Unit Overview: History and Culture s1

4th Grade Unit 1 – Student Early Statehood In 1794, workers built the first state capitol in the center of Raleigh. A capitol is a As a state, North Carolina grew very building where lawmakers meet. Sometimes slowly. The state had few good roads, large capitols are called statehouses. The first cities, or schools. Many people began calling capitol burned down in 1831. A larger North Carolina the “Rip Van Winkle state.” statehouse was built in the same location in Rip Van Winkle is a character in a story who 1840. It still serves as North Carolina’s state falls asleep for 20 years. After many years, capitol. North Carolina’s government began working to improve the state. State Improvements

One of North Carolina’s early leaders was Archibald Murphey. As a state lawmaker, he worked to improve education and transportation. Murphey also wanted lawmakers to change the state constitution to give people in western North Carolina more representation.

In 1835, North Carolina’s leaders changed the state constitution. The 1835 constitution allowed voters to elect the governor. This gave people a greater voice in the state government. http://ncpedia.org/government A New State Capital The state government also worked to improve education. By 1846, every county At first, North Carolina’s state had a least one public school. A public government met in the coastal towns of New school is run by the government and paid for Bern, Fayetteville, and Tarboro. However, by taxes. many lawmakers wanted to move the capital – Over time, many canals, railroads, and the city in which the state government meets plank roads were built in North Carolina. A – to the center of the state. plank road is made by laying boards side by In 1788, leaders from each county met side across a trail. Plank roads could be used in Hillsborough to choose a new site for the in rainy weather, when dirt roads were too capital. A county is a part of a state, usually muddy to use. Travelers paid a toll, or fee, to larger than a city that has its own government. use the plank roads. Canals, railroads, and plank roads helped people travel and move Leaders chose a site in the Piedmont goods more easily. region for the capital. In 1792, the state government bought 1,000 acres of land in Wake County. Soon after, construction started on the capital. The town was named Raleigh, after the founder of the Roanoke Island colony. Last revision 9/4/2013 4th Grade Unit 1 – Student courts decided that the Cherokee did not have to move. However, government leaders ignored the decision of the courts.

On March 27, 1838, the United States Army forced about 17,000 Cherokee in North Carolina and other nearby states to move west to what is now Oklahoma. About 4,000 Cherokee died along the 1,000 mile walk. This terrible journey became known as the Trail of Tears.

Native Tribes

In 1829, gold was discovered on Cherokee lands in northern Georgia. Thousands of American settlers rushed to the http://www.mhschool.com/ss/ca/g2/u1/g2u1_quiz.html area. They demanded that the federal government open up more Cherokee lands for Slavery farming and mining. In the early 1800s, North Carolina and In 1830, the United States government other Southern states continued to depend on passed the Indian Removal Act. This law slavery to grow cash crops. Slavery is the forced the Cherokee to move west of the practice of holding people and forcing them to Mississippi River. work against their will. By 1840, there were about 250,000 enslaved African Americans in the state.

Some enslaved people tried to escape to Northern states, where slavery had already been ended. Some people helped enslaved people escape. These people, known as abolitionists, wanted to abolish, or end, slavery.

Levi Coffin was a Quaker abolitionist from Guilford County. In the 1820s, Coffin and his wife moved to Indiana. They helped set up a system of escape routes and safe houses Image Credit: The Granger Collection, New York known as the Underground Railroad. Runaway slaves found shelter at safe houses. Many Cherokee fought the Indian Removal Act in the United States courts. The Last revision 9/4/2013 4th Grade Unit 1 – Student In North Carolina, safe houses were located in towns such as Greensboro and Goldsboro.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capture_of_Fort_Fisher.jpg North Carolina Secedes http://22933734.nhd.weebly.com

Spotlight

Harriet Jacobs

Harriet Ann Jacobs (February 11, 1813 – March 7, 1897) was an American writer born in slavery in Edenton, North Carolina. In http://www.wtvzone.com/civilwar/flags.html 1834, Jacobs escaped to Philadelphia and later In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected moved to New York. She wrote a book in President. The South worried that he would 1861 about her life as an enslave person. Her abolish slavery. Many Southerners supported book made many people aware of how badly states’ rights. They believed that slavery and some enslaved people were treated. Jacobs other issues should be decided by each state. later set up a school in Virginia for African American. In December 1860, South Carolina decided to secede, or withdraw, from the The Civil War United States, or Union. Other states soon followed. They formed the Confederate By the 1850s, many people in the States of America or the Confederacy. United States wanted slavery to end. However, Southern plantations still depended on it. Many Southerners believed that each state or region should make its own decision about slavery. In 1861, conflicts between Northern and Southern states led to the Civil War. In a civil war, groups of people in the same country fight each other.

