University Of The Witwatersrand, Johannesburg

University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg

School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences

HONOURS, 2015

Enquiries: Ms Kim Madikiza (course co-ordinator) Email: [email protected] Tel: 011-717-6403 School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences Honours (APES 400), 2015 GENERAL The Honours degree is the minimum requirement needed to work as a professional scientist. If you wish to register as a member of the South African Council for Natural Scientific Professions (SACNASP), you require at least an Honours degree. SACNASP members are legally entitled to sign off on documents such as environmental impact assessments.

Honours is also the first degree in training in the scientific method. As an Honours student you learn to identify a problem or area of research, read the relevant literature, develop hypotheses and questions to investigate the subject, design appropriate methods to gather required data, collect the data, analyse that data using scientifically appropriate methods and then present the findings in a suitable format in the context of the known literature. In this way a student comes to appreciate the rigours of scientific research.

To achieve these goals students will be required to complete the following components for the degree:

1) ENABLING SKILLS This course runs in block 1 and is compulsory for all students. The course is designed to introduce students to various approaches and tools necessary to conduct scientific research. It includes training in communication skills, both written and oral; time management; Teaching Assistant (TA) skills; an introduction to the statistics computer programme R; and an introduction to Global Information Systems (GIS). Each component will contribute to your final Honours mark.

You will find all of the topics covered in this course in the Enabling Skills Course timetable on page six of this outline.

2) EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND BIOSTATISTICS COURSE A compulsory experimental design and Biostatistics course will be run by Prof Ed Witkowski during block 1. In addition you will be taught how to use the statistical computer programme R as a tool with which to apply the statistical skills you will acquire. Ms Melissa Whitecross and Mrs Melinda Boyes will teach R.

3) THEORY TOPICS These are specialised topics which will extend your knowledge in a particular area. This knowledge can form the basis for your research project. For this reason it is recommended that a student also completes a theory topic offered by the supervisor of the research project.

Each theory topic is restricted to approximately six week units and students are required to complete three theory topics (in addition to the statistics and techniques courses). See the theory topics timetable for the various topics on offer. One Honours theory topic may be completed outside AP&ES. The OTS field course is considered to be an AP&ES course and counts as two topics – 1 theory topic and statistics course in the case of the January-April OTS course, and two theory topics in the case of the August – December OTS course. Associated with each theory topic is a certain amount of course work, which can count towards the final mark for the topic. The mark allocation is negotiable with the staff member concerned. This should be done by the class, prior to commencement of the topic.

2 Class sizes in theory topics are usually restricted to a minimum of two students and a maximum of eight. However, you are free to discuss these limits with the lecturer concerned. 4) HONOURS PROJECT -APES 4030 The honours project will usually be based on one of the topics chosen (but it is not compulsory to do this), and should be done in AP&ES. Experience gained in the project introduces students to the rigours of the scientific method. In principle, students generally do not start their honours projects before the beginning of the honours course, but under certain circumstances (e.g. the need to collect data during the summer), projects can be started earlier. Associated with the project are two presentations: a seminar talk outlining the project proposal (Monday 13th and Tuesday 14th April, 2015), and another talk on the results obtained from the project (Monday 28th and Tuesday 29th September 2015).

In addition, students must submit a project proposal by Friday 8th May, 2015, which needs to include the rationale and motivation for the project, a literature review, the hypotheses to be tested, and the methods that will be used (including the statistics to be used for analyses).

Data collected from the project are analysed and the results written up in a dissertation format (under the guidance of the supervisor). No more than two drafts of the project may be submitted to the supervisor. The final manuscript must be accompanied by a plagiarism report from Turnitin.

The final date for submission of the project is Wednesday 28th October 2015, at 10:00am - THIS DATE AND TIME IS NOT NEGOTIABLE.

RESTRICTION OF STUDENT NUMBERS Staff members are not allowed to supervise more than four projects each. Most staff will restrict their theory topics to between six to eight students maximum, and a minimum of two. This can be negotiated with the staff member concerned.

RULES FOR APES HONOURS Students must attain a mark of 50% or more for their Honours project to pass the year. Students must attain a mark of 50% or more for the compulsory Honours techniques course to pass the year. Students can only fail one elective theory topic and still pass the year, if their average for the rest of the course components is 50% or more. If a student acquires less than 40% for any component of the Honours course they will fail the year. If a student fails a theory topic they can pick up a substitute course if time and other logistics allow. However, the marks for all components of the course attempted will appear on the student’s academic transcript for APES Honours.

REGISTERING FOR APES HONOURS Students will be able to register online, in advance of starting the course, for only the two compulsory components of the course, Enabling Skills APES 4021 and the Research Project APES 4030. Registration for the rest of the course will take place during the first week of the course, when students and staff select which students will take what elective courses.

MARK STRUCTURE Marks are allocated as follows:

Enabling skills (techniques) 14% Theory topics x 3 (14% each) 42 % Research 44%

How honours marks are calculated For a typical honours Enabling skills (14%) GIS (3%) Approaches (3%) Exp design & Stats (4%) R (computer based) (4%) Theory topics (3 topics x 14% = 42%) Each topic typically has a class mark (40%) + exam (60%) [14%] Research (44%) Written proposal (7%) Final seminar (7%) Research report (30%)

For an honours student doing OTS (The OTS first intake won’t do enabling skills at the start of the year) OTS (28%) [This includes enabling skills, but done while on OTS] Theory topics (2 topics x 14% = 28%) Each topic typically has a class mark (~40%) + exam (~60%) [14%] Research (44%) Written proposal (7%) Final seminar (7%) Research report (30%)

OTS second intake (will complete enabling skills course at start of the year) Enabling skills (14%) GIS (3%) Approaches (3%) Exp design & Stats (4%) R (computer based) (4%) OTS (28%) Theory topic (1 topic x 14%) Each topic typically has a class mark (40%) + exam (60%) [14%] Research (44%) Written proposal (7%) Final seminar (7%) Research report (30%)

TEACHING ASSISTANT DUTIES Honours students are required to commit some of their time to assist the running of the school. The duties that an Honours student must perform are at the discretion of the HOS, but generally take the form of assisting the school in teaching undergraduate classes. To prepare honours students for these teaching duties a workshop on this function has been arranged for

4 Thursday 12th February 2015. Students who have a University bursary are not paid for these teaching duties, but those who are not financed by the University will receive remuneration for their services. Although these duties may appear onerous, they allow one to gain experience in teaching and as such can be included in your Curriculum Vitae.

SEMINARS Attendance at the regular Monday lunchtime seminars organised by the School is compulsory.

BURSARIES The university offers bursaries for Honours; please enquire at the bursaries office. The SRC administers the Eddie Roux Bursary for Honours students. Please ask Ms Carol Sam for application forms. Other organisations also offer bursaries; see page 29.

