Problem Tree Analysis

Problem Tree Analysis1

What is it?

Problem tree analysis helps to illustrate the linkages between a set of complex issues or relationships by fitting them into a hierarchy of related factors. It is used for:

. Link together the various issues or factors which may contribute to an institutional problem . Help to identify the underlying or root causes of an institutional problem

The major assumption underlying the problem tree is the hierarchical relationship between cause and effect.

How do I use it?

1. Identify the major existing problem/issues based on available information (e.g. by brainstorming) 2. Select one focal problem for the analysis e.g. poor communications to staff 3. Develop the problem tree beginning with the substantial and direct causes of the focal problem e.g. hierarchical and autocratic management culture

The following figure illustrates the process:

Developing the Problem Tree

Effects

FOCAL PROBLEM

Causes

This process can help to distinguish the underlying or root of an institutional problem from their effects and guide advisers towards the critical issues that need to be tackled in institutional development. For example, poor budgetary processes or late arrival of funds in

1 Promoting Institutional&Organisational Development. A Source Book of Tools and Techniques. DFID. March 2003 a Ministry may be effects of poor or non-existent Public Expenditure Management process or poorly articulated priorities –or no money.

PROBLEM ANALYSIS: Bus Example

Effects Passengers hurt or Loss of confidence People are late killed in bus company

Frequent Bus Accidents Core Problem

Causes Drivers not careful Bad conditions of Bad road conditions enough vehicles

Vehicles too old No ongoing maintenance

OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS: Bus Example

Fewer passengers hurt Customers have better Passengers arrive on Effects image of bus company time

Frequent Bus Accidents Core Problem Greatly Reduced

Causes Drivers drive carefully Vehicles kept in good Road conditions and responsibly conditions improved

Old vehicles are Vehicles regularly regularly replaced maintained and checked