Last revision 9/4/2013 4th Grade Unit 1 – Student http://www.wtv-zone.com/civilwar/flags.html out. The Confederacy fought against the blockade with a new kind of ship called an In April 1861, Confederate soldiers fired on the Union army at Fort Sumter, in ironclad. An iron clad was a wooden ship covered with metal plates. Some ironclads South Carolina. This marked the beginning of the Civil War. were built in North Carolina. In 1862, Union soldiers captured President Lincoln asked Union states to send soldiers for the war. Zebulon Vance, Roanoke Island, New Bern, and Beaufort. As a result, the Union controlled most of North the governor of North Carolina, refused. In May 1861, North Carolina became the last Carolina’s ports. state to secede and join the Confederacy. The War Ends

More than 80 Civil War battles were fought in North Carolina. The largest took place in March 1865, at Bentonville. About 90,000 soldiers fought at Bentonville. More than 4,000 died.

http://www.worldmapsonline.com/unitedstates1861.htm Early Battles

The Civil War divided North Carolinians. More than 120,000 North Carolinians fought for the Confederacy. The http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-civilwar/5664 nickname for North Carolinians, Tar Heels, Before Bentonville, Union General may have come from these soldiers. They William Tecumseh Sherman had led soldiers were known for standing their ground in in a march through Georgia. Along the way, battle. they destroyed crops, homes, and railroads. Once they reached Savannah, Georgia, the About 15,000 North Carolinians Union troops turned north and marched into fought for the Union army. Of these, more the Carolinas. than 5,000 were African Americans. At Bentonville, Confederate General Early in the war, the Union hoped to Joseph E. Johnston launch a surprise attack to weaken the Confederacy by setting up a try to stop Sherman. Union soldiers forced blockade along the Atlantic coast. During a Johnston’s troops to retreat. On April 26, blockade, an area is blocked, or cut off, to 1865, Johnston surrendered to Sherman at keep people and supplies from going in or Last revision 9/4/2013 4th Grade Unit 1 – Student James Bennett’s farmhouse, west of Durham. Proclamation. It freed enslaved people in the A few weeks earlier, General Robert E. Lee, Confederate states that were still fighting the Confederate leader, had surrendered to the against the Union. After the war, the Union arm’s leaders, General Ulysses S. Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution Grant. ended slavery in the United States. An amendment is a change to the Constitution.

In 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment gave all United States citizens equal treatment under the law. In 1870, the Fifteenth Amendment gave African American men the right to vote.

During Reconstruction, many former enslaved African American went to work as sharecroppers. A sharecropper rents farmland Reconstruction and pays the landowner with a share of the After the Civil War ended, people crops. began to rebuild the country. The period after The United States government set up the civil war is called reconstruction. the Freedmen’s Bureau in the 1865 provided During the war, in 1863, President food, clothing, and education to all needy Lincoln signed the Emancipation people in the South.

Last revision 9/4/2013 4th Grade Unit 1 – Student The Earliest American Sometimes the illnesses Explorers spread through direct contact with colonists. Other times, they were transmitted as Indians traded with European explorers came to one another. The result of this the "New World" of North America contact with European germs was in the 1500s. Before that time, the horrible. Sometimes whole villages continent was an unknown place to perished in a short time. The them. These adventurers saw it as introduction of European diseases an entirely new land, with animals to American Indians was an and plants to discover. They also accident that no one expected. met new people in this exciting Neither the colonists nor the New World—people with Indians had a good understanding fascinating ways of life that the of why this affected the Native Europeans had never seen and people so badly. languages they had never heard. This New World for Europeans was The great impact of disease actually a very old world for the on the Native population of various people they met in North America is an important part of the America. Today we call those story of European exploration. people American Indians. Experts believe that as much as 90 As the English, French, and percent of the American Indian Spanish explorers came to North population may have died from America, they brought tremendous illnesses introduced to America by changes to American Indian tribes. Europeans. This means that only Europeans carried a hidden enemy one in ten Natives survived this to the Indians: new diseases. hidden enemy. Their descendants Native peoples of America had no are the 2.5 million Indians who live immunity to the diseases that in the United States today. European explorers and colonists brought with them. Diseases such New trade goods as smallpox, influenza, measles, represented another big change and even chicken pox proved that European explorers and deadly to American Indians. colonists brought to American Europeans were used to these Indians. Soon after meeting their diseases, but Indian people had no European visitors, Indians became resistance to them. very interested in things that the

