Table A1. Abbreviated names and definitions of mapped environmental data used as candidate predictor variables for inclusion in species distribution models. All environmental data were available in raster format with a resolution of 100m. Candidate variable Definition mean_temp Mean annual temperature derived from ANUCLIM cold_temp Mean temperature of the coldest period derived from ANUCLIM hot_temp Mean temperature of the hottest period derived from ANUCLIM mean_rain Mean annual rainfall derived from ANUCLIM seasonal_rain Mean annual temperature derived from ANUCLIM mean_solar Mean annual solar radiation derived from ANUCLIM Altitude The altitude of a cell (in meters) above sea level Slope The slope of a cell (in degrees) Eastness The degree to which the aspect of a cell is east (east = 1, west = -1) Northness The degree to which the aspect of a cell is north (north = 1, south = -1) rugg1000 Topographic ruggedness (standard deviation in elevation) in a 1000m radius terr1000 Relative terrain position in a 1000m radius Wetness Compound topographic index extant_vegetation Keith formation vegetation categories derived from the Parsons Brinkerhoff and Greater Hunter vegetation mapping pre1750_vegetation Modelled pre-European vegetation as Keith formation categories derived from NPWS (NPWS, 2000) Dry_sclerophyll_forests2000 The percentage of cells within a 1000m and 2000m radius dominated by dry sclerophyll forest Forested_Wetlands2000 The percentage of cells within a 2000m radius dominated by forested wetlands Freshwater_Wetlands2000 The percentage of cells within a 2000m radius dominated by freshwater wetlands Grasslands2000 The percentage of cells within a 2000m radius dominated by grassland Grassy_Woodlands2000 The percentage of cells within a 2000m radius dominated by grassy woodland Heathlands2000 The percentage of cells within a 2000m radius dominated by heathland rainforests2000 The percentage of cells within a 2000m radius containing rainforest Saline_Wetlands2000 The percentage of cells within a 2000m radius dominated by saline wetlands Wet_sclerophyll_forests200 The percentage of cells within a 2000m radius dominated by 0 wet sclerophyll forest Fert Index of the soil nutrient content based on geochemical data (Williams et al., 2012) Soils Digital Atlas of Australian Soils Wii Weathering intensity index (Wilford, 2012)

ANUCLIM: Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University http://fennerschool.anu.edu.au/research/products/anuclim-vrsn-61

REFERENCES NPWS. 2000. Vegetation Survey, Classification and Mapping: Lower Hunter and Central Coast Region. Sydney, Australia. Wilford, J. 2012. A weathering intensity index for the Australian continent using airborne gamma-ray spectrometry and digital terrain analysis. Geoderma 183-184:124–142. Williams, K.J., L. Belbin, M.P. Austin, J.L. Stein and S. Ferrier. 2012. Which environmental variables should I use in my biodiversity model? International Journal of Geographical Information Science 26:2009–2047. Table A2. The land use categories used to define the vegetation condition layer that describes the intensity of disturbance from a more or less cleared site (value=0) to an intact one (value=1), based on the information of the existing land use within the pixel (DECC 2007). This condition layer was further refined by overlaying it with a more detailed map of remnant native vegetation patches within the Lower Hunter (Cockerill et al., 2013). Values in pixels of badly degraded or cleared vegetation condition (values 0-0.5) that still retained native vegetation according to the vegetation layer were increased by 0.25 to separate these remnant patches from their otherwise disturbed surroundings. For example, a pixel with land use type ‘Recently cleared land’ would initially be assigned a condition value of 0.25 (Table A2) but if the pixel contains native vegetation according to the more detailed mapping, the value was increased to 0.5.

