HISTORY 727: Studies in Islamic History

HISTORY 727: Studies in Islamic History The Early and Medieval Periods

Spring 2010 T 2:30-4:18 Dulles Hall 344 Course number 16947

Professor Jane Hathaway [email protected] Office: Dulles 339A Tel.: 292-7138 Office hours: T 12:30-1:30 and by appointment

Description: This is a graduate reading seminar in early and medieval Islamic history, from the emergence of Islam in the 7th century C.E. through the early fifteenth century. We will read a number of seminal monographs on the rise of Islam and the early caliphate, the Umayyads, the Abbasids, the Fatimids, the Mamluk sultanate, and various smaller regional powers. The emphasis is on political and religious institutions, and cultural achievements.

Objectives: Students will become familiar with key debates and problems in the study of early and medieval Islamic history, notably the question of Mecca’s situation when Islam emerged, the nature of the Abbasid revolution, the relationship between the Abbasid caliph and regional potentates such as the Buyids and Ghaznavids, and the pervasiveness of the “mamluk institution.” The course should be of considerable value to students preparing major or minor fields in Islamic history for general examinations.

Conduct of the course: Each week, we will focus on a different issue in the study of early and medieval Islamic history. Four or five monographs will be featured each week. One student will read each monograph, write a position paper on it, and present the monograph to the class.

Assignments: (1) During weeks 2-9, each student will write and present a brief (2- to 3-page) position paper on one of the week’s featured monographs, reacting to the monograph’s strengths and weaknesses and linking it to the week’s issue in Islamic historiography. Since four monographs will be featured each week, this means that you will be writing a position paper every other week. Students presenting position papers must upload their papers in the Carmen “Discussions” tab 24 hours before the class at which they will be discussed. (2) Students not presenting position papers are required to read the supplementary article posted on the Carmen course page, to read their classmates’ position papers, and to participate actively in class discussion. (3) At the end of the quarter, each student will submit a 10- to 12-page historiographical essay on a topic related to early or medieval Islamic historiography. You may address one of the issues raised in the course or a different issue. The paper is due in the Carmen Drop Box or by e-mail no later than 5:00 p.m. Thursday, June 10. (4) During week 10 (and during finals week, if necessary), students will make formal presentations of their historiographical projects to the class. Such a presentation should be no longer than 20 minutes and should provide an overview of the problem the student is addressing, along with a review of key literature treating the problem, and an overview of problems and desiderata. SCHEDULE

March 30 Introduction Library resources for Islamic history: visit to the Thompson Library Especially for those with little or no background in Islamic history: Robert Irwin, “The Islamic World,” chapter 2 of Islamic Art in Context (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall; New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1997), pp. 39-55 Students observing Passover are excused but should read the assigned material.

April 6 The Origins of Islam; the early caliphs Patricia Crone, Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987) Patricia Crone and Martin Hinds, God’s Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986) Wilferd Madelung, The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998) Fred M. Donner, The Early Islamic Conquests (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981) For everyone: Gene W. Heck, “‘Arabia Without Spices’: An Alternate Hypothesis,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 123/3 (2003): 547-76 Questions to consider: What sources are available for the reconstruction of early Islamic history? How do interpretations of the available evidence differ?

April 13 The Umayyads Gerald R. Hawting, The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750 (London: Croom Helm, 1986) - available online through the OSU Libraries catalogue listing Chase F. Robinson, Empire and Elites after the Muslim Conquests: The Transformation of Northern Mesopotamia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000) - available online through the OSU Libraries catalogue listing Khalid Yahya Blankinship, The End of the Jihād State: The Reign of Hishām Ibn cAbd al-Mālik and the Collapse of the Umayyads (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994) Finbarr Barry Flood, The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Making of an Umayyad Visual Culture (Leiden: Brill, 2001) Paul Cobb, White Banners: Contention in cAbbasid Syria (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001) For everyone: Steven Judd, “Reinterpreting al-Walīd b. Yazīd,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 128/3 (2008): 439-58 Questions to consider: With so few written sources from the Umayyad period, what can historians rely on? How should they interpret the negative portrayal of the Umayyads in the chronicles of later dynasties?