Last revision 9/4/2013 4th Grade Unit 1 – Student colonists could provide. In a short captured in tribal wars. These time, the Indians began using captured Indians were bought and these new materials and products sold as slaves. You might think that in their everyday lives. Native Africans brought to America were hunters were eager to trade the only enslaved people. It is prepared deer hides and other surprising to learn that before 1700 pelts for lengths of colored cloth. in the Carolinas, one-fourth of all Metal tools such as axes, hoes, enslaved people were American and knives became valuable new Indian men, women, and children. resources. Soon American Indian Before 1700 the port city of men put aside their bows and Charleston shipped out many arrows for European firearms, Native slaves to work in the powder, and lead shot. Trade items Caribbean or to be sold in northern like metal pots often were cut up cities like Boston. Slavery led to and remade into new tools or warfare among tribes and to much weapons. The desire to get hardship. Many tribes had to move European goods changed ancient to escape the slave trade, which trading patterns. The tradition of destroyed some tribes completely. simple hunting for food began to In time, the practice of enslaving become less important than getting Native peoples ended. However, it animal hides to trade. Soon had greatly affected American American Indians depended on Indians of the South and the European items for daily needs. Southwest. Colonial traders also brought rum, Adapted from American Indians at European and this drink caused many Contact – The Earliest American Explorers by problems for some tribes. New John W. Kincheloe, III trade goods brought from across http://www.ncpedia.org/history/early/con the Atlantic Ocean changed tact American Indian lives forever. A third big change connected to this new trade was slavery. Europeans needed workers to help build houses and clear fields. They soon realized that they could offer trade goods like tools and weapons to certain American Indian tribes that would bring them other Indians Last revision 9/4/2013 4th Grade Unit 1 – Student Impact of Europeans on American Indians in North Carolina

1. 2. Main Idea Main Idea

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Last revision 9/4/2013 4th Grade Unit 1 – Student Why did off large areas stealing to materials, such England as grazing lands survive. as lumber, from wish to for sheep. This Migrating to a the abundance made available new world of natural establish large amounts seemed a resources colonies? of wool which hopeful choice available in the merchants sold for many of colonies, then Conditions in England during throughout these people, as England would the 16th and Europe. It also it did for English not have to buy 17th centuries meant that leaders who these from reflected great farmers who saw colonies as other countries. changes which had rented their a way to solve At the same were taking small plots of the problems of time, colonies place in both land from large the growing could be rural and urban landowners numbers of markets for areas. Economic were uprooted displaced and England’s changes and drifted from poor people. manufactured centered on the countryside goods. England sheep and the to towns and England was knew that demand for cities looking for looking at the establishing woolen cloth. work. While settlement of colonies was an Through a series landowners, colonies as a expensive and of legal actions, wool way of fulfilling risky business. known as the manufacturers its desire to sell The “Enclosure and merchants more goods and organization of Acts”, English amassed great resources to business landowners wealth, many of other countries ventures by were allowed to the migrants than it bought. merchants, enclose their were reduced to If colonies could blessed by the farms and fence begging or send raw crown, served

Last revision 9/4/2013 4th Grade Unit 1 – Student both the economic and political Information provided interests of the by: www.historyisfun.org country.