Major land use Land use sub-category Condi tion value Conservation Area Constructed grass waterway for water disposal. Part of a 1 soil erosion control system carrying run-off from graded banks Conservation Area Foreshores land to State Water dam 1 Conservation Area Foreshores land to State Water dam - with a woody 1 vegetation cover of closed shrubland Conservation Area Foreshores land to State Water dam - with a woody 1 vegetation cover of open forest Conservation Area Foreshores land to State Water dam - with a woody 1 vegetation cover of shrubland Conservation Area Foreshores land to State Water dam - with a woody 1 vegetation cover of woodland Conservation Area Foreshores land to State Water dam - with more than 1 30% of ground area having regeneration of native tree species Conservation Area Foreshores or reserved land to water supply dam 1 (Sydney Water, Hunter Water, SMHEA or Public Works Dam) Conservation Area National park 1 Conservation Area Nature reserve 1 Conservation Area SCA unused land 1 Conservation Area State forest 1 Conservation Area Tree lot 1 Conservation Area Wide road reserve or TSR, with some grazing 1 Cropping Cropping - continuous or rotation 0.1 Cropping Fodder crop 0.1 Cropping Irrigated rice 0.1 Grazing Land controlled by Macquarie Generation (Hunter 0.75 Valley), currently unused or lightly grazed Grazing Land controlled by Macquarie Generation (Hunter 0.75 Valley), currently unused or lightly grazed - with a woody vegetation cover of open forest Grazing Land controlled by Macquarie Generation (Hunter 0.75 Valley), currently unused or lightly grazed - with a woody vegetation cover of woodland Grazing Volunteer, naturalised or improved pastures - with a 0.75 woody vegetation cover of closed forest Grazing Volunteer, naturalised or improved pastures - with a 0.75 woody vegetation cover of closed shrubland Grazing Land controlled by Macquarie Generation (Hunter 0.5 Valley), currently unused or lightly grazed - with more than 30% of ground area having regeneration of native tree species Grazing Secondary grassland in forested areas 0.5 Grazing Volunteer, naturalised or improved pastures - with a 0.5 Major land use Land use sub-category Condi tion value woody vegetation cover of open forest Grazing Volunteer, naturalised or improved pastures - with a 0.5 woody vegetation cover of open shrubland Grazing Volunteer, naturalised or improved pastures - with a 0.5 woody vegetation cover of shrubland Grazing Volunteer, naturalised or improved pastures - with a 0.5 woody vegetation cover of woodland Grazing Volunteer, naturalised, native or improved pastures 0.5 Grazing Volunteer, naturalised, native or improved pastures - with 0.5 more than 30% of ground area having native shrub regeneration Grazing Volunteer, naturalised, native or improved pastures - with 0.5 more than 30% of ground area having regeneration of native tree species Grazing Degraded land (salt site, eroded area) 0.25 Grazing Firebreak 0.25 Grazing Irrigated pastures 0.25 Grazing Lantana, blackberry and other exotic weed infested 0.25 grazing land Grazing Recently cleared land (cleared of forest vegetation as yet 0.25 not covered by crop or pasture) Grazing Sown, improved perennial pastures 0.25 Grazing Sown, improved perennial pastures - with a woody 0.25 vegetation cover of woodland Grazing Volunteer, naturalised, native or improved pastures - with 0.25 more than 30% of ground area having exotic weeds Horticulture Abandoned orchard and vine lands; trees/vines not 0.25 maintained and may be dying; regrowth of native shrubs and trees is occurring Horticulture Eucalyptus oil plantation 0.25 Horticulture Grassland areas (eg mown/slashed grass areas) within 0.25 vineyards Horticulture Grassland areas (eg mown/slashed grass areas) within 0.25 vineyards - with a woody vegetation cover of woodland Horticulture Banana plantation 0.1 Horticulture Building associated with horticultural industry (winery, 0 packing shed) Horticulture Cut flowers & herbs 0.1 Horticulture Jojoba planting 0.1 Horticulture Nursery 0 Horticulture Olives 0.1 Horticulture Olives - irrigated 0.1 Horticulture Orchard - tree fruits 0.1 Horticulture Orchard - tree fruits - irrigated 0.1 Horticulture Pecan, macadamia and other nuts 0.1 Horticulture Pecan, macadamia and other nuts - irrigated 0.1 Horticulture Seed production including clover seed 0.1 Horticulture Shade house or glass house (includes hydroponic use) 0 Horticulture Turf farming 0.1 Horticulture Vegetables 0.1 Horticulture Vegetables - irrigated 0.1 Horticulture Vineyard - grape and other vine fruits 0.1 Horticulture Vineyard - grape and other vine