Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES)

FACTSHEET 8 Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES)

Developer U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality (OTAQ) The most recent version of MOVES is MOVES2010a, released in August 2010.

Location http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models/moves/index.htm

MOVES is a JAVA-based software program developed by USEPA that estimates on-road vehicular emissions (off-road emissions forthcoming) of GHGs and local pollutants, expressed as either total mass (aggregate) or as emissions factors (mass per vehicle or distance travelled). Additionally, the model can generate emissions estimations for start and evaporative emissions by vehicle type. MOVES functions at any geographic scale such as at national, county, and “project” or local (e.g. intersection, roadway expansions, parking lots) scales.

The EPA has replaced MOBILE with MOVES, and future iterations of the latter will include off-road emissions estimations that will replace the NONROAD model.

Methodology MOVES uses a “modal” emission approach based on the Vehicle Specific Power (VSP) measure, which allows users to calculate emissions over any driving cycle, and to estimate emissions by average speed as well as drive cycle (whereas MOBILE can only estimate the former) (Koupal et al.). Users can also aggregate output based on vehicle class, road type, emission processes, fuel types, and/or model years.

The user can input custom data in MS Excel format, as the MOVES software is capable of converting these files to the MySQL format from which it reads data. Thus, the model is easy to modify, and can be redesigned to reflect non-US emission standards.

The computer program estimates emissions factors and emissions inventories. MOVES is capable of measuring emissions from the following sources:

Table 7.1 MOVES - sources emission Combustion Products Hydrocarbon Evaporation Other Running Exhaust Diurnal Brake Ware Start Exhaust Hot Soak Tire Ware Crankcase Resting Loss Well-to-Pump Extended Idle Running Loss Manufacture/Disposal Refueling Source: (USEPA, Koupal, 2010)

Inputs

Table 7.2 MOVES Inputs Fuel Characteristics Local Conditions Vehicle Fleet and Use Fuel Supply (vapor Meteorology: Source Type Population pressure, sulfur level, temperature and (13 categories) ethanol volume, etc.) humidity data per Age Distribution hour Vehicle Type VMT1 Ramp Fraction (annual) I/M Program Average Speed Distribution Road Type Distribution (fraction of VMT by road type) Starts distribution by vehicle Soak time distribution Source: (EPA-MOVES, 2010-INE)

Vehicle Categories MOVES considers also sub-categories relative to fuel type, engine technology, vehicle weight, engine size and model year

Table 7.3 MOVES Vehicle Categories Vehicle Category Description Passenger Car Other 2-axle/ 4-tire Vehicle (Passenger Minivan, pickups, SUVs, and other vehicles Truck) with 2 axes/4 wheels. Trucks used primarily for passenger transport Other 2-axle/ 4-tire Vehicle (Light Minivan, pickups, SUVs, and other vehicles Commercial Truck) with 2 axes/4 wheels. Trucks used primarily for commercial purposes. It is different to the passenger trucks in annual mileage, operation by time of day Single Unit Trucks (Refuse Truck) Garage and recycle trucks. It is different from the others truck because the drive schedule, roadway type distribution, operation by time of day Single Unit Trucks (Single Unit Short-haul Trucks with less than 200 miles operation Truck) traveled Single Unit Trucks (Single Unit Long-haul Trucks with more than 200 miles operation Truck) traveled Single Unit Trucks (RV/Motor Home) Bus (Intercity Bus) Buses used primarily for commerce between cities. Those are not transit buses or school

1 VMT, vehicle miles traveled buses Bus (Transit Bus) Buses used within an urban area (public transit) Bus (School Bus) School and church buses Combination Trucks (Combination Short- Combination trucks that generally make haul Truck) trips under 200 miles Combination Trucks (Combination Long- Combination trucks that generally make haul Truck) trips exceeding 200 miles Motorcycle Sources: (EPA-MOVES, 2007, 2010)

Fuel Type Gas, Diesel, CNG, LPG, Ethanol (E85/98), Methanol (E85/98), Gas H2, Liquid H2 electric.

Pollutants/Gases Analyzed

Table 7.4 MOVES Pullutants/Gases Analysed Criteria Pollutants Toxic Pollutants GHGs

THC: Total Gaseous NH3: Ammonia CO2: Atmospheric Hydrocarbons VOC: Volatile Organic Carbon Dioxide

CO: Carbon Monoxide Compounds N2O: Nitrous Oxide

NOx: Nitrogen Oxides Benzene CH4: Methane

SO2: Sulfur Dioxide Ethanol

Primary Exhaust PM10 – MTBE Total Naphthalene

Primary PM10 – Organic 1,3-Butadiene and Elemental Carbon; Formaldehyde Sulfate, Brakeware, Acetaldehyde Tireware Particulate Acrolein

Primary Exhaust PM2.5 - THC: Total Gaseous Total Hydrocarbons

Primary PM2.5 – Organic NMHC: Non-Methane and Elemental Carbon; Hydrocarbons Sulfate, Brakeware, NMOG: Non-Methane Organic Tireware Particulate Gases TOG: Total Organic Gases NO: Nitrogen Oxide

NO2: Nitrogen Dioxide TEC: Total Energy Consumption PEC: Petroleum Energy Consumption FFEC: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption Break-Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC)

CO2e: CO2 Equivalent Source: (EPA - MOVES, 2010)

Evaluation

Table 7.5 MOVES Evaluation Strengths Weaknesses Easily adaptable to local conditions Default data is currently limited to values measured in the US Relatively easy to run using the provided GUI and reporting A fully customized version of MOVES functions outside of the U.S. would require a substantial data collection effort. Uncertainty analysis by EPA show However, it is recommended for relatively close results to fuel-based International Application. (Koupal, calculation methods 2010) Uses second-by- second CO2 There is currently limited emissions data for all source types documentation on how to use the tool “Calculation of energy consumption to generate emission factors for uses a physical emissions rate project-level analyses estimator (PERE), for all travel The vast amount of data contained in modes, accounting for the effects of the model make it somewhat complex vehicle speed, operating mode, and to use for certain types of simple vehicle type.” (AASHTO, 2006) project analyses and if the user wants “ Combines GREET well-to-pump to replace default values estimates for numerous fuel production and distribution path ways with capability to estimate energy consumption and emission totals over multiple calendar years and multiple advanced vehicle market penetration scenarios” (AASHTO, 2006)

References ICF Consulting, 2006. Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Analysis Techniques for Transportation Projects. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). Pages 40 (A-4). Koupal, J., et al. Design and Implementation of MOVES: EPA’s New Generation Mobile Source Emission Model. U.S. EPA, Office of Transportation and Air Quality. Ann Arbor, MI. Koupal, J., et al., 2010. U.S. EPA’s MOVES2010 vehicle emission model: overview and considerations for international application. Accessed on July, 22 2011 at: www.epa.gov/otaq/models/moves/MOVES2010a/paper137-tap2010.pdf SEMARNAT – INE – Western Governors’ Association, 2009. Guía metodológica para la estimación de emisiones vehiculares en ciudades mexicanas. United States. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality. MOVES (Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator) [2010 model and user guide]. Accessed July 22, 2011 at: http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models/moves/index.htm. http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models/moves/MOVES2010a/420b10036.pdf

Wygonik, E., and Goodchild, A., 2011. Evaluationg CO2 emissions, cost and service quality trade-offs in an urban delivery system case study. IATSSResearch. Pages, 9(3).