Last revision 9/4/2013 Settlement of the Coastal Plain, decades of the Lords Proprietors' rule. 1650-1775 High taxes, uncertainty about land titles, attacks by Native Americans, From the 1650s to the 1770s, the and inefficient government all Coastal Plain Region of the land we discouraged immigration and now call North Carolina changed settlement. greatly. European American settlers began arriving, pushing back the The difficulty of traveling into Native Americans who had lived there Carolina also discouraged for thousands of years. immigration. The Outer Banks, which are barrier islands along the coast, The Albemarle were dangerous to ships and discouraged immigration by sea. Many The first part of North Carolina to be ships ran aground in the shallow settled by European Americans was waters near these islands. The Great the Albemarle. The Albemarle extends Dismal Swamp, poor roads, and rivers from the border with Virginia to the that were difficult to navigate also north shore of the Albemarle Sound. made traveling difficult. After the failed Roanoke colonies in But settlers did find ways to migrate the 1580s, the English focused on into the area. Many from Virginia colonizing present-day Virginia. But in traveled by land or journeyed up the the mid-1600s, Virginians began Elizabeth and Nansemond Rivers and exploring and acquiring land in the down the Chowan River. Others may Albemarle area. Why did they begin have come to Carolina by ship, sailing settling there? Most hoped to find from other colonies along the Atlantic better farmland and to make money by coast and passing through the Outer trading with the Native Americans. Banks at Currituck and Roanoke Inlets. In 1663 King Charles II granted Carolina to eight prominent The Middle Coastal Plain Englishmen, who were called the St. Thomas Episcopal Church, Built Lords Proprietors of Carolina. 1734Frailey, Zach. February 15, 2011. Settlement was slow in the first Bath, North Carolina. "St. Thomas along the Trent River around 1707 or Episcopal Church, Built 1734." 1708.

In the late 1600s some settlers began Swiss people and Germans from the crossing the Albemarle Sound to settle Palatinate also came to present-day in the middle Coastal Plain, which North Carolina. The Swiss were stretches from the Albemarle Sound to fleeing religious persecution, and the present-day Duplin and Onslow Germans were fleeing war, cold Counties. By 1691 they had settled winters, and poverty. In 1710, under along the Pamlico River in Bath the direction of Baron Christoph von County. Graffenried, the Swiss and Germans created and settled the town of New More settlers traveled down the coast Bern and other areas near the joining to settle in present-day Craven County of the Neuse and Trent Rivers. by 1703, Carteret County by 1708, and Onslow County by 1714. These The settlement of New Bern may have settlers included people from the sparked the Tuscarora Indian War Albemarle, Virginia, Maryland, and (1711–1714), in which the Tuscarora New England as well as immigrants Indians were defeated. Immigration to from England. Like those who settled the middle Coastal Plain increased in the Albemarle, these people hoped afterward because the war reduced the to profit by farming the colony's fertile threat of Indian attacks on settlers. land and by trading with the Native Americans. The Cape Fear

French, German, and Swiss people In the mid-1720s, the first permanent settlers arrived in the area around the also settled in the middle Coastal lower Cape Fear River. Their arrival was Plain. Many French Huguenots had due mainly to the efforts of South settled in Virginia. But as the Carolina planter Maurice Moore and population in Virginia grew, land North Carolina governor George Burrington. Moore had come to North became more scarce. As a result, some Carolina to help fight the Tuscarora Huguenots moved to Carolina. One Indians. He became interested in settling group settled at the head of Pamlico in the Cape Fear area and encouraged Sound in 1690, and another settled others in South Carolina to settle there as well. Burrington ignored South Carolina's claim to land on the west bank of the to the Albemarle, many went to Cape Fear River. Instead, he granted this Wilmington to improve their fortunes. land to settlers who left South Carolina to settle in North Carolina. Highland Scots immigrated to North Carolina as well. The first group arrived The settlers from South Carolina were in 1739. Many more came in the fleeing economic depression, high taxes, following years, especially in the 1760s and political unrest in their colony. Other and 1770s. Some of the Highland Scots settlers came from England, Scotland, may have been political refugees fleeing and Ireland as well as the colonies of Scotland after a failed uprising against Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, the English. Most wished to escape the and Maryland. Some traveled on a new high rents, unemployment, and poverty in one-hundred-mile road between the their country. Neuse River and the Cape Fear River. Settlement of the Most settlers were attracted to this region by vast amounts of unclaimed land that Coastal Plain 1650-1775 were available and by commercial Why settle in the Who settled in the opportunities offered by the Cape Fear Coastal Plain? Coastal Plain? River. Since the Cape Fear River was the only deep river in the Coastal Plain that emptied into the ocean, large ships could travel it to the ports of Brunswick and Wilmington. As a result, settlers could send their goods to market and could trade with other colonies and with Europe more easily. The Middle Coastal Plain In the 1730s Welsh and Scotch-Irish began settling in the Cape Fear area. Around 1730 a group of Welsh settled along the Northeast Cape Fear River. In the mid-1730s Swiss from South Carolina and Scotch-Irish also settled in the area. The Scotch-Irish were fleeing high rents, heavy taxes, and famine in Ireland. The Swiss soon departed, but the Scotch-Irish remained on land along the Northeast Cape Fear River. Lowland Scots, often merchants, also came to North Carolina. While some went north

