Academic Ranking of World Universities

Academic Ranking of World Universities Shanghai-China

Ranking Methodology1

1. Ranking Criteria and Weights

We rank universities by several indicators of academic or research performance, including alumni and staff winning Nobel Prizes and Fields Medals, highly cited researchers, articles published in Nature and Science, articles indexed in major citation indices, and the per capita academic performance of an institution.

For each indicator, the highest scoring institution is assigned a score of 100, and other institutions are calculated as a percentage of the top score. The distribution of data for each indicator is examined for any significant distorting effect; standard statistical techniques are used to adjust the indicator if necessary.

Scores for each indicator are weighted as shown below to arrive at a final overall score for an institution. The highest scoring institution is assigned a score of 100, and other institutions are calculated as a percentage of the top score. An institution's rank reflects the number of institutions that sit above it.

Criteria Indicator Code Weight

Quality of Alumni of an institution winning Nobel Alumni 10% Education Prizes and Fields Medals

Staff of an institution winning Nobel Prizes and Fields Medals Award 20% Quality of Faculty Highly cited researchers in 21 broad subject categories HiCi 20%

Articles published in Nature and Science* N&S 20% Research Output Articles in Science Citation Index- expanded, Social Science Citation Index SCI 20%

Size of Academic performance with respect to Size 10% Institution the size of an institution

Total 100%

* For institutions specialized in humanities and social sciences such as London School of Economics, N&S is not considered, and the weight of N&S is relocated to other indicators.

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1 2. Definition of Indicators

Alumni. The total number of the alumni of an institution winning Nobel Prizes and Fields Medals. Alumni are defined as those who obtain bachelor, Master's or doctoral degrees from the institution. Different weights are set according to the periods of obtaining degrees. The weight is 100% for alumni obtaining degrees in 1991-2000, 90% for alumni obtaining degrees in 1981-1990, 80% for alumni obtaining degrees in 1971-1980, and so on, and finally 10% for alumni obtaining degrees in 1901-1910. If a person obtains more than one degrees from an institution, the institution is considered once only.

Award. The total number of the staff of an institution winning Nobel prizes in physics, chemistry, medicine and economics and Fields Medal in Mathematics. Staff is defined as those who work at an institution at the time of winning the prize. Different weights are set according to the periods of winning the prizes. The weight is 100% for winners in 2001-2006, 90% for winners in 1991-2000, 80% for winners in 1981-1990, 70% for winners in 1971-1980, and so on, and finally 10% for winners in 1911- 1920. If a winner is affiliated with more than one institution, each institution is assigned the reciprocal of the number of institutions. For Nobel prizes, if a prize is shared by more than one person, weights are set for winners according to their proportion of the prize.

HiCi. The number of highly cited researchers in broad subject categories in life sciences, medicine, physical sciences, engineering and social sciences. These individuals are the most highly cited within each category. The definition of categories and detailed procedures can be found at the website of Institute of Scientific Information.

N&S. The number of articles published in Nature and Science between 2002 and 2006. To distinguish the order of author affiliation, a weight of 100% is assigned for corresponding author affiliation, 50% for first author affiliation (second author affiliation if the first author affiliation is the same as corresponding author affiliation), 25% for the next author affiliation, and 10% for other author affiliations. Only publications of article type are considered.

SCI. Total number of articles indexed in Science Citation Index-expanded and Social Science Citation Index in 2006. Only publications of article type are considered. When calculating the total number of articles of an institution, a special weight of two was introduced for articles indexed in Social Science Citation Index.

Size. The weighted scores of the above five indicators divided by the number of full-time equivalent academic staff. If the number of academic staff for institutions of a country cannot be obtained, the weighted scores of the above five indicators is used. For ranking 2007, the numbers of full-time equivalent academic staff are obtained for institutions in USA, UK, Japan, South Korea, Czech, China, Italy, Australia, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, Belgium, Slovenia, New Zealand etc.

3. Data Sources

.Nobel laureates. http://www.nobelprize.org.