History 727 syllabus, p. 2 April 20 The Abbasid revolution and the early Abbasid caliphate M.A. Shaban, The cAbbasid Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970) Roberto Marín-Guzmán, Popular Dimensions of the cAbbasid Revolution: A Case Study of Medieval Islamic Social History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990; reprint, Colorado Springs, 1994) Tayeb el-Hibri, Reinterpreting Islamic Historiography: Hārūn al-Rashīd and the Narrative of the cAbbasid Caliphate (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999) Dimitri Gutas, Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early cAbbasid Society (London and New York, 1998) For everyone: Elton L. Daniel, “Arabs, Persians, and the Advent of the cAbbasids Reconsidered,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 117/3 (1997): 542-48 Questions to consider: What are the major debates over the Abbasid revolution? What is the nature of Abbasid chronicles? What were the purpose(s) behind the translation movement?

April 27 Regional powers in the Abbasid empire Reading: John J. Donohue, The Buwayhid Dynasty in Iraq, 334H./945 to 403H./1012: Shaping Institutions for the Future (Leiden: Brill, 2003) C.E. Bosworth, The Ghaznavids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran, 994-1040 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1963) _____, The Later Ghaznavids: Splendour and Decay – The Dynasty in Afghanistan and Northern India, 1040-1186 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1977) Eric J. Hanne, Putting the Caliph in His Place: Power, Authority, and the Late Abbasid Caliphate (Madison, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 2007) Roy Mottahedeh, Loyalty and Leadership in an Early Islamic Society (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980) – Iranian society in the Buyid era For everyone: C.E. Bosworth, “The Army of the Ghaznavids,” in Jos J.L. Gommans and Dirk H.A. Kolff, eds., Warfare and Weaponry in South Asia, 1000-1800 (New Delhi and New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 153-84 Questions to consider: What was the relationship between these regional potentates and the Abbasid caliph? How did these potentates acquire legitimacy?

May 4 The Fatimids and the “Assassins” Reading: Paul E. Walker, Exploring an Islamic Empire: Fatimid History and Its Sources (London: I.B. Tauris, 2002) Heinz Halm, Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids, trans. Michael Bonner (Leiden: Brill, 1996) Paula Sanders, Ritual, Politics, and the City in Fatimid Cairo (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994)

History 727 syllabus, p. 3 Farhad Daftary, The Assassin Legends: Myths of the Ismācīlīs (London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 1994) For everyone: Paul E. Walker, “Fatimid Institutions of Learning,” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 34 (1997): 179-200 Questions to consider: What is the nature of available Fatimid sources, and available Ismaili sources more generally? How different are they from contemporary Sunni sources? How distinctive are Fatimid institutions, particularly the dacwa?

May 11 The Seljuks of Rūm and the Ayyubids Claude Cahen, The Formation of Turkey: The Seljukid Sultanate of Rūm, 11th to 14th Century, trans. and ed. P.M. Holt (Harlow, Essex: Pearson/Longman, 2001) M. Fuat Köprülü, The Seljuks of Anatolia: Their History and Culture According to Local Muslim Sources, ed. and trans. Gary Leiser (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1992) Andrew Ehrenkreutz, Saladin (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1972) - available online through the OSU Libraries catalogue listing D.W. Morray, An Ayyubid Notable and His World: Ibn al-cAdīm and Aleppo as Portrayed in His Biographical Dictionary of People Associated with the City (Leiden: Brill, 1994) Speros Vryonis, Jr., The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the 11th through the 15th Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971) - available online through the OSU Libraries catalogue listing For everyone: A.C.S. Peacock, “The Saljūq Campaign against the Crimea and the Expansionist Policy of the Early Reign of cAlā’ al-Dīn Kayqubād,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 16/2 (2006): 133-49 Questions to consider: How decentralized were the Rūm Seljuk and Ayyubid states? To what extent did they identify with Sunni Islam? What were their major geo-political challenges?