IMPORTANT DATES/ EVENTS IN THE HONOURS YEAR 2015

EVENT DATE 1. Honours course starts Monday 9th February 2. Block 1; Theory topic 1 Week of 9th Feb., - 27th March 3. Final decisions on theory topics Friday 13th February 4. Communication Workshop - Week 4 5. Project proposal seminars Monday 13th and Tuesday 14th April 6. Project proposal submission Friday 8th May 7. Block 2; Theory topic 2 Tuesdsay 7th April - Friday 26th May 8. Examinations Thursday 27th May - Friday 26th June 9. Block 3; Theory topic 3 Monday 20th July - Friday 4th September 10. Funding for next year - 2016? Many donors (e.g. NRF) close applications for MSc bursaries in June – August. Plan your future in science (with money). 11. Block 4; Theory topic 4 Monday 14th Sept. – Wednesday 28th Oct. 12. Project report back seminars Monday 28th and Tuesday 29th September 13. Project submission. Wednesday 28th October, 2015. 10:00am Handed to Ms C. Sam. THIS DATE IS NOT NEGOTIABLE 13. Examinations Monday 2nd November - Friday 27th November 14. Meet External Examiners 23rd – 27th November. You must be available for this meeting. This date will change – check!

NB. Do not organise holidays, or other commitments within the official teaching OR study OR exam periods of this year. OR IN THE WEEK WHEN YOU WILL MEET THE EXTERNAL EXAMINERS. This is an intensive year of study and you will be expected to be available at all times throughout the academic year, from 9th February until 27th November.

5 1. ENABLING SKILLS

The techniques course is compulsory and forms an important part of the Honours year. It is designed to expose you to scientific methods and ideas that will underpin all that you do in the rest of the year.

Computer Literacy If you are unfamiliar with the use of computers for access to the internet, e-mail, word-processing, and using spread sheets such as Excel, you can arrange to attend an introductory course in the University which takes place two weeks before the start of term.

The enabling skills course will start on the first day of the Honours course and will run over seven weeks, overlapping with the theory topics of the first block. Attendance at this course is compulsory. Failure to attend without a valid reason will result in you not being allowed to write the tests. The following subjects are covered in the techniques course:

APPROACHES TO SCIENCE – Philosophy & Analysis Dr Kaera Coetzer will present a course on the changing philosophy of science and analysis. An exercise on this topic will contribute to the Approaches to Science theory topic mark.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) A basic introduction to the methods and use of GIS will be given by Dr Jolene Fisher. You will be required to complete an online course. Using the skills learnt online you will be expected to complete an assignment. This mark will contribute towards your techniques course.

COMMUNICATION A writing and communication workshop will be held during the week of 9 -13th March. The following topics will be covered: scientific reading and writing skills for projects and essays (Prof David Mycock,); structuring a project proposal presentation and tips on presentation techniques (Prof Kevin Balkwill); presenting a proposal (Prof Marcus Byrne).

TIME MANAGEMENT AND SELF-AWARENESS Ms Carol Still will present three tutorials on time management, self-awareness and organising work schedules.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND BIOSTATISTICS COURSE A experimental design and Biostatistics course will be run by Prof Ed Witkowski during block 1. In addition you will be taught how to use the statistical computer programme R as a tool with which to apply the statistical skills you will acquire.

R Ms Melissa Whitecross and Mrs Melinda Boyes will present a course on using statistical software (R). This course is designed to complement the Experimental Design and Biostatistics course, and will provide you with the skills you need to analyse the data you collect for your project.

6 Enabling Skills Course Timetable 2015

WEEK ONE: 9-13 FEBRUARY, 2015************ALL MEETINGS USUALLY IN B115******************

08.00 - 09.00 - 10.15 - 11.15 - 12.30 - 14.15 - 15.15 - 16.15 - 17.15 - 08.45 09.45 11.00 12.00 13.15 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 Intro. Safety Photo- Project Q&A Time Computer Access K. Kelebone & keys graphs Manage- Profs ment 1 P. Duncan & C. Still Mon Tshabalala Pillay. Mr B 9th Patterson L Copyright & Plagiarism Animal Ethics (B115) Tue (B115) G. Alexander Theory Topics* 10th D Nicholson U Wed Training on Turnitin T Hungwe Time Management 2 C. Still 11th N

Thur TA Workshop (B115/LAB) C. Still, E. Ayayee.

th 12 C Fri Approaches: GIS J. Fisher Theory Topics (& Final Decision) 13th H

WEEK TWO: 16-20 FEBRUARY 08.00 - 09.00 - 10.15 - 11.15 - 12.30 - 14.15 - 15.15 - 16.15 - 17.15 - 08.45 09.45 11.00 12.00 13.15 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 Mon Experimental Design & Biostatistics E. Witkowski Theory Topics 16th L Tue Experimental Design & Biostatistics E. Witkowski Theory Topics 17th U

Wed TA Duties Approaches to Science (B115) 18th N K. Coetzer

Thur TA Duties Time Management 3 19th C C. Still Fri Experimental Design & Biostatistics E. Witkowski Theory Topics 20th H

WEEK THREE: 23-27 FEBRUARY 08.00 - 09.00 - 10.15 - 11.15 - 12.30 - 14.15 - 15.15 16.15 - 17.15 - 08.45 09.45 11.00 12.00 13.15 15.00 -16.00 17.00 18.00 Mon Experimental Design & Biostatistics E. Witkowski Theory Topics 23rd L Tue Experimental Design & Biostatistics E. Witkowski Theory Topics 24th U

Thur TA Duties 26th C Fri Experimental Design & Biostatistics E. Witkowski Theory Topics 27th H

7 WEEK FOUR: 02-06 MARCH

08.00 – 09.00 - 10.15 - 11.15 - 12.30 - 14.15 - 15.15 - 16.15 - 17.15 - 08.45 09.45 11.00 12.00 13.15 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 Mon Experimental Design & Biostatistics E. Witkowski Theory Topics 2nd L Tue Experimental Design & Biostatistics E. Witkowski Theory Topics 3rd U

Thur TA Duties 5th C Fri Experimental Design & Biostatistics E. Witkowski EXAM Theory Topics 6th H

WEEK FIVE: 09 - 13 MARCH 08.00 – 09.00 - 10.15 - 11.15 - 12.30 - 14.15 - 15.15 - 16.15 - 17.15 - 08.45 09.45 11.00 12.00 13.15 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00

Mon 9th L

Tue 10th U Scientific Writing -Literature review Approaches to Science (B115) D Mycock Wed K. Coetzer 11th NO TA DUTIES THIS WEEK N Scientific Writing -Literature review Scientific Writing -Literature D Mycock Thur review D Mycock 12th NO TA DUTIES THIS WEEK C

Fri 13th H Theory Topics

WEEK SIX: 16 - 20 MARCH 08.00 – 09.00 - 10.15 - 11.15 - 12.30 - 14.15 - 15.15 - 16.15 - 17.15 - 08.45 09.45 11.00 12.00 13.15 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00

Mon R (Nucleus Lab) M. Whitecross Theory Topics 16th L

Tue R (Nucleus Lab) M. Whitecross 17th U

Wed TA Duties Approaches to Science (B115) 18th N K. Coetzer TA Duties Scientific Writing -Literature Thur review 19th C D Mycock

Fri 20th R (Nucleus Lab) M. Whitecross H Theory Topics

8 WEEK SEVEN: 23 - 27 MARCH 08.00 – 09.00 - 10.15 - 11.15 - 12.30 - 14.15 - 15.15 - 16.15 - 17.15 - 08.45 09.45 11.00 12.00 13.15 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00

Mon R (Nucleus Lab) M. Whitecross Theory Topics 23rd L

Tue R (Nucleus Lab) M. Whitecross Theory Topics 24th U

Wed TA Duties (Check with course coordinator) Theory R (Nucleus Lab) M. Whitecross 25th N

Thur TA Duties (Check with course coordinator) Theory R (Nucleus Lab) M. Whitecross 26th C

Fri 27th R (Nucleus Lab) M. Whitecross EXAM H Theory Topics

*Theory Topics are slots in the timetable open for lectures to schedule teaching if required. If not required, they are free periods.

