Chapter 15:State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth Century

Chapter 15:State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth Century I. Social Crises, War, and Rebellions

A. Economic Contraction B. Population Changes C. The Witchcraft Craze 1. Witchcraft before the sixteenth and seventeenth century 2. Increased prosecutions and executions 3. Accusations against witches 4. Reasons for witchcraft prosecutions a. Religious uncertainty b. Social conditions 5. Women as primary victims 6. Begins to subside by mid-seventeenth century

II. The Thirty Years War (1618 – 1648)

A. Background 1. Religious conflict 2. Dynastic-nationalist considerations 3. Tensions in the Holy Roman Empire B. The Bohemian Phase (1618 – 1625) C. The Danish Phase (1625 – 1629) D. The Swedish Phase (1630 – 1635) E. The Franco-Swedish Phase (1635 – 1648) F. Outcomes 1. Peace of Westphalia (1648) 2. Social and economic effects III. A Military Revolution?

A. War and Politics in Seventeenth-Century Europe B. New Tactics C. New Technologies D. The Cost of a Modern Military IV. Rebellions

A. Peasant Revolts (1590 – 1640) 1. France, Austria, Hungary, Portugal and Catalonia 2. Russia (1641, 1645 and 1648) 3. Switzerland (1656) B. Noble Revolts in France (1648 – 1652)

IV. Absolute Monarchy in France

A. Foundations of French Absolutism 1. Cardinal Richelieu (1624 – 1642) a. Policies and goals b. Administrative reforms 2. Cardinal Mazarin (1642 – 1661) a. The Fronde – Noble Revolt

V. The Reign of Louis XIV (1643 – 1715)

A. Administration of the Government 1. Domination and bribery B. Religious Policy 1. Edict of Fontainebleau (1685) C. Financial Issues 1. Jean Baptist Colbert (1619 – 1683) D. Daily Life at Versailles 1. Purposes of Versailles 2. Court life and etiquette E. The Wars of Louis XIV 1. Professional army: 100,000 men in peacetime; 400,000 in wartime 2. Four wars between 1667 – 1713 a. Invasion of Spanish Netherlands (1667) b. Annexation of Alsace and Lorraine, occupation of Strasbourg (1679) c. War of the League of Augsburg (1689 – 1697) d. War of the Spanish Succession (1702 – 1713)

VI. The Decline of Spain

A. Bankruptcies in 1596 and in 1607 B. Philip III (1598 – 1621) C. Philip IV (1621 – 1665) 1. Gaspar de Guzman and attempts at reform D. The Thirty Years’ War 1. Expensive military campaigns 2. Civil War 3. The Netherlands lost

VII. Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe

A. The German States 1. The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia a. The Hohenzollern Dynasty b. Frederick William the Great Elector (1640 – 1688) (1) Army (2) General War Commissariat to levy taxes c. Frederick III (1688 – 1713) (1) King of Prussia (1701) VIII. The Emergence of Austria

A. Habsburgs B. Leopold I (1658 – 1705) 1. Expands eastward 2. Conflicts with the Turks a. Siege of Vienna (1683) A. Multinational Empire VIII. Italy: From Spanish to Austrian Rule

A. Defeat of the French in Italy by Charles V (1530) B. Spanish Presence (1559 – 1713) C. Consequences of the War of the Spanish Succession

IX. Russia: From Fledgling Principality to Major Power

A. Ivan IV the Terrible (1533 – 1584) 1. First Tsar B. Romanov Dynasty (1613 – 1917) C. Stratified Society 1. Tsar 2. Landed aristocrats 3. Peasants and townspeople

X. The Reign of Peter the Great (1689 – 1725)

A. Visits the West (1697 – 1698) B. Reorganizes armed forces C. Reorganizes central government 1. Divides Russia into provinces D. Seeks control of the Russian Church E. Introduces Western Customs 1. Book of Etiquettes

F. Positive Impact of Reforms on Women G. “Open a window to the West” H. Attacks Sweden 1. Battle of Narva (1700) 2. Great Northern War (1701 – 1721) 3. Battle of Poltava (1709) 4. Peace of Nystadt (1721) 5. Russia gains control of Estonia, Livonia and Karelia I. St. Petersburg

XI. The Great Northern States

A. Denmark 1. Military losses 2. Bloodless revolution of 1660 B. Sweden 1. Gustavus Adolphus (1611 – 1632) 2. Christina (1633 – 1654) 3. Charles XI (1697 – 1718) XII. The Ottoman Empire and the Limits of Absolutism

A. The Ottoman Empire 1. Suleiman the Magnificent (1520 – 1566) 2. Attacks against Europe 3. Advances in the Mediterranean 4. Ottomans viewed as a European Power 5. New Offensives in the second half of the 17th century B. The Limits of Absolutism 1. Power of rulers not absolute 2. Local institutions still had power 3. Power of the aristocracy XIII. The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic

A. The United Provinces B. Internal Dissension 1. The House of Orange and the Stadholders 2. The States General opposes the House of Orange 3. William III (1672 – 1702) 4. Trade damaged by wars C. Life in Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam 1. Reasons for prosperity XIV. England and the Emergence of Constitutional Monarchy

A. James I (1603 – 1625) and the House of Stuart 1. Divine Right of Kings 2. Parliament and the power of the purse 3. Religious policies a. The Puritans B. Charles I (1625 – 1649) 1. Petition of Right 2. “Personal Rule” (1629 – 1640): Parliament does not meet 3. Religious policy angers Puritans

XV. Civil War (1642 – 1648)

A. Oliver Cromwell B. New Model Army C. Charles I executed (January 30, 1649) D. Parliament abolishes the monarchy E. Cromwell dissolves Parliament (April 1653) F. Cromwell divides country into 11 regions G. Cromwell dies (1658) XVI. Restoration & a Glorious Revolution

A. Charles II (1660 – 1685) B. Declaration of Indulgence (1672) C. Test Act (1673) – Only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices D. James II (1685 – 1688) 1. Devout Catholic 2. Declaration of Indulgence (1687) 3. Protestant daughters: Mary and Anne 4. Catholic son born in 1688 5. Parliament invites Mary and her husband, William of Orange, to invade England 6. James II, wife and son flee to France E. Mary and William of Orange offered throne (1689) F. Bill of Rights G. The Toleration Act of 1689

XVII. Responses to the Revolution

A. Thomas Hobbes (1588 – 1679) 1. Leviathan (1651) 2. People form a commonwealth 3. People have no right to rebel B. John Locke (1632 – 1704) 1. Two Treatises of Government 2. Inalienable Rights: Life, Liberty and Property 3. People and sovereign form a government 4. If government does not fulfill its duties, people have the right to revolt XVIII. The Flourishing of European Culture

A. The Changing Faces of Art 1. Mannerism and Baroque a. Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598 – 1680) (1) Throne of Saint Peter b. Artemisia Gentileschi (1593 – 1653) (1) Judith Beheading Holofernes 2. French Classicism and Dutch Realism a. French classicism emphasized clarity, simplicity, balance and harmony of design b. Dutch Realism: realistic portrayals of secular, everyday life (1) Rembrandt van Rijn (1606 – 1699) XIX. A Wondrous Age of Theater

A. Golden Age of Elizabethan Literature (1580 – 1640) 1. William Shakespeare (1564 – 1614) a. The Globe Theater b. Lord Chamberlain’s Company B. Spanish Theater 1. Lope de Vega (1562 – 1635) a. Wrote 1500 plays – about 1/3 survive C. French Theater (1630s to 1680s) 1. Jean Baptiste Molière (1622 – 1673) a. The Misanthrope b. Tartuffe