that leads to

- Larynx: contains two elastic folds of tissue called

- Bronchi: two branches off the that lead to a

- Bronchioles: smaller tubes of the that lead to the

- Alveoli: clusters of tiny , surrounded by

Gas Exchange - Gas exchange occurs in the - diffuses into the - in the blood diffuses into the Breathing - Diaphragm: large, flat muscle at the bottom of the that controls . Inhalation: diaphragm (moves ) . Exhalation: diaphragm (moves ) Respiratory System