 NB: We start early – at the beginning of orientation week.  Bring an electronic document (an old essay) to the Turnitin session on which to practice.  Proposal seminars are run over two days to accommodate all students. Any theory topics running on those days will please have to work around the seminars. All Honours students are expected to attend ALL talks. It is not acceptable for students to arrive for their own talk and be absent either before or after.

Ver 1: 6/01/15

9 AP&ES Honours Course: Theory Topics Course Outline 2015 Block 1+ 5 days Field Work Block 2 Study Exams Research Block 3 Research Block 4 Exams Mon 9th Week of 9th Feb - Sat 28th Wec 7th April - Fri 27th Fri 29th Mon 29th Mon 20th July – Sat 5th Mon 14th Sept – Mon 2nd Feb – Fri 27th March Mar – 26th May -28th May – June – Sun Fri 4th Sept Sept – Wed 28th Oct Nov – Fri13th Feb Mon May Fri 26th 19th July Sun 13th Mon 27th 6th Apr June Sept Nov Orientation Theory topic 1 Field – Theory topic 2 Study Exams Research Theory topic 3 Research Theory topic 4 Exams 7 weeks 10 days 7 weeks 2 days 20 days 23 days 7 weeks 9 days 6.5 weeks - s s

t t & s c c

NB: Techniques and Biogeography. Ecophysiology e e Animal Behaviour e m j j n

Overlaps statistics courses a K. Glennon & G. G. Alexander & o o i i r r

& Ecology. l w l P P with Block Various staff i Goodman-Cron. F. Duncan. T

N. Pillay & . W

1 teaching W

F. Parrini. V

t t - y

See Global Change c Eucaryotic Cell Biocontrol. c Pollination l . - e e u j y j o J

techniques Impacts on Soils, Biology. S. Newete, & Ecology. o g o n r r 4 o h l t P P timetable Plants & Animals -. D. Mycock & 1 D. Marlin. C. Symes o - E c 3

for details. M. Scholes. S. Sym. e & K. Balkwill. s s s t t t

c Experimental & c Stable Isotopes c Transformation & e e e j j Sustainable Biology C. Symes. j Transgression: o o o r r r

P U. Schwaibold. P P Coping & Adapting to Climate Change C. Vogel. s s s t t t

c Entomology c Science of c e e e j j F. Duncan. Freshwater j o o o r r r

P P Management. P G. Snow. - s s

t t s c

Ecological Population c t e e j c j o e Engineering and Conservation. o r j r o P P r Phytoremediation J. Fisher & P I. Weiersbye. K. Glennon.

PROJECT

OTS 1 2 NB: The techniques and statistics courses are compulsory for all Hons students, as is attendance at departmental lunchtime seminars on Mondays. Students must be available to meet the external examiners at the end of the year. The exact date will be available nearer the time. 2. THEORY TOPICS

FORMAT One of the benefits of the Honours course is the flexibility in the way in which you are taught. In this regard, staff members may offer topics in any form they choose; such as tutorials, seminars, assignments and even mini-projects. Note that the mini-project should be seen as equivalent to a theory topic, and the work covered in the mini-project will comprise the "theory" component of the topic. Supervisors will inform students of the way in which topics are run before the start of the honours course. The way in which the final mark is calculated is negotiable with the staff member concerned. This should be done by you, prior to commencement of the topic. The University Senate allows the final mark to be calculated from 40-60% for course work, with the remainder being made up from the exam.

CHOICE OF TOPICS Students can choose any three topics offered by the School of AP&ES. One of these may be replaced with a topic run outside the school, accepted as contributing towards a particular career direction. Students will be allowed to do only one Honours theory topic outside AP&ES. However, students following certain career paths may need to do more than one (but not more than two), topics outside the school. This must be negotiated with the HOS and Honours coordinator. It is recommended that students do not do two theory topics at the same time. You may not fail more than one theory course.

Decisions on theory topics and project supervisors must be finalised by Friday 13th February, 2015. Most theory courses admit a maximum of eight students per topic. Check with the lecturer involved. Only theory topics appearing in the timetable will be offered in the year shown. Therefore some topics may appear in the descriptions below but not be offered.

OTS TROPICAL STUDIES IN FIELD ECOLOGY – APES 4033 The Organization for Tropical Studies offers places to Wits Honours students on their “Semester abroad undergraduate program”, which is a 15-week field course from January to May 2015, held in South Africa. A second course will run from September to December 2015. If you wish to apply for one of these courses, please contact the Honours coordinator in September of the preceding year.

The OTS course forms part of the AP&ES Honours, and counts as two topics – 1 theory topic and techniques course in the case of the January-April OTS course, and two theory topics in the case of the August – December OTS course. One of the OTS projects may be expanded, as part of your AP&ES Honours project, although this is very rare and unlikely to be easy to achieve given the constraints on time. You should try to arrange this with a supervisor before you leave for OTS, or immediately on your return. OTS students will be required to present a seminar to the school on their field work in OTS, in lieu of the project proposal seminar that they will miss while in the field.

EXAMS Theory topics will be examined in June or November. The structure of the exam (e.g. open book) is at the discretion of the topic supervisor, and should be discussed with him/her in advance. THEORY TOPICS FOR 2015

ENABLING SKILLS - APES 4021 (see page 6) Lecturers: Various APES staff This course is the only compulsory theory course within the APES Honours degree. It exposes the students to a variety of techniques which they will either need (e.g. statistics) or find useful (e.g. Global Information Systems) in their Honours year, particularly in connection with their compulsory research project. The components of the course are Approaches to Science which covers the philosophy and methods underlying modern science; R, which introduces students to the R statistical computer programme; Experimental Design and Biostatistics explores useful statistical methods in biology. Students also attend a writing workshop and give a seminar on their research proposal.

ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR AND ECOLOGY - APES 4015 (Limit 8 students) Lecturers: Prof N Pillay and Dr F Parrini. This course covers some of the topics related to animal behaviour and behavioural ecology with the aim to introduce the students to current concepts and techniques in the study of these closely related disciplines. Emphasis is placed on physiological, developmental, adaptive function and ecological processes of behaviour as well as the evolutionary context of behaviour. It will include such topics as natural selection, sexual selection, microeconomic theory in behaviour, learning and cognition, communication, contest behaviour, sociality, resource use, behaviour and conservation, behaviour and environmental change. Students are also encouraged to develop their own ideas.

BIOGEOGRAPHY APES - 4018 (Limit 8 students) Lecturers: Prof G Goodman-Cron and Dr K Glennon This course comprises two sections: the first focuses on Island Biogeography, and the second on Endemism and Species Richness. In the first section, students are introduced to Biogeography in the broad sense as the science that endeavours to describe and interpret the geographic distributions of organisms and the processes that have shaped their distribution, and then more specifically to the patterns and processes involved in the biogeography of islands. Topics covered include a critique of Island Biogeography Theory and modern modifications of this theory, adaptive radiation as a phenomenon of islands, the roles of vicariance and dispersal, issues around conservation of island biodiversity, and the implications of island biogeography theory for conservation of fragmented habitats. The second section of the course considers factors affecting species richness and endemism, the role of spatial and temporal scales in the assessment of species richness and endemism and implications for conservation, the biogeography of alien invasive species and their ecological impacts, and/or the role of refugia in influencing patterns of species richness and endemism, and principles, and practices of conservation biogeography.