fruits - irrigated 0.1 Horticulture Vineyards with residential facilities scattered amongst 0.1 plantings (hobby, retreat or tourist feature) Major land use Land use sub-category Condi tion value Intensive Animal Abattoir 0 Production Intensive Animal Horse stud and/or horse breeding facilities 0 Production Intensive Animal Intensive animal production 0.1 Production Intensive Animal Intensive animal production - dairy shed 0 Production Intensive Animal Intensive animal production - deer 0.1 Production Intensive Animal Intensive animal production - horse 0.1 Production Intensive Animal Intensive animal production - ostriches 0.1 Production Intensive Animal Intensive animal production - piggery 0 Production Intensive Animal Intensive animal production - poultry 0 Production Intensive Animal Intensive animal production - sheep 0 Production Mining & Quarrying Grassland within mining lease 1 Mining & Quarrying Grassland within mining lease - with a woody vegetation 1 cover of open forest Mining & Quarrying Grassland within mining lease - with a woody vegetation 1 cover of open woodland Mining & Quarrying Grassland within mining lease - with a woody vegetation 1 cover of woodland Mining & Quarrying Restored mining lands 0.5 Mining & Quarrying Restored sand mining area 0.5 Mining & Quarrying Derelict mining land 0.25 Mining & Quarrying Grassland within mining lease - with more than 30% of 0.25 ground area having regeneration of native tree species Mining & Quarrying Conveyor Belt 0 Mining & Quarrying Fly ash dam/spoil dump 0 Mining & Quarrying Mine site 0 Mining & Quarrying Quarry 0 Power Generation Energy corridor 0.5 Power Generation Disused power station 0 Power Generation Electricity generation (power station and associated 0 stockpiles, hydro-electric plants Power Generation Electricity substation 0 River & Drainage River, creek or other incised drainage feature; includes 1 System cowals in western NSW - with a woody vegetation cover of open forest River & Drainage River, creek or other incised drainage feature; includes 1 System cowals in western NSW - with a woody vegetation cover of shrubland River & Drainage River, creek or other incised drainage feature; includes 1 System cowals in western NSW - with a woody vegetation cover of woodland River & Drainage Aquaculture - fish, prawn, yabby or beach worm farm 0 System River & Drainage Canal (canal estate, navigation canal) 0 System River & Drainage Coastal lake 0 System River & Drainage Drainage channel (from irrigation system or a channel 0 Major land use Land use sub-category Condi tion value System draining a swamp; base of channel is lined) River & Drainage Drainage or water supply channel - base of channel is 0 System not lined River & Drainage Estuarine waters 0 System River & Drainage Evaporation basin 0 System River & Drainage Farm dam 0 System River & Drainage Flood or irrigation structure 0 System River & Drainage Lagoon or inland lake 0 System River & Drainage Marina 0 System River & Drainage Reservoir 0 System River & Drainage River training work 0 System River & Drainage River, creek or other incised drainage feature; includes 1 System cowals in western NSW River & Drainage River, creek or other incised drainage feature; includes 1 System cowals in western NSW - with a woody vegetation cover of closed shrubland River & Drainage Water supply pressure reservoir including water filtration 0 System plant Special Category Beach 1 Special Category Cliff/rock outcrop 1 Special Category Foreshore protection - vegetated fore dune (coastal 1 feature) Special Category No identified use 1 Special Category Sand spit/estuarine sand island 1 Special Category Defence facility 0 Special Category Farm Infrastructure - house, machinery & storage sheds 0 and garden areas Transport & Other Airstrip (local/farmer, grass or bare surface, not sealed) 0.25 Corridors Transport & Other Aerodrome/airport 0 Corridors Transport & Other Communications facility 0 Corridors Transport & Other Railway 0 Corridors Transport & Other Road or road reserve 0 Corridors Tree & Shrub Cover Dense shrub growth - limited to nil grazing capacity 1 Tree & Shrub Cover Native forest 1 Tree & Shrub Cover Native woody shrub 1 Tree & Shrub Cover Woodland (unmodified native vegetation) 1 Tree & Shrub Cover Native forest - regeneration 0.75 Tree & Shrub Cover Native forest - regeneration - with a woody vegetation 0.75 cover of closed shrubland Tree & Shrub Cover Native forest - regeneration - with a woody vegetation 0.75 cover of shrubland Tree & Shrub Cover Hardwood plantation 0.5 Tree & Shrub Cover Native forest - logged 0.25 Tree & Shrub Cover Poplar