INFO 510 Literature Search And Annotated Bibliography

Lutz, Valerie-Anne INFO 510.002, Dr. Martha Smith

INFO 510 Literature Search and Annotated Bibliography

User studies

Armitage, Linda H. and Enser, Peter G.B. (1997). Analysis of User Need in Image Archives. Journal of Information Science, 23(4): 287-299

Describes an analysis of user queries submitted to seven libraries that hold archives of still and moving images. Armitage and Enser categorized the queries by image content, identification, and accessibility, focusing on the image content requests, for which they develop a categorization of four main categories (who, what, when, and where) and three levels of abstraction for each category (specific, general, and abstract).

Method(s) of Searching: Citation search—Footnote chasing Search strategy: Found as citation in Choi and Rasmussen’s Searching for Images: The Analysis of Users’ Queries for Image Retrieval in American History and Users’ Relevance Criteria in American History (also in several others, including Goodrum and Spink, Jorgensen, Markkula, Enser, Greisdorf and O’Connor,

Chen, Hsin-liang (2001). An Analysis of Image Retrieval Tasks in the Field of Art History. Information Processing and Management Vol. 37 (2001), 701-720.

The study investigated image retrieval methods used by twenty-six art history undergraduates, using Jorgensen’s three image retrieval tasks (1995) and Enser’s four models of image retrieval (1995). Students received pre- and post-search questionnaires and participated in post-search interviews. Chen found a “significant difference between the mean number of search keywords or phrases participants planned to use and the mean number of search keywords or phrases they actually used” along with a significant relationship between search success and the percentage of search keywords or phrases drawn from the topic title or description that students had chosen.

Method(s) of Searching: Keyword searching Search strategy: DIALOG [Library and Information Science Abstracts] ss (image()retrieval) AND PY=1998:2004 Also found in DIALOG [Library and Information Science Abstracts] ss (imag??? AND information()retrieval) Also found in PROQUEST Image retrieval AND information retrieval Chen, Hsin-liang (2001). An Analysis of Image Queries in the Field of Art History. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology: Feb. 1, 2001; Vol. 52, 3.

The study investigated user queries in the field of art history by comparing the queries to those identified in Enser and McGregor (1992), Jorgensen (1995) and Fidel (1997). Image queries from twenty-nine art history undergraduates were collected by pre-and post-search questionnaires and mapped into the features previously identified by Enser and McGregor, Jorgensen, and Fidel. The study found high degrees of matching by the three reviewers to Enser and McGregor’s categories of Unique and Nonunique and Jorgensen’s classes of Location, Literal Object, Art Historical Information, People, and People-Related Attributes. From the results, Chen proposes adding more details to Enser and McGregor’s four categories and regrouping Jorgensen’s 12 classes of image attributes.

Method(s) of Searching: Citation search—Footnote chasing Search strategy: Found as citation in Choi and Rasmussen’s Searching for Images: The Analysis of Users’ Queries for Image Retrieval in American History

Choi, Youngok and Edie M. Rasmussen (2002). Users' Relevance Criteria in Image Retrieval in American History. Information Processing and Management, 38: 695-726.

The study investigated criteria applied by image users when judging the relevance of images for their research in American history. Building on work by Barry, Schamber, and others that examined relevance criteria for textual and non-textual documents, Choi and Rasmussen explored the extent to which these criteria can be applied to visual documents and the extent to which new and different criteria apply. Thirty-eight faculty and graduate students of American history searching for images in the Library of Congress American Memory photographic archive participated in unstructured interviews and completed questionnaires. From the data collected, Choi and Rasmussen applied quantitative statistical methods to analyze the importance of relevance criteria and thereby determine how much each criterion affected users’ judgements. They found that the user’s perception of how the images related to his or her topic still remained the most important factor through the information-seeking stages, but that users also decided on retrieved items according to other criteria. The most important of these were image quality and clarity, but also included title, date, subject descriptors, and notes provided.

