AP U.S. History FORTUNA Name: ______Period: ______Date: ______
Chapter 12; Second War for Independence & Upsurge of Nationalism (1812-1824)
Theme: The American effort in the War of 1812 was plagued by poor strategy, political divisions, and increasingly aggressive British power. Nevertheless, the United States escaped w/ a stalemated peace settlement & soon turned back to its isolationist policy.
Theme: The aftermath of the War of 1812 produced a strong surge of American nationalism that was reflected in economics, law and foreign policy. The rising nationalistic spirit and sense of political unity was, however, threatened by the first severe sectional dispute over slavery.
1. Describe our success in our invasion of Canada: NOT. Our forces were ill-trained and our offensive plan was not logical. Attacks were put down by British troops, but the navy provided for success.
2. Describe our success in Lake Erie. Oliver Hazard Perry managed to build a fleet of ships here and captured a British fleet. This caused the British to retreat and motivated U.S. cause.
a. Who said, “We have met the enemy & they are ours.” Oliver Hazard Perry 3. Battles: a. What happened to Washington, DC: British invaders entered the capital and set fire to most buildings after dispersing the militia at Bladensburg.
b. Baltimore? The British were unable to capture the city despite heavy attacking. (Francis Scott Key)
c. New Orleans? The British launched a frontal assault and suffered the worst defeat of the war in half an hour i) Who was the American General? Andrew Jackson
ii) What was ironic about the battle? A peace treaty ending the war had been signed two weeks before.
4. Treaty of Ghent was negotiated by John Quincy Adams & Henry Clay. Two key provisions of the treaty were
1 a) Stop fighting-Armistice (agreement to stop fighting)
b) Restore conquered territory-resolve disputed land @ later date.
5. Federalist Grievances: & the Hartford Convention
a) In general what was New England’s position on the war? New England has illicit trade during the war- opposed the war
b) What was the Hartford Convention? A meeting of delegates from MA, CT, and RI to discuss grievances and demand financial assistance to compensate for lost trade.
c) Why was the Convention a case of “bad timing” News of grievances arrived at Washington after substantial victory at New Orleans and made the convention seem foolish. (Battle at New Orleans and Treaty of Ghent).
Grievances: The Federalists sought the following Constitutional Amendments:
1) Wanted to require 2/3 vote to create embargo
2) 1 term president
3) 2/3 vote to declare war
4) 2/3 vote for creation of new states
Also, wanted economic compensation.
Result: disgrace/embarrassment- Federalist Party is in trouble
6. What was another name for the War of 1812? Second War for American independence.
7. The results of the War of 1812?
a) It showed U.S. would resist grievous wrongs (It had credibility and power),
b) What happened to Sectionalism Sectionalism was looked down upon/ found to be flawed b/c it caused disunity. The war, however, increased nationalism.
c) What heroes emerged: Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison
2 d) What happened to manufacturing: It prospered and was stimulated by the war effort to further American independence.
e) Where did America turn to after the War toward the west/ toward building democracy
8. What does “Nascent Nationalism” mean A developing consciousness of unity in the country.
9. Identify some programs the Republicans put forth that are not traditionally Republican ideas
a) A revived Bank of U.S. (1816)
b) Army expanded to 10,000 men- increased navy
c) National capital rebuilt
10. Stephen Decatur’s quote: "Our country! In her intercourse with foreign nations may she always be in the right; but with our country, right or wrong!"
11. What economic problem occurs after the war w/ England: England dumped cheap excess goods to hinder American industry.
12. Who proposes the American System: Henry Clay
13. In general is the purpose of the American System: For developing a profitable home market. Unite country economically.
14. What are the 3 main parts of the American System:
a) Strong banking system. B.U.S.
b) Protective tariff
c) A network of roads and canals (Internal improvements)
15. Why does Madison oppose the building of national roads? Madison reads the Constitution strictly. Building roads and bridges is not a specific delegated federal power.
3 16. Who is elected our 5th president: James Monroe party: Democratic-Republican
17. What does the “Era of Good Feelings” mean It means that there was only one political party, peace and increased nationalism. Note: Federalists still in the courts.
18. What is a Panic? Recession caused by overspeculation. A Period of deflation, depression, bank problems, unemployment etc.
19. What caused the Panic of 1819: Over speculation of Frontier land. Western banks loan $ to speculators who are unable to pay back their loans when land prices drop.
20. What were the Economic Conditions of the Panic of 1819: Deflation, unemployment, mortgage foreclosures, and poor social conditions arose from this panic.
21. Who did many people unjustly blame the Panic on: the Bank of the United States
22. Between 1791-1819 how many new states joined the union: 9
In total how many free? 11 Slave? 11
23. Why the increase? a) Continuation of old western movement (continued migration)
b) OH fever Promise of cheap land (especially to European immigrants)
c) Tobacco states land exhaustion in older states
d) Economic distress turned more toward west
e) The building of highways; increased transportation
f) Indians Defeat of Indians open up the frontier.
24. What was the Land Act of 1820: Provided 80 acres of land @ $1.25/acre
25. What is a Wild Cat Bank: Western Banks that provided cheap money
26. What was the Tallmadge Amendment: No more slaves are to be admitted into MO & there is to be gradual emancipation of slaves already there.
4 27. What was the Southern reaction: Outrage. They wanted unhampered expansion of the west.
28. Why doesn’t the Amendment pass? The South had equal representation in the senate
29. What are the 3 provisions of the Missouri Compromise (See Map)
1) Missouri admitted as a slave state
2) Maine admitted as a free state
3) Area north of 36°30' would not be admitted as slave states Note: 1) Slave—Free Balance maintained 2) MO above the line 3) Compromise written by Henry Clay 4) Postponed the Civil War
30. John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism (See Court Case Packet)
What political philosophy is John Marshall: Federalist
Marbury v. Madison (1803) Previously did. See court case packet. (Creates Judicial Review)
McColluch v. MD (1819) A state may not tax the Federal Gov’t.
Gibbons V. Ogden (1824~ Federal Law is greater than State Law re: interstate navigation
Dartmouth College (1819) & Fletcher v. Peck (1810) U.S. Constitution is greater than State Law. In particular the Constitution prohibits the States from nullifying contracts
5 31. Which European nation owned FL: Spain
32. What Indians were in FL & what were they doing that upset the US: Seminole Indians were using Florida as refuge- attacking white soldiers and go under Spanish protection
33. What is Gen. Jackson ordered to do & what does he do? He was to punish the Indians and recapture runaways, but respect Spanish posts. He hanged Indian chiefs, and seized two major Spanish ports and arrested Spanish governor of FL.
34. What does Spain believe: We have gone to war with them.
35. Spain & the US negotiate the Adams-OnisTreaty a/k/a Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819
a) Spain gives us Florida and claims to Oregon and is negotiated by John Quincy Adams (secretary of state)
36. Menace of Monarchy in America:
*European Monarchies preventing democratic regimes from rising in S.America *Russian Tsar placing claims on CA *Spanish attempting to re-conquer lost colonies in New World
37. Monroe Doctrine – Year 1823 See Document Packet:
*This is an example of an Isolationist Foreign Policy *US unable to militarily to do so. Ironically, they relied on Eng. to enforce. *European nations angered over doctrine *Currently still in force today & cited for policy ie) Grenada
6