Topic 5 – Review Book Energy in Earth Processes

Define the Vocabulary 1. condensation______2. conduction ______3. convection ______4. electromagnetic energy ______5. electromagnetic spectrum ______6. energy ______7. heat energy ______8. mechanical energy ______9. radiation ______10. specific heat ______11. temperature ______12. vaporization ______13. wavelength ______

Answer the following questions based on the reading: Electromagnetic Energy 1. Why are visible light waves important to humans? ______2. What is supposed to happen when particles reach the temperature of absolute zero? ______3. Figure 5-1. How would you describe how transverse waves move? ______

Characteristics and Types of Electromagnetic Energy 4. Electromagnetic Energy (EME) is separated into 2 groups. Reread the last part of the second paragraph and describe how they separate long-wave from short wave radiation. ______

Interactions between EME and an Environment 5. When EME comes in contact with material the waves may be (define) refracted – ______reflected – ______scattered- ______transmitted – ______absorbed – ______

Methods of Transfer p. 85, Figure 5-3 6. Why is conduction the most effective way to transfer energy in a solid? ______7. Why do the warmer portions of a fluid rise above the cooler portions? ______8. Look at Figure 5-3. How would you describe “the source” and “the sink” in terms of temperature? ______b. Look at Figure 5-4. The arrows describe the movement of the fluid in a convection cell or current. Explain what the arrows show – use the words cooler, warmer, less dense, more dense, rises, sinks in your explanation. ______9. The sun transfers energy through space by transverse electromagnetic waves (aka radiation). “No medium is needed to transfer” means that radiation doesn’t require solids, liquids or gas particles to move the energy. Space is empty so explain why radiation is very important for anyone living on Earth. ______

Specific Heat, page 89 10. Heat energy is measured in joules (a metric unit of energy or work). Read the first couple of sentences in the 1st paragraph. Explain why a typical rock will heat up faster than water. ______11. Reread the last sentence in the paragraph, what does specific heat mean in simple terms?______12. Reread the 2nd paragraph. Water has the highest specific heat of any naturally occurring substance. How does that affect the “other” substances?______13. In the back of your review book are the ESRT on page A-3. On the front cover is the specific heat of common substances. If lead has the lowest specific heat, what does that mean in terms of heating up and cooling down?______

Heat Energy and Change of State Types of Change of State, figure 5-6 14. What is sublimation? ______15. Look at figure 5-6 and complete the following sentences. When water changes state from a solid, to a liquid, to a gas, water ______stored energy. (potential energy) What water changes state from a gas, to a liquid, to a solid, water ______stored energy. (potential energy) Stored Heat Changes, figure 5-7 16. Usually when heat is added to material its temperature rises, but when water is in the process of changing state its temperature stays constant. Looking at the graph and reading the paragraph below the graph, how is this shown on the graph? ______17. What is the heat energy being converted into? ______

Earth’s Energy Supply Solar Energy Earth’s Own Energy Some of the energy for earth’s processes comes from earth’s own interior but most of the energy Earth needs comes from the sun.

18. Read the two paragraphs and look at Figure 5-8 and 5-9 showing nuclear fusion and nuclear decay. You should be very familiar with nuclear fusion in stars but briefly explain nuclear decay. ______