12 12 PLANT VARIATION & NOMENCLATURE - APES 4028 Lecturers: Profs K Balkwill and G Goodman-Cron One of the most important issues to deal with in systematics is recognising and interpreting variation. In this course, we will discuss what kinds of variation exist, what characters (e.g. morphological, anatomical, molecular) one might investigate to study variation and what approaches or methods may be used to interpret variation (e.g. phenetics and phylogenetics). Having decided on the relevance of variation, one must convert the conclusions into a classification and provide appropriate names. Thus, this course also explores the need for and requirements of an international standardised naming systems and the principles and practices espoused in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.

ENTOMOLOGY - APES 4022 Lecturer: Prof F Duncan This course covers a range of subjects relating to insects, concentrating on how insects surving in extreme environments. The following topics will be the basis of the course, with an additional topic of interest which is important within the field of entomology and of current interest will also be added. a. Metabolism and gas exchange; which includes a description of the gas exchange structures, principles of gas exchange, discontinuous gas exchange cycles, factors affecting metabolic rates, respiratory responses to hypoxia and respiratory mechanisms used by insects living in water. b. Nutritional physiology and ecology; which includes structure of the gut, digestion, absorption, balancing the diet, problems with feeding on plants, growth development and life history and models of nutritional ecology. c. Water balance and temperature; which includes the structure of the integument, routes of water loss, how water is stored, hormonal control of water balance, thermoregulation and how termperature affects growth. d. Insect aggregations; which include topics on the link between nutrition and insect outbreaks, definition and benefits of eusociality, army ants, why supercolonies form, importance of nest in social insects and using insects as a food (entomophagy). In addtion the students will undertake a drawing or composite microscrope picture of an anatomical structure important to one of the physiological systems discussed.

ECOPHYSIOLOGY - A PES 4020 Lecturers: Prof F Duncan and Prof G Alexander Animals are continually challenged to regulate and maintain their functional capacities in response to stressors in their environment. A variety of environments will be studied to explore the link between environmental challenges and energy expenditure in both invertebrates and vertebrates. The importance of size as a determinant of physiological variables will be used to understand ecology as well as how morphology, anatomy and physiology interface to allow animals to successfully exploit their envornment. During the course the parameters behind the Metabolic Theory of Ecology will be investigated as well as how feeding ecology impacts the physiology of animals. The metabolic rate of an organism, its energy requirements, are constrained by its size and temperature according to quantitative scaling relationships, and its activity levels, which are dictated by, amongst other things, feeding ecology. This course will also compare and contrast the strategies shown in endotherms and ectotherms in the thermal environment.

13 13 ETHNO-ECOLOGY - APES 4023 Lecturers: Dr W Twine and Dr V Williams This course introduces students to key theoretical concepts and research methods in the multi-disciplinary field of ethnoecology. The course is taught at the Wits Rural Facility, in Limpopo Province, and consists of lectures, readings, group activities and field excursions that are structured around a number of core themes. Experiential learning is a central focus of the course, and most theoretical aspects covered in class are linked with practical examples and experiences in the field in rural Bushbuckridge.

ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION AND PHYTO-TECHNOLOGIES - APES 4019 (PHYTOREMEDIATION): Theory, Design & Practice Lecturers: Isabel Weiersbye and Dr Jenny Botha

The course addresses how landscapes deliver ecosystem services, and describes the ecological principles that underpin self-sustaining landscapes. Participants are introduced to plant-soil-water relations, the concept of evapotranspiration, and the role of plants in hydraulic processes, landscape hydrology and the movement of contaminated groundwater. The genetic traits and physiological processes associated with plant tolerance, uptake and accumulation of halogens and metals are addressed, and the ways in which plant - microbial symbioses confer tolerance to adverse conditions.

EUCARYOTIC CELL BIOLOGY - APES 4024 Lecturers: Prof S Sym and Prof D Mycock This course covers only some of the variety of topics related to cell biology, but they are the fundamental areas required for anyone tackling work involving plant tissue culture, cryopreservation, stress physiology or phycology. It covers the following topics: a. The cytoskeleton, which in turn is limited to three components; the microtubules (their structure, MTOCs, polymerisation / depolymerisation, functions such as intracellular transport and cell motility), the microfilaments (their structure, polymerisation / depolymerisation, functions such as intracellular movement and localisation of biochemical pathways) and the intermediate filaments (their structure and function). Emphasis is placed on the former two components and although this focuses on cytoskeletal systems in plants and algae, the cytoskeleton developed early in eukaryotic history, so also requires occasional reference to animal examples. b. The Nucleus, including the lamins (intermediate filaments), which form a natural link between the cytoskeleton and the nucleus. This section also reviews DNA, its packaging, chromatin and the nuclear envelope. c. Membranes - this is a natural progression from the previous topic of the nuclear envelope. This section considers the basic structure (a short revision of a familiar organelle but also highlighting many new facets and involving more detail); transport across membranes (including membrane receptors, transport of ions); and membrane flow (which deals with the intracellular movement of membranes, predominantly considering the secretory pathway from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi bodies and secretory vesicles. d. Cell division, its importance, need for strict regulation and the consequences of loss of control.

14 14 ANALYSIS OF MAMMAL POPULATIONS - APES 4014 Lecturer: Prof J Marshal The goal of this course is to develop basic abilities in the quantitative methods used to study population ecology, with particular reference to mammal populations. Topics included in the course will be statistical theory relevant to the estimation of population parameters, sampling design, matrix algebra, population models, and methods to estimate presence, density, survival and recruitment. Some of the methods covered include matrix population modelling, distance sampling, occupancy modelling, and capture-mark-recapture analysis. Students taking this topic should be comfortable with mathematical methods, computer programming, population modelling and basic data analysis.

BIOCONTROL - APES 4017 Lecturers: Dr S Newete & Dr D Marlin This course explores current issues in the biological control of alien invasive organisms. The main focus is on biocontrol of alien weeds, in which South Africa is a leading exponent. However the course ranges across a variety of allied topics such as sterile male release, pheromone based pest control, the role of molecular biology in biocontrol and any other related topics which the students chose from a list or suggest themselves. Because biocontrol of alien weeds in South Africa has such a strong link with the broader society, through the Working for Water programme, much of the discussion revolves around how science interacts with the society it is in.

POLLINATION ECOLOGY - APES 4029 (Limit 10 students) Lecturers: Prof C Symes & Prof K Balkwill Pollination is a vital process in the continued survival of any plant taxon. Floral diversity and pollinator types, floral phenology, breeding systems, the relationship of pollination biology to gene flow and the interaction of pollination, plant communities and the environment are all extremely important aspects of this topic that will be addressed in the course. Pollination studies in Africa and southern Africa will be reviewed and gaps identified.

STABLE ISOTOPES - APES 4031 (Limit 6 students) Lecturer: Prof C Symes This course introduces students, through a series of lectures, to stable isotopes as a tool in biological research. The field is broad and examples across a range of topics are addressed. These lectures set the scene for the latter part of the course where students are required to read a number of papers that will contribute significantly to their learning in the field of stable isotopes in ecological research. Three target focus papers are selected by each student and these are reviewed as part of their course assessment. After each assessment these papers are critically assessed in a discussion group. Students also conduct practical work in the laboratory that will involve sample preparation, data analysis, and data interpretation.