Method(s) of Searching: Keyword searching Search strategy: DIALOG [Library and Information Science Abstracts] ss (image()retrieval) AND PY=1998:2004 Also found in PROQUEST Image retrieval AND information retrieval Choi, Youngok and Edie M. Rasmussen (2003). Searching for Images: The Analysis of Users' Queries for Image Retrieval in American History. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 54(60): 498-511, 2003

The study examined users’ queries for images to identify the image attributes important for retrieval and the characteristics of users’ queries for images. Thirty-eight faculty and graduate students of American history searched for images in the Library of Congress American Memory photographic archive, completed pre- and post-test questionnaires, and participated in interviews. Choi and Rasmussen analyzed thirty-eight natural language statements, 185 search terms provided by study participants, and 219 descriptors noted by participants in relevant records to determine the distribution of the subject content of the queries. They found that over half of the queries could be identified as “general/nameable needs” and most described images in terms of person, thing, event, or condition, depending on the location or time of interest.

Method(s) of Searching: Keyword searching Search strategy: DIALOG [Library and Information Science Abstracts] ss (image()retrieval) AND PY=1998:2004 Also found in DIALOG [Library and Information Science Abstracts] ss (imag??? AND use?()stud???)

Collins, Karen (1998). Providing subject access to images: A study of user queries. The American Archivist, 61: 36-55.

Describes a study of user queries at the North Carolina Collection at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the North Carolina State Archives in Raleigh. Focused on non-digital images, analyzing user requests to determine which subject terms and image attributes were used most frequently by users. Methodology involved creating basic categories of terms and tallying the number of requests that used each term. Collins found that subject terms were used more frequently than any other categories of terms, with generic subject terms used most often, followed by terms relating to time and place, while relatively few requested items by genre, visual terms, format, and/or creator/provenance.

Method(s) of Searching: Keyword searching Search strategy: DIALOG [Library and Information Science Abstracts] ss (imag??? AND use?()stud???) Also found in DIALOG [Library and Information Science Abstracts] ss subject()access and imag???

Goodrum, Abby and Spink, Amanda (2001). Image searching on the Excite Web search engine. Information Processing and Management, 37(2): 295-311 The study investigates users’ retrieval of images on the web using the Excite Web search engine. Goodrum and Spink examined 1,025,908 sequential queries from 211,058 users, which included a subset of 22,149 image queries by 9855 users for both still and moving images, and found, on average, 2.36 image queries per user, each of which had an average of 3.74 search terms. Results showed a large number of unique terms in the queries, with the most frequently occurring terms appearing less than 10% of the time and most terms occurring only once. Goodrum and Spink contrast this with the work of Enser (1995), who examined written queries for non-digital images and discuss implications for development of models for visual information retrieval and design of Web search engines.

Method(s) of Searching: Keyword searching Search strategy: DIALOG [Library and Information Science Abstracts] ss (use()studies AND pictures)

Greisdorf, Howard and O’Connor (2002). Modelling what users see when they look at images: a cognitive viewpoint. Journal of Documentation, 58(1): 6-29

This study explores how users assign pre-determined query terms to retrieved images and how users cognitively assess meaningful terms after retrieval. Greisdorf and O’Connor found that users’ perceptions of the relevance of retrieved images “may arise from descriptions of objects and content-based elements that are not evident or not even present in the image” and that affective or emotion-based query terms are a significant category for image retrieval. They propose that image retrieval efficiency in systems using traditional indexing methods and the more technological content extraction algorithms could be enhanced by the development of a system for capturing human interpretations derived from cognitive engagements with viewed images.

Method(s) of Searching: Citation searching Search strategy: ISI Web of Science Searched for Enser as cited source; recognized O’Connor

Jorgensen, Corinne (1998). Attributes of Images in Describing Tasks. Information Processing and Management, 34(2/3): 161-174.