Settlement of the Piedmont, 1730- Initially the push for European settlement of the Piedmont came from English colonists 1775 living in the east. But Piedmont rivers: such North Carolina settlers from Europe or of as the Broad, Catawba, and Yadkin/ Pee Dee European descent remained mostly in the flowed south into South Carolina. That Coastal Plain Region until about forty years made communication and trade with the before the American Revolution (1775– eastern part of the colony difficult and 1783). The fall line, with its waterfalls and discouraged settlers from the Coastal Plain. rapids, made traveling on rivers difficult and For this reason, only a few came inland from discouraged migration into the Piedmont coastal towns, and by the 1730s Piedmont from the Coastal Plain. But once settlers North Carolina was just starting to grow. began arriving in the Piedmont, they came in Early Piedmont settlers were primarily great numbers and helped make North Scotch- Irish and German people who were Carolina's population grow rapidly. The descendants of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and colony's population more than doubled in Virginia settlers. These settlers came down the decade from 1765 to 1775. the Great Wagon Road. Many left their The Piedmont stretches from the fall line home colonies because suitable land in those westward to the edge of the Appalachian colonies had become scarce and expensive. Mountains. This colonial backcountry *Where did most of the Piedmont’s settlers differed from the low-lying Coastal Plain. come from? How did they get there? Why Its limestone and clay soils supported forests was it difficult to travel to the Piedmont and grasslands. Its swift-flowing, shallow from the Coastal Plain? streams and narrow rivers were not good for boat traffic, but they offered excellent sites for mills and farms. Though few roads ventured into the backcountry, two were vital to settlement of the region. The Great Indian Trading Path began in Petersburg, Virginia, and traveled The Scotch-Irish, or Ulster Scots, were southwest through the Piedmont to present- descendants of Scots who had moved to day Mecklenburg County. The trading path Northern Ireland. They had prospered in was used for centuries by Native Americans. Ireland until changes in English policies led In the mid-1700s, settlers began using it to many to migrate to America, where most travel into North Carolina. The second settled in Pennsylvania. They began to major road used by settlers was the Great arrive in North Carolina in the 1730s, Wagon Road, which stretched from leaving Pennsylvania after crops were Pennsylvania through Virginia's Shenandoah harvested in the fall and arriving in the Valley and into North Carolina. Piedmont in time to plant winter crops and Piedmont? What did they do when they got seedlings that they brought with them. there? On small farms these Scotch-Irish settlers Many of the German settlers clustered grew corn for home use and wheat and together and preserved their native language tobacco for use and for export. They raised in homes, churches, and schools. German livestock and drove them in large numbers publishers prospered in Salisbury and in to northern markets. Settlers built stores, Salem. Gradually many of the settlers gristmills, sawmills, and tanneries. adopted English-sounding names and Blacksmiths, carpenters, coopers, potters, switched to speaking the English language. rope makers, wagon makers, and With very different cultures and religious wheelwrights established many local beliefs, the Scotch-Irish and German groups industries. Brewers, distillers, weavers, established neighboring settlements and hatters, tailors, and others practiced their towns but had little contact with each other. trades either in isolated homes or in shops in They came in such numbers that six new towns. counties were created in the Piedmont Germans of Lutheran faiths came to between 1746 and 1763. Pennsylvania and then to the Piedmont for As the population of the Piedmont grew, so many of the same reasons as the Scotch- did its towns. While the majority of Irish. Most of the Lutherans settled in the backcountry immigrants settled on farms, area drained by the Catawba and Yadkin others settled in and established towns. Rivers. Some joined members of German Many towns were established along the two Reformed congregations in settling all main roads in the region. The Moravian across the backcountry. villages of Bethabara (1753), Bethania Moravians, also from Germany and then (1756), and Salem (1766) were not far from Pennsylvania, arrived in present-day Forsyth the Great Wagon Road. Hillsborough (1754) County in 1753. They began building a well- and Charlotte (1766) were established on the planned, tightly controlled congregational Great Indian Trading Path. Salisbury was community. Land was held in common, and established in 1753 where the two roads crafts, occupations, and even marriages crossed. required approval from community boards. *Why were towns established close to the Salem and its outlying settlements prospered main roads? and provided neighbors with mills, tanyards, shops, crafts, medical care, fine music, and Most of these towns had stores, taverns, other economic and cultural amenities. craft shops, churches, and schools. Salisbury, Hillsborough, and Charlotte were *Why did the Scotch-Irish, German places for county courts to meet. On court Lutherans, and Moravians move to the days, people came into towns to trade, buy supplies, and socialize with friends. Also in towns, as well as at large farms and town of Cross Creek (present-day crossroads stores, farm and craft products Fayetteville). These and other products, were gathered together for shipping to the including wheat, deerskins, tobacco, naval coast. Once there, they were traded for stores, and flaxseed, were then loaded onto goods and supplies that backcountry settlers rafts and floated down the Cape Fear River could not produce for them-selves. In a to Wilmington. similar manner, flocks or herds of livestock *Why do you think officials were concerned were gathered to be driven to distant about where the goods from the Piedmont markets. were going? What did they do about it? How *How are the historic towns of the Piedmont did this change our state? similar to the towns we live in today? How are they different? Because of the geography of the Piedmont, much of this trade flowed outside the colony. Few roads connected the Piedmont with the Coastal Plain. Around Hillsborough, for example, many settlers sent goods up the Great Indian Trading Path into Virginia instead of to North Carolina ports such as Edenton. People living in the northwest Piedmont still found it easier to send goods north along the Great Wagon Road. Other goods from the Piedmont traveled on rivers that flowed into South Carolina. Colonial and county officials were concerned about the destinations of goods from the Piedmont. They built or improved roads to courthouse towns, mills, and stores to make trade with the east easier. Their efforts proved successful, and by 1760 Piedmont settlers were sending goods overland toward the coast. A 1773 pamphlet reported that "40 or 50" wagons filled with "beef, pork, and flower [flour] in barrels, also their livestock, Indian corn, raw hydes, butter, tallow, and whatever they have for market" were arriving daily in the small Settlement of the Piedmont 1730-1775 Scotch-Irish, German Lutherans, German Moravians What brought them to the Piedmont?