May 18 The Mamluk sultanate Robert Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages: The Early Mamluk Sultanate, 1250-1382 (London: Croom Helm, 1986) David Ayalon, Studies on the Mamluks of Egypt (1250-1517) (London: Variorium Reprints, 1977) Amalia Levanoni, A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of al-Nāsir Muhammad ibn Qalāwūn (1310-1341) (Leiden: Brill, 1995) Carl F. Petry, Protectors or Praetorians? The Last Mamluk Sultans and Egypt’s Waning as a Great Power (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994) For everyone: David Ayalon, “The Muslim City and the Mamluk Military Aristocracy,” Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities 2 (1968): 311-29; reprinted in Ayalon, Studies on the Mamluks of Egypt (London: Variorum Reprints, 1977) Questions to consider: What was the nature of the “mamluk institution”? What was its relation to other institutions of slavery and clientage? What was the Mamluk sultans’ religious stance?

History 727 syllabus, p. 4 May 25 The Anatolian beyliks and the Akkoyunlu Paul Wittek, La formation de l’Empire Ottoman, ed. V.L. Ménage (London: Variorum Reprints, 1982) Elizabeth A. Zachariadou, Trade and Crusade: Venetian Crete and the Emirates of Menteshe and Aydın (1300-1415) (Venice: Istituto Ellenico di Studi Bizantini e Postbizantini, 1983) _____, Studies in Pre-Ottoman Turkey and the Ottomans (Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate Variorum, 2007) John E. Woods, The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire, revised and expanded ed. (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1999) Elizabeth A. Zachariadou, ed., The Ottoman Emirate (1300-1389) (Rethymnon: Crete University Press, 1993) For everyone: Elizabeth A. Zachariadou, “The Emirate of Karası and that of the Ottomans: Two Rival States,” in Zachariadou, ed., The Ottoman Emirate (1300-1389) (Rethymnon: Crete University Press, 1993), pp. 225-36; reprinted in Zachariadou, Studies in Pre-Ottoman Turkey and the Ottomans Questions to consider: What was the nature of these “frontier” states? How loyal were they to “tribal” identities?

June 1 (and June 8 if necessary): Presentation of papers

SUPPLEMENTAL REFERENCES (* = primary source)

Pre-Islamic Arabia, life of Muhammad, early Islam Tor Andrae, Mohammed: The Man and His Faith, trans. Theophil Menzel (New York: Scribner, 1936; repr. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2000) Asma Afsaruddin, The First Muslims: History and Memory (Oxford: Oneworld, 2008) Said Amir Arjomand, “The Constitution of Medina: A Sociolegal Interpretation of Muhammad’s Acts of Foundation of the Umma,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 41 (2009): 555-75 Suliman Bashear, Studies in Early Islamic Tradition (Jerusalem: Max Schloessinger Memorial Fund, Hebrew University, 2004) Patricia Crone, From Arabian Tribes to Islamic Empire: Army, State, and Society in the Near East, c. 600- 850 (Aldershot, U.K., and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2008) – collected studies Patricia Crone and Michael Cook, Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977) - extremely controversial Fred M. Donner, Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing (Princeton: Darwin Press, 1998) _____, ed., The Expansion of the Early Islamic State (Aldershot, U.K., and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2008) Moshe Gil, “The ‘Constitution of Medina’: A Reconsideration,” Israel Oriental Studies 4 (1974) Leor Halevi, Muhammad’s Grave: Death Rites and the Making of Islamic Society (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007) G.R. Hawting, The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam: From Polemic to History (Cambridge:

History 727 syllabus, p. 5 Cambridge University Press, 2000) Martin Hinds, Studies in Early Islamic History, eds. Jere L. Bacharach, Lawrence I. Conrad, and Patricia Crone (Princeton: Darwin Press, 1996) *Muhammad ibn Ishāq, The Life of Muhammad, ed. cAbd al-Mālik ibn Hishām, trans. Alfred Guillaume (London, 1955; reprint, Karachi: Oxford University Press Pakistan, 1967) G.H.A. Juynboll, ed., Studies on the First Century of Islamic Society (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1982) Hugh Kennedy, The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East (Aldershot, U.K., and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2006) – collected studies M.J. Kister, Concepts and Ideas at the Dawn of Islam (London: Variorum, 1997) – collected studies _____, Studies on Jāhiliyya and Early Islam (London: Variorum, 1980) M.C.A. Macdonald, Literacy and Identity in Pre-Islamic Arabia (Aldershot, U.K., and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2008) – collected studies Albrecht Noth, The Early Arabic Historical Tradition: A Source-Critical Study, 2nd ed., in collaboration with Lawrence I. Conrad, trans. Michael Bonner (Princeton: Darwin Press, 1994) F.E. Peters, ed., The Arabs and Arabia on the Eve of Islam (London: Ashgate/Variorum, 1999) – collected studies Fazlur Rahman, Major Themes of the Qur’ān, 2nd ed. (Minneapolis: Biliotheca Islamica, 1989) Gabriel Said Reynolds, ed., The Qur’ān in Its Historical Context (London and New York: Routledge – Taylor Francis Group, 2008) Maxime Rodinson, Mohammed, trans. Anne Carter (New York: Pantheon Books, 1971) Uri Rubin, “The ‘Constitution of Medina’: Some Notes,” Studia Islamica 61-62 (1985) _____, The Eye of the Beholder: The Life of Muhammad as Viewed by the Early Muslims (A Textual Analysis) (Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 1995) _____, ed., The Life of Muhammad (London: Ashgate/Variorum, 1998) R.B. Serjeant, “The ‘Constitution of Medina’,” Islamic Quarterly 8/1-2 (1964) _____, Society and Trade in South Arabia (London: Variorum, 1996) – collected studies _____, Studies in Arabian History and Civilisation (London: Variorum, 1981) W. Robertson Smith, Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia (London: A. and C. Black, 1907) Jaroslav Stetkevych, Muhammad and the Golden Bough: Reconstructing Arabian Myth (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996) Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych, ed., Early Islamic Poetry and Poetics (Aldershot, U.K., and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2009) Montgomery Watt, Early Islam: Collected Articles (Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 1990) _____, Muhammad at Mecca (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953) _____, Muhammad at Medina (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956) _____, Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman (London: Oxford University Press, 1961) Stefan Wild, ed., The Qur’ān as Text (Leiden: Brill, 1996)

The Umayyad and cAbbasid eras Saleh Said Agha, The Revolution Which Toppled the Umayyads: Neither Arab nor cAbbasid (Leiden: Brill, 2003) Elton L. Daniel, The Political and Social History of Khurasan under cAbbasid Rule, 747-820 (Minneapolis: Bibliotheca Islamica, 1979) Dimitri Gutas, Greek Wisdom Literature in Arabic Translation: A Study of the Graeco-Arabic Gnomologia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975) Hugh Kennedy, The Early cAbbasid Caliphate (London: Croom Helm, 1981) _____, When Baghdad Ruled the Muslim World: The Rise and Fall of Islam’s Greatest Dynasty (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2006) Jacob Lassner, Islamic Revolution and Historical Memory: An Inquiry into the Art of cAbbasid Apologetics (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986)