GLOBAL CHANGE: IMPACT ON SOILS, PLANTS AND THE ENVIRONMENT - THE NEXT 50 YEARS - APES 4027 (Limit 8 students) Lecturer: Prof Mary Scholes This course covers an overview of the most important aspects of global change and the associated impacts which are expected to occur in Southern Africa. The undergraduate courses are all orientated towards terrestrial biological systems but this course is intended to

15 15 be much broader. The course covers topics related to marine, human and global systems and approaches to understanding legally binding negotiations. The purpose of the course is to teach breadth in a transdisciplinary way and to teach depth within a discipline.

EXPERIMENTAL AND SUSTAINABLE BIOLOGY - APES 4025 Lecturer: Dr U Schwaibold This course is designed to catapult biological learning's from the test tube on to the balance sheet and into the market place. The student will be required to assimilate a wide knowledge base into a cohesive, workable business understanding. Substantial emphasis will be placed on the ethics and morality of wealth creation. Topics to be covered will include biology, business sustainability, the business environment and the relationship between economic growth, development and sustainability. The course will move on to examine the basic elements of business and how these can be used opportunistically by the biological scientist. In addition, it is anticipated that a considerable amount of case study work will be involved and the academic biologist will be introduced to the concept of examination by case study. Biology students will be expected to familiarise themselves with current business activity and relate this to their scientific studies. Furthermore, the course will introduce students to the impacts of disciplinary barriers to sustainability and how these can be overcome. Finally, the biologist will have the capacity to empower himself in a business and financial sense outside of the laboratory, and will have a clear understanding of how science in general and biology in particular can assist business and entrepreneurship to create better Corporate Citizenship in the economy.

APES HONOURS SPECIAL TOPIC - APES 4016 Lecturers: Selected APES staff This course will cover a relevant topic in modern biology, such as conservation ecology, remote sensing in biological systems, plant pathology or systematics, animal or plant anatomy and morphology, the ecology of vision, or some other such topic which is relevant to the expertise available in the school within any given teaching year. This course might not run every year. The following course are offered under this course code in 2015:-

POPULATION CONSERVATION – Lecturers: Dr Jolene Fisher & Dr Kelsey Glennon Biodiversity conservation requires an understanding of migration and gene flow patterns among populations. In this course, students will become familiar with different analytical approaches that are becoming more sought after by various conservation agencies. Students will be introduced to concepts like migration and genetic diversity in a conservation context. The course links ecological and geographic information systems approaches, like least cost path analyses, to population genetic methods, like population structure and inbreeding, to better understand how to effectively identify and preserve threatened populations and species. Students will have the opportunity to become more familiar with genetic and GIS metrics and approaches that can be used to solve questions surrounding biodiversity.

16 16 FRESHWATER SCIENCE - Science of Freshwater Management - Lecturer: Dr G Snow The National Water Act (Act No. 36 of 1998) (NWA) was implemented to ensure the equitable and sustainable use of South Africa’s water resources. The NWA recognises three Resource Directed Measures (RDM), which are used to form the protection measures for the country’s water resources; 1) the classification system, 2) the Reserve, and 3) Resource Quality Objectives. During the course students will be introduced to the NWA and the RDM methods used to determine the freshwater Reserve for rivers and estuaries in South Africa.

TRANSFORMATION AND TRANSGRESSION: COPING AND ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE Lecturer: Prof C Vogel. The course is designed for those students who have good background in either the physical and social dimensions of climate change and climate variability (some social science is preferable but is not a pre-requisite). In particular the course will cover various ways of learning about and for climate change including social learning etc. Specific topics and themes to be covered include: Framing of climate change (How and why is climate change framed in certain ways and contexts?); Adapting and coping with climate change – How do various social contexts enable and close down certain adaptations and coping mechanisms; The role of power, structure and agency and governance in climate change and finally, transformation and transgression – How can we transform contexts and actors in becoming agents of change?

17 17 3. PROJECTS

Supervisors: Dr Ellis Ayayee and Dr E. Chivandi 3. Chemical characterization of the oak fruit in South Africa and comparison of its characteristics with indigenous varieties in Europe. The oak is an introduced tree from Europe and some can live for over a 1000 years in their native countries. The acorn, the fruit, is a source of food for insects, birds, mammals in their native countries. Some streets and parks in Johannesburg are lined with oak trees and they would seem to be mainly ornamental. Whilst the oak tree has survived as an established tree in Johannesburg, not much is known about its potential as a food source. It would be interesting to explore the chemical characteristics of selected acorn varieties in South Africa and the possible commercial potential of the fruit. This study will determine the chemical characteristics of the pericarp, the fibre, amino acid, fatty acid profiles of the seed. The potential of exploiting this seed as a dietary supplement and oil source is envisaged. [email protected]

Supervisor: Prof. Wayne Twine, Wits Rural Facility. My research focusses on human-environment relationships in rural communities in savannas. Honours projects on offer range from more social to ecological in focus. However, I am tending to move away from supervising social projects at honours level, due to the challenging and time-consuming complexities of social research in local communities, including the need for ethics clearance, permission from local authorities, community feedback etc. Students under my supervisions do their fieldwork based at the Wits Rural Facility (WRF) on the border of Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces.

1. Attitudes and knowledge among rural youth about the environment, conservation and “green” careers. There is concern that environmental appreciation and knowledge among the rural youth is rapidly eroding due to a range of social and cultural factors. This has important environmental implications, as the youth are the future custodians of natural resources in communal lands. This project will assess environmental attitudes and knowledge among rural youth in three schools near to the WRF to assess the validity of the concern. Your study will yield useful insights to guide local environmental awareness programmes among youth.

2. Coppicing in Terminalia sericea. Terminalia sericea is a common tree species in the lowveld, widely used for firewood by rural households. It coppices (resprouts) easily, lending itself to rotational coppice harvesting as a sustainable fuelwood supply. In 2010, a coppice experiment was set up on the WRF by a PhD student. Your project will follow up on various aspects of coppice regeneration in this experiment. This study will make a useful contribution to understanding resprouting in this ecologically and socio-economically important species.

18 18 3. Comparing the accuracy, precision, and efficiency of two techniques for monitoring herbaceous vegetation in communal rangelands. Herbaceous vegetation is currently being monitored in permanent transects around nine rural villages in Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga Province, as part of an on-going project (SUCSES – Sustainability in Communal Socio- Ecological Systems). The current study design uses a plotless (point) method to quantify herbaceous basal and aerial cover, and species composition. Although this method is quick and easy, there is concern that the accuracy and precision of this method is insufficient to detect real changes over time. This project will compare the current plotless method with a plot method using varying sampling intensities, to assess the trade-offs between accuracy, precision and efficiency of these methods. You will be making an important scientific contribution to a current research project.

4. Allometric relationships between tree height, crown dimensions, and stem diameter in selected singled-stemmed versus multi-stemmed savanna trees. Establishing the quantitative relations between key dimensions of an organism (allometry) is important for understanding physical constraints to growth in trees, and for predicting key ecologically important variables such as aboveground woody biomass. General allometric relationships between tree morphology and biomass have been derived for savanna trees, but these usually pool the stem diameters of multi-stemmed trees (which are common in savannas). This method assumes that the relationship between total stem diameter, tree height and canopy dimensions are the same for single stemmed and multi-stemmed savanna trees. However, this assumption has not been tested, and evidence suggests that it may not be valid. This is a potentially important source of error in generic allometric biomass calculations for savannas. Your study will shed new light on this issue with field data that you will collect at the Wits Rural Facility, making an important contribution to savanna ecology research.