Farming

Contributions to the Piedmont

Trades

Settlement of the Mountains, 1775- The settlers who came to the Mountains 1838 were primarily of English, Scotch-Irish, and German descent. They came to buy, European Migration settle, and farm the cheap, fertile bottomlands and hillsides in the region. The most prominent Native Americans to Some migrated from the North Carolina settle in the mountains of western present- Piedmont and the Coastal Plain. They came day North Carolina were the Cherokee by foot, wagon, or horseback, entering the Indians. Their first known contact with area through gaps such as Swannanoa, Europeans occurred in 1540, when Spanish Hickory Nut, Gillespie, and Deep Gaps. explorer Hernando de Soto and his men came to the mountains in search of gold. Other English, Scotch-Irish, and German Following this brief encounter, the Cherokee settlers came from Virginia, Maryland, and and Europeans had limited contact until the Pennsylvania. They traveled down the Great late 1600s. A thriving trade developed Wagon Road to the Piedmont Region of between the Cherokee and White settlers in North Carolina and then traveled west to the early 1700s. reach the mountains. As more Whites immigrated into the area The Buncombe Turnpike and Gold! just west of the Blue Ridge Mountains in the Problems with travel and trade changed with late 1700s, the Cherokee who were living the completion of the Buncombe Turnpike there moved west. As a result, White in 1827. The turnpike followed the French migration into present-day Buncombe, Broad River north of Asheville to reach Henderson, and Transylvania Counties grew Greeneville, Tennessee. South of Asheville, rapidly for a while. the turnpike continued to Greenville, South The new settlers in the Mountains found it Carolina. The turnpike was a better road difficult to travel the steep, rough, and than previous roads in the Mountain Region, muddy roads back and forth to their county which usually had been steep, narrow paths. seats in Rutherford, Burke, and Wilkes It connected the North Carolina Mountain Counties. They had to go to these county Region with other, larger markets. seats to pay taxes, buy or sell land, go to Drovers were now able to drive surplus court, or carry on other business. The hogs, geese, or turkeys to markets outside settlers began to ask the legislature to the Mountain Region. Farmers could now establish new counties so they would not use their wagons to transport crops to have to travel so far to county seats. In market. Tourists could now reach the response, the legislature established mountains more easily. They could come in Buncombe and Ashe Counties in 1792 and wagons, carriages, or stagecoaches, rather 1799 respectively. Morristown, or Moriston than on foot or horseback. Asheville and (present-day Asheville), was founded as the Warm Springs (now Hot Springs) became county seat of Buncombe County because it popular tourist destinations. Flat Rock was centrally located at a major crossroad. attracted many summer residents from the Jefferson was named the county seat in Ashe Low Country of South Carolina, including County. Charleston. The discovery of gold in western North wealthier and paid more taxes, it had more Carolina brought an economic boom to the districts. But the west would control the region in the 1820s and 1830s. Burke and population-based house because it had more Rutherford Counties experienced a gold rush people. Since neither the east nor the west in the mid-1820s when hundreds of miners could now control the entire government, arrived looking for gold. During this time, the two sections were forced to cooperate. North Carolina became the leading gold- These changes benefited the western part of producing state. However, with the the state. discovery of gold in California in the late 1840s, most of the miners left for California. It was also during this period, in 1838, that the federal government forced a majority of Development and Conflict the Cherokee in the region to move to present-day Oklahoma. Thousands of During the first three decades of the 1800s, Cherokee died on the journey west. economic and political conditions were Although a remnant group of Cherokee was poor. A steady stream of emigrating North able to stay behind, whites soon began to Carolinians passed through the