Investigated image attributes noted by participants in a series of describing tasks that involved viewing images, describing them for an image retrieval system, and describing them from memory. Jorgensen used content analysis and descriptive statistics to characterize statements given by participants, which resulted in forty-seven image attributes grouped into twelve higher level classes of attributes. Results indicate that, to ensure that all facets of interest of image users, access to a wide range of attributes is needed. Jorgensen also found that “certain classes of attributes may appear more frequently in a set of tasks relating to the description of images, including literal objects, the human form and associated attributes, and color and location terms.”

Method(s) of Searching: Citation searching—Footnote chasing Search strategy: Found as citation in Chen and Rasmussen’s Intellectual Access to Images (1999)

Jorgensen, Corinne (2001). A Conceptual Framework and Empirical Research for Classifying Visual Descriptors. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 52(11): 938-947

ABSTRACT

Method(s) of Searching: Keyword searching Search strategy: DIALOG [Library and Information Science Abstracts] ss (pictures AND information()retrieval), found special issue of JASIS devoted to indexing and retrieval issues Also found under ss (pictures AND databases)

Markkula, Marjo and Sormunen, Eero (2000). End-User Searching Challenges Indexing Practices in the Digital Newspaper Photo Archive. Information Retrieval, 1: 259-285

ABSTRACT

Method(s) of Searching: Citation searching—Footnote chasing Search strategy: Found as citation in Peter Enser’s Visual image retrieval (2000)

O'Connor, Brian, O’Connor, Mary K. and Abbas, June M. (1999). User Reactions as Access Mechanism: An Exploration Based on Captions for Images. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, Vol. 50(8): 681-697

This study builds on the work of Armitage and Enser (1997) by expanding their categories to a broader population of persons who are not professional image users. O’Connor et al provide descriptions of two phases of their exploration. In the first, flawed, portion of the study, 20 users (largely MLS students) were asked to describe 15 images and their reactions to them but instead of providing rich descriptions of them, constructed Library of Congress subject headings. In the revised version, 24 people were shown 15 images with the instructions to write captions for them, list words or phrases that they would use to describe them, and list words or phrases that described how the images made them feel. To allow for a wider range of images and participants, the third and final version of the study presented 120 respondents (again, all MLS students, but this time from four different sites in the western United States) with 300 images representing a wide variety of subjects and production values on a web site. Respondents were asked to choose and describe any 100 images. O’Connor et al state that the wide variety of responses and descriptions, particularly those that allude to affective/emotional states, may aid by providing index terms that lead to better image retrieval by users (including, but not limited to filmmakers) seeking images that evoke particular moods and users who seek images that might represent concepts that are difficult to index.

Method(s) of Searching: Keyword searching Search strategy: DIALOG [Library and Information Science Abstracts] ss (imag??? AND information(w)retrieval)

Ornager, Susanne (1995). The Newspaper Image Database: Empirical Supported Analysis of Users’ Typology and Word Association Clusters. ACM Proceedings, SIGIR ’95: 212-218

Analyzes the problems with indexing and retrieval for effective searching of digitized images and discusses the pros and cons of various theoretical developments in the field of image retrieval. The study

Method(s) of Searching: Citation searching—Footnote chasing Search strategy: Found as citation in Peter Enser’s Visual image retrieval (2000)

Yang, Christopher C. (2004). Content-based image retrieval: a comparison between query by example and image browsing map approaches. Journal of Information Science, 30(3): 254-267

Describes a study to investigate and compare the information seeking behavior and performances of two content-based image retrieval (CBIR) methods: query by example (QBE) and self-organizing image browsing map (SIM). Three sets of images were given to subjects who had received a training session in which they became familiar with the QBE and SIM systems. Subjects were asked to search by pre-determined textual descriptions and for pre-selected target images. The image browsing map provided more support for information seeking and led to better performance in image searching.