5. Population assessment of a newly discovered population of Sapium integerrimum. During fieldwork in the communal lands of Xanthia village in Bushbuckridge in January 2015, I discovered a population of a forest-fringe tree species, Sapium integerrimum. This species is endemic to the coastal region of northern KZN and very southern Mozambique, with isolated populations reported in Swaziland and in the SA lowveld South of the Kruger National Park. The population discovered in Bushbuckridge is thus well north and west of the reported distribution. You will do a population assessment of this species in the locality to determine abundance and population structure. You will also characterise the vegetation in which the population occurs. This is an exciting project, with the potential for you to publish a paper with me. [email protected]

Supervisors: Dr Ida Risenga & Prof. Luke Chimuka The effect of low temperature on Moringa oleifera seedlings Also known as the drumstick tree, this tree is regarded by many as a “miracle tree because of its many uses, including as a herbal medicine. [email protected]

19 19 Supervisors: Drs Ida Risenga & Sally Archibald The effect of low temperature on Eucalyptus spp The effect of frost and low temperatures on Eucalyptus species is important for establishment and growth of these trees which can be considered as valuable forestry species or water thieving alien invasives.

Supervisor: Dr Jolene Fisher My field of interest is spatial ecology, remote sensing and human-environment interactions. If you have an interest in these fields please come chat and I will be willing to develop a project with the student.

Supervisor: Prof Glynis Goodman-Cron 1. Drivers of speciation in the Drakensberg Alpine Centre The Drakensberg Alpine Centre (DAC) is a hotspot of biodiversity in southern Africa, with a species-rich flora and large endemic component. It is an important part of the Afro-alpine and afro-montane island-like mountain system in Africa, serving both as a source and refuge for species. Despite its value in biodiversity conservation, surprisingly little is known about the drivers of speciation of its flora. The DAC is extremely diverse in the habitats it provides – due to altitudinal, geological, topographic variation. It is likely that drivers of speciation in this region are ecological in nature – either via habitat diversity or ecological interactions.

These research projects aim to explore the patterns of diversification within the various genera in the DAC and identify the potential roles of key environmental variables in driving speciation in each genus, and look for evidence of adaptation via correlation of changes in e.g. habitat with morphological features/pollinators. Key questions to be addressed include: 1. To what extent have key environmental variables, viz. geographic distance, altitude and habitat played a role in driving speciation within each genus?

2. Are any vegetative morphological features correlated with environmental changes between clades/sister species that reflect adaptive evolution? Are there patterns of convergence in the radiation(s) of the larger genera within the DAC, e.g. in terms of life history, growth form, flower and/or bract colour?

3. Are there distinct floral features that might correlate with specific pollinators which could facilitate ecological isolation among the species within a genus? Several projects are available investigating the evolutionary history of the small plant genera endemic/near endemic to the Drakensberg mountains (e.g. Heteromma, Killickia, Rhodohypoxis), as well as in sections of some of the larger genera (e.g. Senecio, Helichrysum). In investigating the speciation patterns and processes in these genera, you would be making use of morphological and molecular data, distribution maps, phylogenetic and multivariate analyses.

2. Pollination studies Pollination biology of selected plant groups. Possible projects include: Comparison of pollination biology (visitation rates, self pollination, seed set) of rare species versus common species in a genus. Investigation of differences in the pollination (pollinating agents, rates of visitation etc.) within a species occurring at different elevations (e.g. at 1800 m and 2800 m). Comparison of the pollination biology of a species rich genus/group with a species poor genus. Studies will be mainly field-based, involving bagging of plants, assessment of self- compatibility, seed set and viability.

3. Systematic study of a plant group Taxonomic issues around species: either investigating a group of closely related/cryptic species and/or the taxonomy of a small genus. Any interest group may be considered. The study would involve some field work, morphological studies of herbarium collections and possibly DNA analyses (if time and interest allow). Phylogenetic and/or phenetic analysis of morphological (and possibly AFLP) data will be needed. Examples of projects on genera/species: 1. Are Senecio seminiveus, S. tanacetopsis and S. achilleifolius (Senecioneae, Asteraceae) different species or merely altitudinal variants of the same species? 2. Should the two subspecies of Hebenstretia oatsii (Scrophulariaceae) be recognised? 3. The widespread Plectranthus neochilus (Lamiaceae) has both perennial and annual forms. Are these really one or two species? 4. Is Strelitzia juncea a distinct species from Strelitzia reginae, or should it be a subspecies or variety?

4. Invasive plant species (in collaboration with Prof Marcus Byrne): DNA analyses can reveal the origin of alien invasive plant species and thereby play a vital role in the identification of the correct biological control agents. Population-based studies of alien invasive plants may also indicate the pattern of dispersal of plants within the country or region and whether there has been one invasion or multiple invasions. A variety of alien invasive weeds may be studied for this project: e.g. Melia (Syringa), Parthenium hyterophorus, and Phragmites.

Field work to collect DNA samples and vouchers, followed by laboratory work involving DNA extraction and analysis will be required.

21 21 Supervisor: Dr. Kelsey Glennon My fields of interest includes evolutionary biology, molecular ecology, and conservation genetics. If you are interested in learning more about these fields, please come chat to me about any project ideas you might like to pursue. Alternatively, there are two areas of ongoing research to participate in, listed below:

1. Population biology of Drakensberg near-endemic plants: The processes that drive new species formation are a key focus of biology and conservation, particularly in diverse regions like the Drakensberg. Several projects are available that explore barriers to gene flow among population and species of the near-endemic plant genus, Rhodohypoxis (commonly called ‘red stars’). These projects offer opportunities to do considerable fieldwork in the Drakensberg and Lesotho, as well as greenhouse and DNA lab studies. Given the molecular trend of conservation work, projects in this study offer the opportunity to learn molecular skills that are beneficial to future careers in conservation.

2. Chromosome numbers and plant evolution: The red stars (Rhodohypoxis) are a genus of plants that are near-endemic to the Drakensberg. Previous work has reported several different genome sizes have been reported for different species in the genus, yet how this has contributed to the evolution of the genus is unknown. This project combines fieldwork to collect seeds from plants in the field and lab work to determine chromosome number with population genetic structure (from DNA data) and previous phylogenetic studies to infer the role of genome size (chromosome number) in Rhodohypoxis evolutionary history.

Supervisors: Dr. Kelsey Glennon & Prof. Glynis Goodman- Cron Determining the future of potentially threatened mountain ecosystems. Global climate warming will likely lead to the sub-alpine and alpine altitudinal zones of the Drakensberg Alpine Centre merging to form a single altitudinal zone. This potential merger will have significant implications for the continued survival of many plant and animal species. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to characterize climatic habitats of alpine and sub-alpine zones under predicted climate scenarios. Our project focuses specifically on determining the extent to which alpine and sub-alpine altitudinal zones are likely to merge or disappear under two different predicted climate scenarios. Our goal is to answer the question of whether the climatic habitats of the alpine and sub-alpine altitudinal zones become more similar and merge as the climate warms, or will one of the zones (i.e., the alpine zone) ultimately disappear. This project involves fieldwork, working in ArcGIS, and statistical analyses. This study has significant implications for identifying potential conservation options for endemic species that occur in the DAC.