History 727 syllabus, p. 6 _____, The Shaping of cAbbasid Rule (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980) _____, The Topography of Baghdad in the Early Middle Ages (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1970) Guy Le Strange, Baghdad during the cAbbasid Caliphate from Contemporary Arab and Persian Sources (London: Oxford University Press, 1924; New York: Barnes and Noble, 1972) George Makdisi, History and Politics in 11th-Century Baghdad (Aldershot, England, and Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1990) – collected studies Andrew Marsham, The Ritual of Accession in Early Islam (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; New York: Columbia University Press, 2008) Michael Morony, Iraq After the Muslim Conquest (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984) Roy Mottahedeh, “The cAbbasid Caliphate in Iran,” in The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. IV, ed. R.N. Frye (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975) Nawal Nasrallah, ed. and trans., Annals of the Caliphs’ Kitchens: Ibn Sayyār al-Warrāq’s Tenth-Century Baghdad Cookbook (Leiden: Brill, 2007) John A. Nawas, “The Mihna of 218 A.H./833 A.D. Revisited: An Empirical Study,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 116/4 (1996): 698-708 Farouk Omar, The cAbbasid Caliphate, 132/750-170/786 (Baghdad: National Print and Publishing Company, 1969) Alexandre Popovic, The Revolt of African Slaves in Iraq in the 3rd/9th Century (Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1998) Chase F. Robinson, cAbd al-Malik (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2005) Elizabeth Savage, A Gateway to Hell, A Gateway to Paradise: The North African Response to the Arab Conquest (Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1997) Moshe Sharon, Black Banners from the East: The Establishment of the cAbbasid State – Incubation of a Revolt (Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, the Hebrew University; Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1983) _____, Revolt: The Social and Military Aspects of the cAbbasid Revolution – Black Banners from the East II (Jerusalem: Max Schloessinger Memorial Fund, Hebrew University, 1990) Boaz Shoshan, Poetics of Islamic Historiography: Deconstructing Tabari’s History (Leiden: Brill, 2004) *Al-Tabarī, Ta’rīkh al-rusūl wa'l-mulūk - many volumes of English translations of selections, published by the State University of New York Press Julius Wellhausen, The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall, trans. Margaret Graham Weir (Calcutta: University of Calcutta Press, 1927; Beirut: Khayats, 1963) - Umayyads Mohsen Zakeri, Sāsānid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of cAyyārūn and Futuwwa (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1995) Muhammad Qasim Zaman, Religion and Politics under the Early cAbbasids: The Emergence of the Proto-Sunni Elite (Leiden: Brill, 1997)

Regional powers in the Abbasid empire; military slavery David Ayalon, Eunuchs, Caliphs, and Sultans: A Study in Power Relationships (Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, the Hebrew University, 1999) _____, Islam and the Abode of War: Military Slaves and Islamic Adversaries (Aldershot, U.K., and Brookfield, VT: Variorum, 1994) – collected studies Jere Bacharach, “African Military Slaves in the Medieval Middle East: The Cases of Iraq (869-955) and Egypt (868-1171),” International Journal of Middle East Studies 13 (1981): 471-95 Osman Aziz Basan, The Great Saljuqs: A History (London: Routledge, 2010) C.E. Bosworth, “The Armies of the Saffarids,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 36 (1968): 534-54 _____, “Military Organization under the Buyids of Persia and Iraq,” Oriens 18-19 (1965-66): 143-67 _____, The Turks in the Early Islamic World (Aldershot, U.K., and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2007) – collected studies Patricia Crone, Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity (Cambridge: Cambridge University

History 727 syllabus, p. 7 Press, 1980), esp. Chapter 10 David Durand-Guedy, Iranian Elites and Turkish Leaders: A History of Isfahan in the Saljuqid Period (London: Routledge, 2008) Matthew S. Gordon, The Breaking of a Thousand Swords: A History of the Turkish Community of Samarra, 200-275 A.H./815-889 C.E. (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000) Joel L. Kraemer, Humanism in the Renaissance of Islam: The Cultural Revival during the Buyid Age (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1986) Maged S.A. Mikhail, “Notes on the Ahl al-Dīwān: The Arab-Egyptian Army of the 7th through the 9th Centuries C.E.,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 128/2 (2008): 273-84 A.C.S. Peacock, Early Seljuq History: A New Interpretation (London: Routledge, 2010) *_____, Mediaeval Islamic Historiography and Political Legitimacy: Balcāmī’s Tārīkhnāmah (London: Routledge, 2007) G.E. Tetley, The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks: Poetry as a Source for Iranian History (London: Routledge, 2008) Miura Toru and John Edward Philips, eds., Slave Elites in the Middle East and Africa: A Comparative Study (London and New York: Kegan Paul Internatinal, 2000)