plantation 0.25 Major land use Land use sub-category Condi tion value Tree & Shrub Cover Recently burnt areas (woody vegetation) 0.25 Tree & Shrub Cover Softwood plantation 0.25 Tree & Shrub Cover Softwood plantation - irrigated 0.25 Tree & Shrub Cover Windbreak or tree corridor 0.25 Tree & Shrub Cover Softwood plantation - nursery 0.1 Urban Small to medium forested or wilderness blocks with 0.75 isolated residential buildings. (Rural residential but the forested or wilderness feature of the block is worth noting.) Urban Hobby farm (as distinct from rural residential. Small, 0.5 single blocks no longer used for rural purposes - with a woody vegetation cover of open forest Urban Hobby farm (as distinct from rural residential. Small, 0.5 single blocks no longer used for rural purposes - with a woody vegetation cover of woodland Urban Residential - with a woody vegetation cover of open 0.5 forest Urban Residential - with a woody vegetation cover of woodland 0.5 Urban Rural residential - with a woody vegetation cover of open 0.5 forest Urban Rural residential - with a woody vegetation cover of 0.5 woodland Urban Glider field for recreational activities 0.25 Urban Rural residential - with more than 30% of ground area 0.25 having regeneration of native tree species Urban Urban recreation - with a woody vegetation cover of 0.25 woodland Urban Abandoned urban or industrial area and site is locked up 0 e.g. Glen Alice Urban Caravan park or mobile home village 0 Urban Cemetery 0 Urban Government and private facilities - gaol, training centre, 0 school, religious institutions & training centres, religious retreats Urban Hobby farm (as distinct from rural residential. Small, 0.5 single blocks no longer used for rural purposes Urban Industrial/commercial 0 Urban Landfill (garbage) 0 Urban Research facility 0 Urban Residential 0 Urban Resort style private land use 0 Urban Rural recreation. Blocks are isolated and not associated 0.1 with an urban area Urban Rural residential 0 Urban Sewage disposal ponds 0 Urban Surf club and/or coastal car parking facilities 0 Urban Tourist development 0 Urban University or other tertiary institution 0 Urban Urban recreation 0.1 Wetland Coastal marsh/estuarine swamp 1 Wetland Dunal swamp 1 Wetland Floodplain swamp 1 Wetland Floodplain swamp - back swamp 1 Wetland Floodplain swamp - billabong 1 Wetland Mangrove 1 Wetland Mudflat 1 Major land use Land use sub-category Condi tion value Wetland Swamp 1 Wetland Constructed wetland for conservation or water 0.75 improvement Wetland Oyster spoil & sheds, but not submerged leases 0

REFERENCES

Cockerill, A., S. Harrington and T. Bangel. 2013. Lower Hunter Vegetation Mapping. Canberra, ACT. DECC. 2007. Land Use: New South Wales. New South Wales Department of Environment & Climate Change, Spatial Products & Services. Table A3. AUC values and the relative importance of each environmental variables for species distribution models summarised across taxonomic groups (mean ± standard error), along with the number of species per group. Variables with no data for a given taxa were not included in the model for that group. Variable descriptions are given in Table A1. Amphib Birds Mamma Plants Reptile ians ls s N 39 305 65 177 67 AUC 0.89 0.85 0.83 0.91 0.85 (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01)

cold_temp 19.05 19.97 11.89 11.38 12.34 (2.91) (1.12) (1.66) (1.12) (1.87) hot_temp 5.7 5.52 8.3 8.13 4.85 (0.88) (0.47) (1.14) (0.91) (0.69) mean_rain 11.57 8.6 14.3 (1.79) (0.66) (2.09) seasonal_rain 12.89 8.88 9.96 10.46 8.15 (1.5) (0.5) (1.18) (0.93) (0.99) mean_solar 19.37 12.02 (1.55) (1.67) slope 11.5 9.63 9.8 4.23 8.55 (1.67) (0.51) (0.86) (0.45) (0.94) rugg1000 3.21 (0.91) terr1000 2.8 3.15 3.3 2.94 (0.17) (0.52) (0.41) (0.31) wetness 2.12 2.36 2.69 (0.41) (0.4) (0.49) final_vegetation 4.55 3.74 7.18 6.69 8.73 (0.66) (0.21) (0.75) (0.56) (0.84) Dry_sclerophyll_forest 4.26 8.04 4.57 6.93 7.75 s (1.28) (0.48) (0.6) (0.62) (1.13) Forested_Wetlands 2.27 2.42 1.77 2.37 1.49 (0.54) (0.16) (0.24) (0.31) (0.31) Freshwater_Wetlands 1.39 (0.17) Grasslands 2.46 3.22 1.31 (0.17) (0.42) (0.36) Grassy_Woodlands 3.64 2.91 3.57 5.05 4.76 (0.58) (0.24) (0.49) (0.83) (0.71) Heathlands 2.05 2.48 2.16 1.18 (0.13) (1.32) (0.33) (0.22) Rainforests 3.8 3.45 3.43 4.64 5.97 (0.94) (0.31) (0.72) (0.47) (1.7) Saline_Wetlands 2.48 1.3 (0.3) (0.24) Wet_sclerophyll_fores 6.95 8.8 6.76 6.69 8.07 ts (1.54) (0.55) (1.31) (0.64) (1.24) fert 4.24 2.72 3.85 3.23 3.43 (0.73) (0.15) (0.55) (0.38) (0.42) soil 1.94 1.65 1.86 2.39 1.97 (0.44) (0.14) (0.25) (0.23) (0.3) wii 2.33 2.51 1.54 2.96 2.49 (0.58) (0.26) (0.19) (0.32) (0.44)