Supervisors: Dr. Kelsey Glennon, Prof. Ed Witkowski, Prof. Glynis Goodman-Cron, Dr. Sarah Venter Fruit production disparity among baobab trees Fruit production disparity among baobab trees during long-term research on several populations of baobab trees in Venda, Limpopo Province, showed surprising patterns of fruit production differences between trees. “Producer” trees yield numerous fruit each season,

22 22 while “poor producers” yield only a handful, if any. Two hypotheses could explain this discrepancy: 1) gene flow between trees with different genome sizes, and 2) “leaky” self- incompatibility. This project includes fieldwork to conduct crossing experiments on trees in the field, greenhouse work to germinate seeds, and lab work to determine chromosome number.

Supervisor: Prof Frances Duncan Projects on insect and arthropod physiology and behaviour. The following are suggestions, but interested students are welcome to discuss other ideas.

1. Differences in physiology between solitary and gregarious brown locust (Locustana pardalina) adults and nymphs. The brown locust is an important agricultural pest within South Africa and over the recent years there have been several swarms. Very little is known about the physiology of these insects; which have a solitary and swarming phase. Knowledge of the physiology would help understand why these insects are so successful in arid areas.

2. Respiratory physiology of Anopheles mosquitoes (in collaboration with NICD). There are several aspects of respiratory physiology of mosquitoes which need to be investigated. For example; are there different breathing patterns between the species, and changes that result from taking a blood meal? The mosquitoes will come from breeding stocks at National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD).

3. Termite biodiversity (in collaboration with Dr Alan Gardiner, Southern Africa Wildlife College, KNP). Study the distribution of termite species in response to a changing land use. Identify the species and their distribution in areas close to Kruger National Park.

4. Tick physiology Use of flow through respirometry to look at gas exchange patterns in soft ticks (tampans). Another aspect to this research would be a project investigating the spiracle structure of different species using the electron microscope.

Supervisor: Dr James Harrison

I am an entomologist with a strong interest in beetle taxonomy and systematics. Museology provides me with a workplace and space to curate the specimens acquired in the field. My research interests include three main areas as indicated below.

1) Scarab beetle taxonomy and systematics Beetles are the most diverse group of animals on this planet and scarab beetles are one of the largest super families of beetles. Many aspects of biology can be investigated using these lovely insects as the research organism. My own focus is their taxonomy, phylogeny and natural history. I include some recent published examples below.

Harrison, J. du G. 2014a. A morphological analysis of the subtribe Pegylina Lacroix, 1989 (Scarabaeidae:

23 23 Melolonthinae: Melolonthini) reconstitutes its generic composition. African Entomology 22(4): 726–741. Harrison, J. du G. 2014b. Review of the South African species of Pegylis Erichson, 1847 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) commonly known as large wattle chafers. African Entomology 22(4): 685–713.

2) Insect visitors / pollinators of flowering trees and shrubs in the Kruger National Park I am part of a team looking at the insect visitors / pollinators of flowering trees and shrubs in the southern section of the KNP with collaborators Dr Jonathan Mawdsley (Smithsonian, Washington, D.C.) and Mr Hendrik Sithole (SANParks). We have a holistic approach to this project with many aspects being ideal for student projects.

Mawdsley, J.R., Harrison, J. du G., Sithole H. and Mawdsley, J.L. 2011. Landscape-scale surveys reveal patterns of floral visitation by species of Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera) in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Journal of Natural History 45(21-22): 1257-1273. Mawdsley, J.R., Mawdsley, A.S., Sithole, H. and Harrison, J. du G. 2013. High-resolution digital photography reveals details of plant–pollinator interactions in a southern African savannah. African Journal of Ecology Notes and Records. 1-2.

3) Experimental taphonomy: invertebrate modification of bone in South Africa Arthropods of various types are generally first to know about dead and decaying organic matter, both presently and prior to fossilisation in many instances. Together with Dr Lucinda Backwell (WITS, Palaeo) we are looking at which arthropods modify bone and are we able to identify the causal agent after the fact, by using controlled experiments with preselected arthropods.

Backwell, L.R., Parkinson, A.H., Roberts, E.M., d'Errico, F. and Huchet, J-B. 2012. Criteria for identifying bone modification by termites in the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 337– 338: 72–87. Please email me at [email protected] for copies of the PDF’s listed above or drop by OLS_LG 23 to chat to me about your project ideas.

Supervisor: Dr Caroline Phillips

Project 1: Chimpanzees have been observed to incorporate an extensive list of plant taxa into their diet. Variation in diet between neighbouring communities has been documented, even when similar plant foods are available to each. As a chimpanzee forages in its home range, is food preference one explanation for dietary selection? If so, what are the driving factors for food preference in chimpanzees? Through the study of a captive group, we can investigate chimpanzee food preference as well as two potential driving factors: nutritional content of food items ingested and group hierarchy (how rank affects accessibility to more nutritional food items). This project will involve observing a captive group of chimpanzees to record what foods they eat and comparing this with the nutritional content of food items that are provisioned to them.

24 24 This project is suited to students interested in behavioural data collection and lab work.

Project 2: Found across a wide range of ecosystems, chimpanzees are a valid referential model to investigate adaptation of diet and expansion of home range by a species. Most populations are unobservable, but diet can be investigated by analysing phytoliths detected in plants foods, soil and scats encountered within ther home range. The efficacy and limitations of phytolith analysis can be evaluated with such work, and findings can provide a valuable perspective when interpreting materials collected at archaeological sites. The project involves extracting and analysing phytoliths in plant and soil samples collected from Bossou, Guinea where chimpanzees crack open palm nuts with stone tools. Can we reconstruct the nut cracking site using phytoliths detected? What do the phytoliths found in the soil and plant samples reveal and hide about this important feeding site for the Bossou chimpanzee community?

This project is suited to students interested in microscopy and lab work.

NB Dr Phillips ([email protected]) is at the Evolutionary Studies Institute (ESI). Honours students from ESI will be given first choice of these proposals. However, if you are interested in either proposed project please email her at the earliest opportunity.

Supervisor: Prof. Bob Scholes, GCSRI. 1. The roughness length of patchy vegetation. ‘Roughness length’ is a micrometeorology concept which summarises the resistance to flow of mass through the boundary layer. It is an important parameter for climate models. For ‘smooth’ vegetation, such as grasslands and forests, it is related to the vegetation height. But how does it behave in patchy vegetation such as savannas or shrublands? Combination of field measurements and wind profiles with mathematical modelling will be used to develop a roughness length map of South Africa.

2. Trend analysis is ‘orphan’ long term weather records. The detection of climate change in South Africa depends on long-term weather records – the longer the better. Surprisingly few have been properly assembled, checked and analysed. You will learn the techniques involved by adding another station to the record, then work out if the temperature has increased or rainfall has changed over the past century.

3. When do stomata close? Water loss by plants is controlled by their stomata. The current models used to predict stomatal closure don’t work very well in arid ecosystems such as savannas. Use the long-term records from the Skukuza flux tower site in the KNP to develop a simple predictive model of stomatal closure.