The Fatimids B.J. Beshir, “Fatimid Military Organization,” Der Islam 1978 Irene A. Bierman, Writing Signs: The Fatimid Public Text (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998) Jonathan M. Bloom, Arts of the City Victorious: Art and Architecture in Fatimid North Africa and Egypt (New Haven: Yale University Press in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2007) Delia Cortese, Ismācīlī and Other Arabic Manuscripts (London: I.B. Tauris, 2000) _____ and Simonetta Calderini, Women and the Fatimids in the World of Islam (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006) Farhad Daftary, The Ismācīlīs : Their History and Doctrine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990) _____, A Short History of the Ismācīlīs: Traditions of a Muslim Community (Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1998) _____, ed., Medieval Ismācīlī History and Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) Asaf A.A. Fyzee, “Aspects of Fatimid Law,” Studia Islamica 31 (1970) _____, Compendium of Fatimid Law (Simla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study, 1969) Sumaiya A. Hamdani, Between Revolution and State: The Path to Fatimid Statehood (London: I.B. Tauris, 2006) Bernard Lewis, The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam (New York: Basic Books, 1968; reprint New York: Octagon Books, 1980) _____, “The Significance of Heresy in the History of Islam,” in Lewis, Islam in History: Ideas, Men, and Events in the Middle East (New York: The Literary Press, 1973) *Wilferd Madelung and Paul E. Walker, eds. and trans., An Ismācīlī Heresiography: The “Bāb al-Shaytān” from Abū Tammām's Kitāb al-Shajara (Leiden: Brill, 1998) S.M. Stern, Studies in Early Ismācīlism (Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, the Hebrew University; Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1983) U. Vermeulen and K. D’Hulster, eds., Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid, and Mamluk Eras V (Leuven: Peeters, 2007) Shafique N. Virani, The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, a Search for Salvation (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007) Paul E. Walker, Abū Yacqūb al-Sijistānī: Intellectual Missionary (London: I.B. Tauris, 1998) _____, Early Philosophical Shicism: The Ismācīlī Neoplatonism of Abū Yacqūb al-Sijistānī (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993)

History 727 syllabus, p. 8 _____, Hamīd al-Dīn al-Kirmānī: Ismācīlī Muslim Thought in the Age of al-Hākim bi-Amr Allāh (London: I.B. Tauris, 1999) *_____, ed. and trans., Master of the Age: An Islamic Treatise on the Necessity of the Imamate (London: I.B. Tauris, 2008)

Seljuks of Rūm and Ayyubids Claude Cahen, “Mouvements populaires et autonomisme urbaine dans l’Asie musulmane au Moyen Age,” Arabica 5 (1958): 225-250, 6 (1959): 25-56, 223-265 Anne-Marie Edde, “Kurdes et Turcs dans l’armée ayyoubide de Syrie du Nord,” in Yaacov Lev, ed., War and Society in the Eastern Mediterranean, 7th-15th Centuries (Leiden: Brill, 1997) _____, La principauté ayyoubide d’Alep (579/1183-658/1260) (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1999) Mehmet Ersan, “I. Alaeddin Keykubad’ın Çukurova Siyaseti ve Ermeniler,” in Tuncer Baykara, ed., CIÉPO XIV. Sempozyumu Bildirileri (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2004), pp. 161-69 John Freely, Storm on Horseback: The Seljuk Warriors of Turkey ( London: I.B. Tauris, 2008) Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999) _____, Turkish Myth and Muslim Symbol: The Battle of Manzikert (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; New York: Columbia University Press, 2008) Ramazan Şeşen, Salâhaddîn Devrinde Eyyûbîler Devleti (Hicrî 569-589/Milâdî 1174-1193) (Istanbul: Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi, 1983) _____, Salâhaddîn Eyyûbî ve Devri, foreword by Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu (Beşiktaş, Istanbul: İSAR, 2000) Speros Vryonis, Jr., Nomadization and Islamization in Asia Minor (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, 1975) _____, “Seljuk Gulams and Ottoman Devshirmes,” in Vryonis, Byzantium: Its Internal History and Relations with the Muslim World (London: Variorum Reprints, 1971) Ayşıl T. Yavuz, “Anatolian Seljuk Caravanserais and the Post System,” in Tuncer Baykara, ed., CIÉPO XIV. Sempozyumu Bildirileri (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2004), pp. 799-813, plus 15 illustrations

