Evaluation of Botanicals for Mustard Aphid, Lipaphis Erysimi (Kalt

Short Note

Himachal Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 29 (1&2) : 116-118, 2003 Evaluation of botanicals for mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) control in Brassica

Ajai Srivastava and Sanjay Guleria CSK HPKV, Shivalik Agricultural Research & Extension Centre Kangra 176001

Rapeseed –mustard is one of the environmental safety, because of their high important oleiferous crops and constitute toxicity and prolonged persistence (Kulkarni major source of edible oil for the human & Joshi, 1998). Thus, newer approaches for consumption and cake for animals. Every pest control are continuously being sought. efforts is being made to raise the The naturally occurring, biologically active productivity of these crops by adopting plants appear to have a prominent role for the modern agricultural practices such as use of development of future commercial pesticides high yielding varieties , heavy manuring and not only for increased productivity but for the assured irrigation in order to meet the safety of the environment and public health. growing demand of oils. More than three In case of the pyrethrins, no pesticide residue dozen of pests are known to be associated tolerance is required for pre-harvest with various phonological stages of rapeseed- treatments on fruits and vegetables because mustard crops in India (Singh & Singh, 1983 these are rapidly degraded in sunlight and air and Bakhetia & Sekhon, 1989). The loss in and there is no residue remaining after 12 to grain weight due to these pests varies greatly 24 hours. However for post harvest within Brassicae; being 35.0-73.3 under applications, the Food and Drug different agro climatic regions with a mean Administration, United States Department of loss of 54.2% on all India basis (Bahhetia & Health, Education and welfare, USA have Sekhon, 1989). established the tolerances for residues of The use of synthetic chemical pyrethrin and the synergists in different pesticides has accounted for astonishing commodities (Moore, 1973). Botanicals are, gains in production, as the pesticides have in general, more compatible with the reduced the hidden toll exacted by the environmental components than the synthetic aggregated attack of insect-pests. The pesticides, owing primarily to their mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) is a susceptibility to degradation by light, heat major pest of Brassica crops (Bakhetia & and microorganisms. Moreover there is no Ghorbandi, 1987; Bakhetia & Sekhon,1989). report of pest resurgence due to the use of Good control of mustard aphid can botanicals pesticides. In view of these, be obtained by spraying traditional organic sincere efforts were undertaken in this insecticides ( Bakhetia,1984 and Khurana et direction for assaying the insecticidal al.,1989). However, some chemicals have properties of different plant extracts against posed some serious problems to health and mustard aphid.

Table 1. Evaluation of various plant-extracts against mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) 116 S. Local Name Scientific Name Parts used Per cent No. morality of aphid 1 Adrak Zingiber officinale Leaves 22.20 2 Bael Aegel marmelos Leaves 14.43 3 Neela phulnu Ageratum conyzoides Leaves 29.96 4 Panch phuli Lantana camera Leaves 22.16 5 Banna Vitex negundo Leaves 13.30 6 Curry leaf Murraya koengii Leaves 6.66 7 Bougainvillea Bougainvillea glabra Leaves 9.86 8 Mint Mentha spicata Leaves 8.86 9 Bhang Cannabis sativa Leaves 22.20 10 Neem Azadirachta indica Leaves 35.43 11 Simal Bombax ceiba Leaves 15.50 12 Camphor Cinnamomum camphora Leaves 6.63 13 Morphanki Thuja orientalis Leaves 6.63 14 Datura Datura stramonium Leaves 4.40 15 Congress grass Parthenium hysterophorus Leaves 9.96 16 Pines Pinus roxburghii Leaves 26.63 17 Bamboos Bambusa arundinacea Leavea 4.40 18 Darek Melia azedarach Leaves 9.96 19 Jungle chulai Amaranthus spinosus Leaves 1.22 20 Amla Pylllanthus emblica Leaves 8.86 21 Harrar Terminalia chebula Leaves 18.86 22 Ak Calotropis procera Leaves 32.20 23 Gul-e—Daudi Chrysanthum coronarium Leaves 41.06 24 African Marigold Tagetus erecta Leaves 17.76 25 Burweed Xanthium strumarium Leaves 6.63 26 Kinnow Citrus sinensis Leaves 19.96 27 Garlic Allium sativum Leaves 25.53 28 Soybean Glycine max Leaves 17.73 29 Castor Ricinus communis Leaves 23.30 30 Talhi Delbergia sissoo Leaves 18.86 31 Lemon grass Cymbopogon citrates Leaves 26.63 32 Jambolan Syzygium cumini Leaves 16.66 33 Rubber plant Hevea brasiliensis Leaves 22.20 CD (P=0.05) 5.8

