Don S. Christensen Intra-American Studies & Social Sciences

Don S. Christensen Intra-American Studies & Social Sciences Psychology 209 Shoreline Community College

Exam 1 Review Sheet

Note: This exam will strongly test your ability to apply the following concepts in hypothetical research situations and examples. Thus, while knowing the basic definitions will be important, it won’t be enough to do well on the exam.

I. The Principles of Science & The Research Process  Illusory correlation  Four canons of science + additional principles discussed in lecture  Four “different ways of knowing” and the relative importance of each in science  Personality characteristics of people who conduct science (lecture)  Operational definitions  Validity and reliability  Hypothesis  Theory & characteristics of a good theory  Inductive versus deductive reasoning  Three approaches to hypothesis testing  The five steps of the research process (lecture)

II. Research Ethics  Informed Consent  Freedom from coercion  Confidentiality  Privacy & 3 issues to consider when deciding whether behavior is public or private (lecture)  Risk: Minimal risk, social risk, & psychological risk (lecture)  Deception and conditions when it is justified (lecture)  Debriefing  Risk-benefit analysis  Summarize results of Ceci et al. (1994) article (not the video) Hint: two variables in this study were the age of the children and the type of event (positive, negative, and two types of neutral events) they were trying to implant. What effect did these two variables have on the creation of false memories?)

III. Validity, Reliability, & Measurement  Types of validity  Types of reliability  Scales of measurement and potential limitations of each

IV. Observational Research (from lecture)  Observation as a measuring tool vs. observational research  Observation without intervention (or naturalistic observation)  Observation with intervention  Participant observation  Structured observation  Field experiments (not really an observational research method)  Ways of recording behaviors  Inter-observer reliability  Limitations/ concern/problems of observational research

Revised: 4/3/2018 Don S. Christensen Intra-American Studies & Social Sciences Psychology 209 Shoreline Community College

 Sampling techniques: time, event, and situation sampling  Habituation  Desensitization  Unobtrusive measures

V. Correlational Research  Correlation (Pearson r, possible values, direction, & strength)  Meaning of a positive or negative correlation  Limitations of correlational research  Advantages of correlational research  Path Analysis, mediator variable, moderator variable (lecture)

VI. Survey Research  Basic terms: population, sampling frame, sample, element  Representativeness  Non-probability sampling techniques  Probability sampling techniques  Sampling error/margin of error and confidence intervals  Survey research designs (lecture)  Limitations of survey research  Types of psychological tests

VII. Statistics NOTE: You won’t be asked to calculate any descriptive statistics for the exam but I will ask you a calculation question about the normal curve. I may also ask conceptual questions about the normal curve and/or the meaning of various statistics.  Measures of central tendency  Measure of dispersion/variability  Scatterplot & histogram  Normal curve and percentages that fall within +/- 1, 2, & 3 standard deviations of the mean

Revised: 4/3/2018