Method(s) of Searching: Keyword searching Search strategy: DIALOG [Library and Information Science Abstracts] ss (image()retrieval) AND PY=1998:2004 Also found in ss (pictures AND information()retrieval)

BACKGROUND STUDIES Chen, Hsin-liang and Edie M. Rasmussen (1999). Intellectual Access to Images. Library Trends, 48(2): 291-302

ABSTRACT

Method(s) of Searching: Keyword searching for author’s name (already had user studies by Chen found through DIALOG) Search strategy: PROQUEST Searched for Chen, Hsin-liang

Chu, Heting. (2001). Research in Image Indexing and Retrieval as Reflected in the Literature. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 52(12):1011-1018

ABSTRACT

Method(s) of Searching: Keyword searching Search strategy: PROQUEST Searched for image retrieval (638 results); PROQUEST suggested image retrieval AND information retrieval (13 results, including this article).

Enser, P.G.B. (Peter G.B.) (2000). Visual image retrieval: seeking the alliance of concept-based and content-based paradigms. Journal of Information Science, 26(4): 199-210

ABSTRACT

Method(s) of Searching: Keyword searching Search strategy: DIALOG (image()retrieval) AND PY=1998:2004

Hastings, Samantha K. (1999). Evaluation of image retrieval systems: role of user feedback. Library Trends, 48(2): 438-452

ABSTRACT

Method(s) of Searching: Keyword searching Search strategy: DIALOG [Library and Information Science Abstracts] ss (image()retrieval) AND PY=1998:2004

Jorgensen, Corinne (1999). Access to Pictorial Material: A Review of Current Research and Future Prospects. Computers and the Humanities, 33: 293-318 A review of research relating to the development of image retrieval systems, including classification and indexing systems used in describing images and research in image access and retrieval that focuses on image attributes, users, queries, tasks, and cognitive aspects of searching. Jorgensen provides suggestions for future research, emphasizing that to fully utilize the benefits of technological developments in digital imaging, designers of image retrieval systems need to draw from the knowledge of a full range of disciplines.

Method(s) of Searching: Citation search—Cited reference search Search strategy: ISI Web of Science Searched for Shatford as cited author after I noticed that many of my selected articles had cited her 1986 and 1994 works and found this additional Jorgensen article

Jorgensen, Corinne (2001). A Conceptual Framework and Empirical Research for Classifying Visual Descriptors (2001). Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 52(11): 938-947

ABSTRACT

Method(s) of Searching: Keyword search and browsing Search strategy: DIALOG [Library and Information Science Abstracts] ss (pictures AND information()retrieval), found special issue of JASIS devoted to indexing and retrieval issues

Kherfi, M.L. and Ziou, D. (2004). Image Retrieval from the World Wide Web: Issues, Techniques, and Systems. ACM Computing Surveys, 36(1): 35-67

ABSTRACT

Method(s) of Searching: Keyword searching

Search strategy:

Layne, Sara Shatford (1994). Some Issues in the Indexing of Images. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 45(8): 583-588

ABSTRACT

Method(s) of Searching: Citation searching—Footnote chasing Search strategy: Found as citation in most articles I selected Roberts, Helene (2001). A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words: Art Indexing in Electronic Databases. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 52(11): 911-916 Emphasizes the importance of adequate indexing of images for research in art history and other disciplines. Describes the ways in which historians often consider images as secondary to and inferior to the text and provides instances of inadequate citation of images. Discusses the efforts of art historians and cataloguers to develop the infrastructure needed to properly index works of art. Argues that image databases need to index not merely basic descriptions of art, but also concepts about what the images represent or have represented throughout history.