Mamluk sultanate Reuven Amitai [-Preiss], “Foot Soldiers, Militiamen, and Volunteers in the Early Mamluk Army,” in Chase F. Robinson, ed., Texts, Documents, and Artefacts: Studies in Honour of D.S. Richards (Leiden: Brill, 2003) _____, “The Mamluk Officer Class during the Reign of Sultan Baybars,” in Yaacov Lev, ed., War and Society in the Eastern Mediterranean, 7th-15th Centuries (Leiden: Brill, 1997) _____, Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260-1281 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) David Ayalon, L’esclavage du mamelouk (Jerusalem: Israel Oriental Society, 1951) _____, The Mamluk Military Society: Collected Studies (London: Variorum Reprints, 1979) _____, Outsiders in the Lands of Islam: Mamluks, Mongols, and Eunuchs (London: Variorum Reprints, 1988) – collected studies Doris Behrens-Abouseif, Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and Its Culture (London: I.B. Tauris, 2008) Jonathan Berkey, The Transmission of Knowledge in Medieval Cairo: A Social History of Islamic Education (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992) Anne F. Broadbridge, Kingship and Ideology in the Islamic and Mongol Worlds (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008) Michael Chamberlain, Knowledge and Social Practice in Medieval Damascus, 1190-1350 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) Robert Irwin, “Tribal Feuding and Mamluk Factions in Medieval Syria,” in Chase F. Robinson, ed., Texts, Documents, and Artefacts: Studies in Honour of D.S. Richards (Leiden: Brill, 2003)

History 727 syllabus, p. 9 Ira Lapidus, Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966) Carl F. Petry, Twilight of Majesty: The Reigns of the Mamlūk Sultans al-Ashraf Qāytbāy and Qānsūh al- Ghawrī in Egypt (Seattle: Middle East Center, Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, 1993) Thomas Philipp and Ulrich Haarmann, eds., The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998)

Anatolian beyliks Melik Delilbaşı, “Aydınoğlu Hızır Bey’e ait bir Ahidnâme Taslağı,” in Tuncer Baykara, ed., CIÉPO XIV. Sempozyumu Bildirileri (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2004), pp. 97-106 Halime Doğru, “Saruhan İli’nden Rumeli’de Sağkol’a ve Kozluca Kazası’na İskân,” in Tuncer Baykara, ed., CIÉPO XIV. Sempozyumu Bildirileri (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2004), pp. 107-31 Colin J. Heywood, “Filling the Black Hole: The Emergence of the Bithynian Atamanates,” in Kemal Çiçek, et al., eds., The Great Ottoman-Turkish Civilisation (Ankara: Yeni Türkiye, 2000), vol. 1, pp. 107-15. Keith Hopwood, “The Relations Between the Emirates of Menteşe and Aydın and Byzantium, 1250-1350,” in Tuncer Baykara, ed., CIÉPO XIV. Sempozyumu Bildirileri (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2004), pp. 305-19 Paul Wittek, Das Fürstentum Mentesche: Studie zur Geschichte Westkleinasiens im 13.-15. Jahrhundert (Amsterdam: Oriental Press, 1967) Elizabeth A. Zachariadou, ed., The Ottoman Emirate (1300-1389) (Rethymnon: Crete University Press, 1993)

History 727 syllabus, p. 10