Fields Medals. http://www.mathunion.org/medals/.

Highly cited researchers. http://www.isihighlycited.com.

Articles published in Nature and Science. http://www.isiknowledge.com.

Articles indexed in Science Citation Index-expanded and Social Science Citation Index. http://www.isiknowledge.com

2 4. List of Abbreviations Abbreviations used in the names of institutions are as follows:

Agr - Agriculture Chem - Chemistry China-hk - China - Hong Kong China-tw - China - Taiwan Coll - College Fed - Federal Inst - Institute Med - Medicine Natl or Nacl - National Phys - Physics Sch - School Sci - Science Tech - Technology Univ - University

5. Acknowledgements

The Ranking Group ( Professor Nian Cai LIU, Dr. Ying CHENG and Mr. Lin YANG ) in the Institute of Higher Education of Shanghai Jiao Tong University would like to express our gratitude for those who have provided us with the number of academic staff or thoughtful comments and suggestions.

If you will provide us statistical information on the detailed number of academic staff of institutions in your country, we would very much appreciate. We also look forward to have more comments and suggestions from you in the future.

3 Top 100 North & Latin American Universities-2008

4 * Institutions within the same rank range are listed alphabetically. Regional World National Institution* Country Rank Rank Rank

1 Harvard Univ 1 USA 1

2 Stanford Univ 2 USA 2

3 Univ California - Berkeley 3 USA 3

4 Massachusetts Inst Tech (MIT) 5 USA 4

5 California Inst Tech 6 USA 5

6 Columbia Univ 7 USA 6

7 Princeton Univ 8 USA 7

8 Univ Chicago 9 USA 8

9 Yale Univ 11 USA 9

10 Cornell Univ 12 USA 10

11 Univ California - Los Angeles 13 USA 11

12 Univ California - San Diego 14 USA 12

13 Univ Pennsylvania 15 USA 13

14 Univ Washington - Seattle 16 USA 14

15 Univ Wisconsin - Madison 17 USA 15

16 Univ California - San Francisco 18 USA 16

17 Johns Hopkins Univ 20 USA 17

18 Univ Michigan - Ann Arbor 21 USA 18

19 Univ Toronto 24 Canada 1

20 Univ Illinois - Urbana Champaign 26 USA 19

21 Univ Minnesota - Twin Cities 28 USA 20

22 Washington Univ - St. Louis 29 USA 21

6 Top 100 European Universities

7 * Institutions within the same rank range are listed alphabetically. Regional World National Institution* Country Rank Rank Rank

1 Univ Cambridge 4 UK 1

2 Univ Oxford 10 UK 2

3 Univ Coll London 22 UK 3

4 Swiss Fed Inst Tech - Zurich 24 Switzerland 1

5 Imperial Coll London 27 UK 4

6 Univ Manchester 40 UK 5

7 Univ Paris 06 42 France 1

8 Univ Copenhagen 45 Denmark 1

9 Univ Utrecht 47 Netherlands 1

10 Univ Paris 11 49 France 2

11 Karolinska Inst Stockholm 51 Sweden 1

12 Univ Zurich 53 Switzerland 2

13 Univ Edinburgh 55 UK 6

13 Univ Munich 55 Germany 1

15 Tech Univ Munich 57 Germany 2

16 Univ Bristol 61 UK 7

17 Univ Oslo 64 Norway 1

18 Univ Heidelberg 67 Germany 3

19 Univ Helsinki 68 Finland 1

20 Moscow State Univ 70 Russia 1

21 Uppsala Univ 71 Sweden 2

22 Ecole Normale Super Paris 73 France 3

9 Top 100 Asia Pacific Universities

10 * Institutions within the same rank range are listed alphabetically. Regional World National Institution* Country Rank Rank Rank