Method(s) of Searching: Keyword searching Search strategy: DIALOG [Library and Information Science Abstracts] ss (pictures AND information()retrieval), found special issue of JASIS devoted to indexing and retrieval issues Also found under ss (pictures AND databases)

Shatford, Sara (1986). Analyzing the subject of a picture: a theoretical approach. Cataloguing and Classification Quarterly, 6(3): 39-62

Discusses the ways in which analysis of the subject of a picture differs from analysis of textual materials. Textual materials provide clearer information for development of subject access terms, while images provide more ambiguous information. Shatford draws on Panofsky’s (1955 and 1962) three levels of analysis for images: pre-iconographic, which serves as a basic identification that requires only the knowledge acquired from everyday experiences; iconographic, which requires some knowledge of a given culture; and iconological, which requires deeper analysis of underlying principles, is highly interpretive and subjective and for which it is difficult to maintain consistency.

Method of searching: Citation search Search strategy: Found this cited in almost every article I selected

Smith, John R. (2001). Quantitative assessment of image retrieval effectiveness. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 52(11): 969-979

ABSTRACT

Method(s) of Searching: Keyword searching Search strategy: DIALOG [Library and Information Science Abstracts] DIALOG [Library and Information Science Abstracts] ss (pictures AND information()retrieval), found special issue of JASIS devoted to indexing and retrieval issues Also found under ss (pictures AND databases) Svenonius, Elaine (1994). Access to Nonbook Materials: The Limits of Subject Indexing for Visual and Aural Languages. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 45(8):600-606

Method(s) of Searching: Browsing Search strategy: In same issue of JASIS as Sara Shatford Layne’s Some Issues in the Indexing of Images (1994)

Additional background sources (short articles, older articles, etc.)

Besser, Howard (1990). Visual Access to Visual Images: The UC Berkeley Image Database Project. Library Trends, 4: 787-798

Method(s) of Searching: Citation searching—Footnote chasing Search strategy: Found link to one of Howard Besser’s papers in Greisdorf and O’Connor; recognized name as author of Introduction to Imaging and widely-cited source in image-related articles. Searched Drexel online catalog, learned that Library Trends for 1990 not available in full-text; went to Hagerty and copied this along with several other articles.

Goodrum, Abby A., Rorvig, Mark E., Joeong, Ki-Tai, & Suresh, Chitturi (2001). An Open Source Agenda for Research Linking Text and Image Content Features. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 52(11): 948-953

Method(s) of Searching: Keyword search and browsing Search strategy: DIALOG [Library and Information Science Abstracts] ss (pictures AND information()retrieval), found special issue of JASIS devoted to indexing and retrieval issues

Goodrum, Abby A. (1999). Bringing Fashion Out of the Closet: Classification Structure for the Drexel Historic Costume Collection. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science, 25(6): 21-23

Method(s) of Searching: Browsing Search strategy: In same issue of Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science as O’Connor and O’Connor’s Categories, photographs, and predicaments (1999)

Goodrum, Abby A. (2000). Image Information Retrieval: An Overview of Current Research. Informing Science, 3(2): 63-67

Method(s) of Searching: Author search Search strategy: Google Scholar Searched for Shatford

Graham, Margaret E. (2001). The cataloguing and indexing of images: time for a new paradigm? Art Libraries Journal, 26(1): 22-27

Method(s) of Searching: Keyword searching Search strategy: DIALOG [Library and Information Science Abstracts] ss (imag??? AND information(w)retrieval) Also found in ss (pictures AND information()retrieval)

O’Connor, Brian C. and O’Connor, Mary Keeney (1999). Categories, photographs & predicaments: exploratory research on representing pictures for access. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science, 25(6): 17-20

Method(s) of Searching: Keyword searching Search strategy: DIALOG [Library and Information Science Abstracts] ss (pictures AND information()retrieval)

Petersen, Toni (1990). Developing a New Thesaurus for Art and Architecture. Library Trends, 38(4): 644-58

Method(s) of Searching: Browsing Search strategy: In same issue of Library Trends as Howard Besser’s widely-cited Visual Access to Visual Images (1990)

Shatford-Layne, Sara (1994). Artists, Art Historians, and Visual Art Information. The Reference Librarian, 47: 23-36

Method(s) of Searching: Keyword searching (author) Search strategy: ERIC Searched for Shatford