Leaves of different test plants were mesh sieve. Using 200 grams of the collected from various localities in Himachal powdered material of test plants in 500 ml of Pradesh. The leaves were shade dried, ground petroleum ether (40-60 ˚C); crude extract was in a mechanical grinder to get them in a prepared in a sox let apparatus. The extracts powder form and finally passed through a 30 at the rate of 1% were evaluated against mustard aphid in laboratory (Chitra et al., 117 1993 & Reddy et al., 1990). For contact treatments. It was revealed that all the toxicity test, the fresh leaves were obtained treatments were showing insecticidal activity from the unsprayed field and washed against aphid but the extract from thoroughly with tap water. Each leaf was Chrysanthemum, Calotropis procera gave dipped into a desired solution of each extract result at par with A. indica. The other plant and dried under the ceiling fan in a Petri extractsZingiber offcinale, Ageratum plate. Twenty healthy aphids were released conyzoides, Lantana camera, Pinus into each Petri plate containing treated roxburghii, Allium sativum, Ricinus leaves. Each treatment was replicated thrice. communis, Cymbopogon citrates and Hevea The aphid mortality was counted at 24, 48 brasiliensis yielded very good results (Table- and 72 hours after application. 1). The earlier work on the use of botanicals Thirty-four extracts were evaluated has been carried out by Bhathal et.al (1994), against mustard aphid and Azadirachta Pandey et al. (1987), Singh et al. (1995) and indica was taken as a check for the Srivastava, A. and Kumar, A. (1999) . References

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Bakhetia , D.R.C. and Sekhon, B.S. 1989. Kulkarni, N. and Joshi, K.C. 1998. Botanical Insect-pests and their management in pesticides as future alternatives to chemical rapeseed-mustard. Journal of Oilseeds in forests insect management. SAIC Research 6: 269-299. Newsletter 8 (1) : 3.

Bakhetia, D.R.C. and Ghorbandi, A.W. Moore, J.B. 1973. Residue and tolerance Assessment of yield losses and considerations with pyrethrum, piperonyl Determination of economic injury levels for butoxide and MGK 264 Academy Press, Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. on Indian mustard New York and London. 293-306p. based on aphid population. Proceedings of 11th International Congress on Plant Pandey, N.D. , Singh, Y.P. and Tripathi, Protection, Held during 5-9 October 1987 at R.A. 1987. Effect of certain plant extract Manila, 5-9 October, pp. 3 against L. erysimi Kalt. Under lab condition. Indian Journal of Entomology 49: 238-242. Bhathal, S.S., Singh, D. and Dhillon, R.S. Singh, H. and Singh, Z. 1983. New records 1994. Insecticidal activity of Ageratum of insect-pests of rapeseed- mustard. Indian conyzoides Linnaeus against L. erysimi Kalt. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 53 (9) : Journal of Insect Science 7: 35-36. 970.

Chitra, K.C., Janardhan R., Kameswara, R. Reddy, V. R. , Chitra, K.C., and Rao , P.K. and Nagaiah, K., 1993. Field evaluation of 1990. Field evaluation of certain plant certain plant products in the control of Brinjal extracts for the control of Brinjal spotted pest complex. Indian Journal of Entomology beetle. Journal of Insect Sciences 3 (2):194- 55 (3) : 237-240 195.