1 Tokyo Univ 19 Japan 1

2 Kyoto Univ 23 Japan 2

3 Australian Natl Univ 59 Australia 1

4 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem 65 Israel 1

5 Osaka Univ 68 Japan 3

6 Univ Melbourne 73 Australia 2

7 Tohoku Univ 79 Japan 4

8 Univ Sydney 97 Australia 3

9-16 Kyushu Univ 101-151 Japan 5-7

9-16 Nagoya Univ 101-151 Japan 5-7

9-16 Natl Univ Singapore 101-151 Singapore 1

9-16 Technion Israel Inst Tech 101-151 Israel 2-3

9-16 Tel Aviv Univ 101-151 Israel 2-3

9-16 Tokyo Inst Tech 101-151 Japan 5-7

9-16 Univ Queensland 101-151 Australia 4-5

9-16 Univ Western Australia 101-151 Australia 4-5

17-22 Hokkaido Univ 152-200 Japan 8-9

17-22 Natl Taiwan Univ 152-200 China-tw 1

17-22 Seoul Natl Univ 152-200 South Korea 1

17-22 Tsukuba Univ 152-200 Japan 8-9

17-22 Univ New South Wales 152-200 Australia 6

17-22 Weizmann Inst Sci 152-200 Israel 4

12 Percentage Distribution of Top Universities by Country

with Their Share of Global Population and GDP

13 Country % of Top 100 % of Top 500 % of GDP % of Population

USA 54.0% 31.6% 27.2% 4.6%

UK 11.0% 8.3% 4.9% 0.9%

Germany 6.0% 8.0% 6.0% 1.3%

Japan 4.0% 6.2% 9.0% 2.0%

Canada 4.0% 4.2% 2.6% 0.5%

Sweden 4.0% 2.2% 0.8% 0.1%

France 3.0% 4.6% 4.6% 0.9%

Australia 3.0% 3.0% 1.6% 0.3%

Switzerland 3.0% 1.6% 0.8% 0.1%

Netherlands 2.0% 2.4% 1.4% 0.2%

Denmark 2.0% 0.8% 0.6% 0.1%

Finland 1.0% 1.2% 0.4% 0.1%

Israel 1.0% 1.2% 0.3% 0.1%

Norway 1.0% 0.8% 0.7% 0.1%

Russia 1.0% 0.4% 2.0% 2.2%

China 0 6.0% 6.6% 20.5%

Italy 0 4.4% 3.8% 0.9%

Spain 0 1.8% 2.5% 0.7%

South Korea 0 1.6% 1.8% 0.7%

Austria 0 1.4% 0.7% 0.1%

Belgium 0 1.4% 0.8% 0.2%

Brazil 0 1.2% 2.2% 2.9%

14 Source: World Bank. GDP (2006) and Population (2006). Available at http://go.worldbank.org/8IFX7L0860

Statistics by Region

Region Top 20 Top 100 Top 200 Top 300 Top 400 Top 500

North and Latin America 17 58 99 136 163 190

Europe 2 34 79 124 168 210

Asia/Pac 1 8 22 41 68 100

Africa 0 0 0 1 2 3

Total 20 100 200 302 401 503

Statistics by Country

15 0 Country Top 20 Top 100 Top 200 Top 300 Top 400 Top 500

1 USA 17 54 90 114 139 159

2 UK 2 11 22 33 38 42

3 Japan 1 4 9 12 18 31

4 Germany 0 6 14 24 35 40

5 Canada 0 4 6 18 18 21

6 Sweden 0 4 4 9 9 11

7 France 0 3 7 14 17 23

8 Australia 0 3 6 9 14 15

9 Switzerland 0 3 6 7 7 8

10 Netherlands 0 2 9 9 11 12

11 Denmark 0 2 3 3 4 4

12 Israel 0 1 4 4 6 6

13 Norway 0 1 1 2 3 4

14 Finland 0 1 1 1 3 6

15 Russia 0 1 1 1 2 2

16 Italy 0 0 5 7 12 22

17 Belgium 0 0 4 6 7 7

18 China 0 0 1 10 16 30

19 South Korea 0 0 1 3 7 8

20 Spain 0 0 1 3 6 9

21 Austria 0 0 1 2 4 7

22 Brazil 0 0 1 2 4 6