Conditioning & Social Learning

Name ______Number ______

Conditioning & Social Learning Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning and Social Learning Classical Conditioning

- Neutral stimulus: ______

- Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): an event that elicits a certain predictable response without previous training <______> - Unconditioned response (UCR): an organism’s automatic (or natural) reaction to a stimulus <______>

- Conditioned stimulus (CS): a once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus <______>

- Conditioned response (CR): the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus <______>

Generalization, Discrimination and Extinction

Generalization occurs when an animal responds to a second stimulus similar to the original CS, without prior training with the second stimulus. When Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at the sight of a circle, he found that the dog would salivate when it saw an oval as well.

Generalization:______

Discrimination: the ability to respond differently to ______stimuli

Extinction: the gradual ______response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus Example: The response the Jaws theme song elicits from people. Even though a classically conditioned response may be extinguished, this does not mean that the CR has been completely unlearned. Spontaneous recovery does not bring it back in full strength, however. Taste Aversion A taste aversion is an example of ______. Example: Suppose you eat snails for the first time. Later in the evening, you feel sick. You will probably think the snails made you sick and you will note like the smell or thought of them next time someone serves them. Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning: learning in which a certain action is ______, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrence Reinforcement: stimulus or event that ______and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated - Positive (good) and negative (bad) In the Big Bang Theory YouTube video, what was the item that Sheldon used as positive reinforcement for Penny? What did Sheldon use as negative reinforcement on his roommate? Shaping and Chaining Shaping: technique in which the desired behavior is “modeled” by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever-closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward - One type of operant conditioning that is good for teaching skills is called shaping. Shaping teaches a new behavior ______. - At first you are given a reward for behavior similar to the skill you are learning. To keep getting rewards, you must get better at the skill. ______. Response chain: learned reactions that follow one another in ______, each reaction producing the signal for the rest.

Social Learning Cognitive Learning Cognitive learning - a form of learning that involves ______and may result from observation or imitation. Types of Cognitive Learning Latent learning – alternation of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an ______observable change in behavior. Example: You need to get to a store that you have been to only once before. You are not sure how to get there. As you drive, you see signs and landmarks that you remember from the first trip. You did not try to learn the signs and landmarks on your first trip, but you were still able to remember what they looked like when you needed them. Latent learning is possible because we create cognitive maps. Cognitive map – a mental picture of ______or relationships between events We create them naturally as we explore our surroundings. They help us remember how things relate to one another. Example: A rat in maze looking for an alternate route to food Learned helplessness – a condition in which repeated attempts to control or influence a situation ______, resulting in the belief that the situation is ______and that any effort to cope will fail. They no longer even try. They become convinced they are helpless. o ______- – You believe you can never change a situation.

o ______– You believe that because you cannot change one situation, you cannot change anything.

o ______- You blame yourself for your own failures, not your circumstances.

Learned helplessness can lead to depression, guilt and self-blame.

Modeling

The second type of social learning is called modeling. Modeling – learning by ______others, copying behavior Types of Modeling ______– copying the exact behavior or others.  If other people look up, you do too.  Simple modeling does not involve learning. You already know the skill. You simply copy the behavior of people around you. ______- You use observational learning when you copy another person to learn a new skill.  You may watch someone perform a dance step. By watching, you are able to learn the step then do it yourself. ______– This type of modeling helps people do things that they are afraid of doing. When you watch someone do something you fear, and not get hurt, you are more willing to try it for yourself.  Used to treat phobias. Behavior Modification  It is possible to use classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning to deliberately change someone’s behavior. Behavior modification – a ______of learning principles to change people’s actions and feelings  It begins by clearly defining a problem. A plan is then developed using different learning techniques.

Applying What You Have Learned With a partner, come up with a school-related example for each of the types of learning below: 1. Classical conditioning

2. Operant Conditioning

3. Cognitive mapping

4. Latent learning

5. Learned helplessness

6. Modeling

7. Behavior modification