Mountain settle on the Cherokee land, which was Region headed for points west. fertile and cheap. North Carolina political conditions were By the 1830s, transportation in the affected by sectionalism, or conflict between Mountains had improved and conflict the eastern and western sections of the state. between the east and west had decreased. At the time, each county, regardless of But the Mountain Region remained population, elected one representative to the relatively isolated for another fifty years state senate and two representatives to the until railroad lines reached the area. North Carolina House of Commons. The east had more counties and, as a result, more representatives who could outvote representatives from the west. By 1830 the western part of the state had more people, but the east continued to control the government. Calls for a constitutional convention were defeated repeatedly until 1834 when western counties threatened to revolt and secede from the state if a convention was not called. Fortunately, a convention was called in 1835. The convention reformed the state constitution and created a more democratic government. The east would continue to control the senate, whose members were now elected from districts. These districts were created according to the amount of tax paid to the state. Because the east was Settlement of the Mountain Region 1776-1860

Economic Impact Political Impact Cultural Impact

African American Settlement raising crops for export and did not need slaves. Though some did grow wheat and tobacco for Coastal Plain (From Settlement of the Coastal Plain, 1650- export, many lived as subsistence farmers. 1775 by Alan D. Watson Piedmont (From Settlement of the Piedmont, 1730-1775 by African Americans, most of whom were slaves, Christopher E. Hendricks and J. Edwin Hendricks) greatly added to the population of the colony. By Americans of African descent came to the Piedmont the time North Carolina was settled, slavery had in small numbers during the colonial period, usually developed in Virginia and South Carolina. White accompanying their masters from other areas. Many Virginians and South Carolinians who immigrated groups who had not previously owned slaves to North Carolina often brought slaves with them. acquired slaves as their wealth increased and as Slaves were also brought from abroad. neighboring slaveholders made the practice appear Available records of slaves imported from 1749 to more acceptable. Rarely did colonial slaveholders in 1775 show that 68.6 percent came from the West the Piedmont own more than a dozen slaves. In Indies and 15.6 percent from Africa. 11.6 percent of 1775, only fifteen thousand of the fewer than slaves imported during this time came from other seventy thousand slaves in North Carolina lived mainland colonies. The origin of the remaining 4.2 west of the Coastal Plain. Most of the settlers in the percent is unknown. Piedmont were small farmers and did not own slaves. Most slaves lived in the lower Cape Fear area, where early immigrants from South Carolina Mountains (From "North Carolina's Final Frontier" by Ron brought the plantation culture with them. Though Holland) most settlers lived on small farms, some settlers A small number of African American slaves were owned large tracts of land and large numbers of brought into the Mountain Region to work some of slaves. These plantations produced most of the the larger farms. Robert Love of Haywood County, colony's rice, indigo, and exportable naval stores. for example, owned one hundred slaves. But his The fertile land in this area and the closeness of the case was an exception. Most farms were small and Cape Fear River made trade with other colonies and self-sufficient. Largely because traveling and with Europe profitable. These factors encouraged getting crops to market were difficult and expensive the plantation culture here. on the rough, muddy roads, most farmers did not Slaves were not as common in the Albemarle and grow excess crops for trade and did not need slaves. middle Coastal Plain for a number of reasons. First, just as the Dismal Swamp and poor roads made travel and immigration by land difficult, they also made importing slaves by land difficult. Also, the dangerous Outer Banks and the absence of a deep water port discouraged importing them by sea.

Second, getting goods to market was difficult. The rivers in these areas emptied into sounds, not the ocean, and ports along the rivers were located far inland. This meant that boats required more time to reach port, to pick up or deliver cargo, and to return to the ocean. Because getting goods to market was so difficult, most settlers could not make money by Settlement of African Americans in North Carolina Coastal Region Piedmont Region Mountain Region French and Indian War Summary Question Answer When did War occur?

Why was it being fought?

What was impact on NC?

Who won?

How did the country benefit from this war? Revolutionary War Summary Question Answer When did War occur?

How did the country benefit from this war? Who won?

What was impact on NC? North Carolina 1830 - Civil War 1830-1850 1850-1860 Civil War Transportation: Transportation: Confederacy:

Slavery: Constitution: Union:

Image of NC: Slavery: Slavery:

Change: End of Antebellum: End of War:

Civil War Summary Question Answer When did War occur?

What was impact on NC?

Who won?

How did the country benefit from this war?

North Carolina Historic Buildings WebQuest

Name ______Choose a region to research TWO historic buildings in North Carolina. Region ______

Historic Building 1 Historic Building 2 Name of Building Location Who made this site famous? Why is this building significant to NC history? Three interesting facts 1. 1. about this building

Hours of Operation Admission Alamance Battleground Aycock Birthplace Historic Bath

Bennett Place Bentonville Battlefield Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson

Charlotte Hawkins Brown Museum CSS Neuse Duke Homestead

Governor Caswell Memorial Historic Edenton Fort Dobbs Fort Fisher

Historic Halifax Horne Creek Living Historical Farm House in the Horseshoe

North Carolina Transportation Museum USS North Carolina Battleship President James K. Polk

Reed Gold Mine Roanoke Island Festival Park Somerset Place

Historic Stagville State Capitol Town Creek Indian Mound

Tryon Palace Historic Sites & Gardens Zebulon B. Vance Birthplace Thomas Wolfe Memorial Planning sheet for NC State Symbol Presentation

4.H.2.1 Explain why important buildings, statues, monuments, place names are associated with the state’s history.

4.H.2.2 Explain the historical significance of North Carolina’s state symbols.

Questions to consider:

KNOWLEDGE -

 When was this symbol adopted?

 What happens to the symbol when it is adopted by the state?

 Include a photo, illustration, drawing, or video in your presentation.

 Fun Facts

ANALYZE/EVALU ATE -

 Why is this symbol important?

 What is the relationship between your symbol choice and….another symbol? Person? Time? Place?)

 What can you infer from the state’s choice of this symbol?

Rubric for NC State Symbol Presentation 4 Project contains all elements from planning questions. Student is able to integrate multiple sources and clearly communicate information showing an advanced understanding of the material including importance and meaning of state symbol as well as comparative relationship to another symbol, person, time or place (opportunity for student choice here also). Presentation includes analysis and evaluation of symbol using supporting evidence to explain what they inferred from the state’s choice of this symbol. Project reflects correct usage of domain specific vocabulary and grammar. Student was able to work independently to complete required research. 3 Project contains all elements from planning questions. Student conveys explanation, with supporting evidence of thinking, of the importance and meaning of state symbol as well as comparative relationship to another symbol, person, time or place (opportunity for student choice here also). Presentation includes analysis and evaluation of symbol using supporting evidence to explain what they inferred from the state’s choice of this symbol. Project reflects correct usage of domain specific vocabulary and grammar. Student was able to work independently to complete required research most of the time. 2 Project contains some of the required elements from planning questions. Student conveys explanation of importance and meaning of state symbol as well as comparative relationship to another symbol, person, time or place (opportunity for student choice here also). Presentation includes analysis and evaluation of symbol using supporting evidence to explain what they inferred from the state’s choice of this symbol. Project reflects inconsistent usage of domain specific vocabulary and grammar. Student was able to work with support to complete required research. 1 Project is incomplete.