Supervisors: Dr. Basil Brooke or Prof. Lizette Koekemoer Honours projects based at National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD), Sandringham, Johannesburg. Determine the mating and reproductive success of colonized An. funestus

25 25 Anopheles funestus is a major malaria vector in Africa and given the devastating effect of malaria, it is very clear that it is necessary to control this species. The only existing An. funestus colony is in South Africa and this opens up valuable and unique opportunities to study this species biologically. It is well known that the biology of An. funestus is different from other major malaria vector species such as An. arabiensis and An. gambiae, which can easily be colonized in the laboratory (insectary) and are able to rapidly reproduce (within 7 days). However, An. funestus reproduction is known to take much longer (14 days) under laboratory conditions (L. Koekemoer, pers. comm.), but this has never been published.

Understanding the factors that influence mating and the time period required for mating will enhance our general knowledge of this species and also close the information gap that exists between this major malaria vector and other African malaria vectors.

The aim of this project is to determine the effect of age, sex ratio and space on mating success in colonized An. funestus mosquitoes. The following objectives will be investigated: i) Time period needed for optimal mating to take place ii) Male: female ratio which would enhance mating success iii) Influence on cage size on mating success

For more information please contact: Prof. Lizette L Koekemoer : [email protected]/ 011-3866484 Dr. Yael Dahan: [email protected] /011-5550303

Supervisor: Prof Coleen Vogel

1) Citizen science – the role of citizen science in enhancing ecological knowledge.

2) Knowledge practices – how can we track social learning to better adapt to global and local environmental change? Possibly use the case of Delta Environmental Centre, which is involved in a green/biodiversity works programme.

3) Using a simple case study, show what or how one can use co-engaged learning in conservation management.

4) What are the impacts of drought on biodiversity? Are they robust or weak? What drives or enhances species response to extreme droughts?

5) Exploring the Science / policy/ practice interface.

Supervisor: Dr Teresa Kearney, (curator at the Ditsong National Museum of Natural History, [formerly Transvaal Museum]). The following are a few ideas of the many project possibilities provided by specimens in the small mammal collection of the Ditsong National Museum of Natural History: 1. Improving the distribution information of the four new species of horseshoe bat in the

26 26 Rhinolophus hildebrantii complex. Taylor et al. (2012) recently described four new species of horseshoe bat in the Rhinolophus hildebrantii complex, however, most of the existing collection of R. hildebrantii were not considered in this publication and remain to be examined in light of the differences described by Taylor et al. (2012). This project would entail using Taylor et al. (2012) to re-identify the existing collection of R. hildebrantii and ascertained which of the species the different specimens belong to, and then use the species and locality information to model the spatial distribution of the different species. 2. Cranial osteology in the Cape Serotine Bat, Neoromicia capensis (Vespertilionidae: Chiroptera). Cranial osteology has been documented for fruit bats in the genus Pteropus by Giannini et al. (2006), but there has been no comprehensive documentation to date of the cranial osteology for an African insect eating bat. This project would involve collaboration with the Nuclear Energy Corporation South Africa (NECSA), using their scanning facilities to produce three- dimensional computerized axial tomography (CAT/CT) scans of existing cranial material of N. capensis individuals of different ages and sexes. And, from the scans documenting different developmental phases in bone growth and suture closure. Observations could also be made of the degree of sexual development of the individuals to try and correlate this with the different stages of cranial development.

3. Further investigation of the cochlear morphology in the different species of horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus (Rhinolophidae: Chiroptera), occurring in southern Africa? This would build on an existing project in collaboration with the Nuclear Energy Corporation South Africa (NECSA), using their computer facilities and software, measuring cochlea volume and 'basilar membrane width' in different Rhinolophidae bat species occurring in southern Africa, on three-dimensional images reconstructed from existing computerized axial tomography (CAT/CT) scans. The different Rhinolophidae bat species occurring in southern Africa have high-duty constant frequency echolocation calls at different frequencies, and an acoustic fovea in the cochlea that 'tunes' the hearing to the specific frequency of the call. It could be hypothesized differences in the call frequency between species might also be reflected in differences in cochlear volume and basilar membrane width. An analysis of this sort might also provide additional characters for species identification, including the potential to assist in the identification of cryptic species. 4. An assessment of non-geographic variation and sexual dimorphism in the cranial morphologyf Pipistrellus rusticus, from the Waterberg in South Africa, OR a horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus, from Goroumbwa Mine in the Democratic Republic of Congo, OR a fruit bat, Rousettus, from Goroumbwa Mine in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Assessments of cranial variation between the sexes and within a population of a species from a single locality, i.e. non-geographic variation, are usually hampered by insufficient material for statistical analyses. However, existing collections representing three different bat taxa from single localities provide an opportunity to investigate non-geographic variation and sexual dimorphism within these species. Phenetic (geometric and, or traditional morphometrics), and, or cladists methods could be used in the analysis. 5. A preliminary morphological analysis of southern African species of climbing mice, Dendromus (Muroidea: Rodentia). Four species of climbing mice from the genus Dendromus that are recorded in southern

27 27 Africa form two species-pairs in southern Africa (Avery, 1998); Dendromus mystacalis being a morphological miniature of D. mesomelas, and D. melanotis the miniature of D. nyikae. Since the morphological characters currently used to classify these species-pairs are not always able to clearly distinguish them, they are in need of revision. Cranial, and, or dental morphology could be assessed using phenetic (geometric and, or traditional morphometrics), and, or cladistic methods. 6. Could microfocus radiographs of study skins of male bats (Chiroptera) reveal the bacula morphology, and thus be a useful alternative to the current, destructive clearing and staining method? This project would involve collaboration with the Nuclear Energy Corporation South Africa (NECSA), using their scanning facilities to produce three-dimensional computerized axial tomography (CAT/CT) scans, which would be used to investigate whether such scans might reveal the morphology of a cartilaginous baculum still intact within a museum study skin. Although a male-biased character, baculum morphology has become particularly useful in the identification of bats species in the Rhinolophidae and Vespertilionidae families. Currently, access to the baculum is via a destructive process of clearing and staining, and as a result bacula morphology remains largely un-documented in older museum specimens. To date destructive analysis of bacula from existing specimens has revealed various mis- identifications. Hence, it would be useful to have a non-destructive method to assess the morphology of the baculum in older specimens, which would indicate whether specimens were appropriately identified on the basis of other morphological characters.

Supervisor: Dr Ute Schwaibold My fields of interest are urban ecology (current focus area is otters in Gauteng), sustainability and environmental management. I have no specific topics; I will develop them with the student.

Supervisor: Prof Craig Symes Ornithology. Prof Symes will be on sabbatical for the first semester of 2015, but is available for discussion about appropriate projects via e-mail [email protected] .

Supervisor: Prof David Mycock Present research interests have relevance to plant genetic resource conservation in the broadest sense. The aims and objectives of the research are directed at the development and scientific understanding of in vitro storage methods for plants that are presently difficult to store by conventional methods (e.g. vegetatively propagated crops and species that produce recalcitrant seeds). The research is also pertinent to the biotechnologically based industries, for instance in the storage of axillary buds and somatic embryos until required for regeneration or transformation. Projects are therefore offered in the following areas:

Development of in vitro micropropagatory techniques for selected crop and indigenous species. Species currently under investigation include Manihot esculenta (cassava), Eucalyptus grandis and Theobroma cacoa (cocoa). Development of storage techniques for in vitro tissues of selected crop and indigenous species e.g. endangered Protea spp. (a project conducted with Professor E. Witkowski). Both medium-term (slow growth) and long-term (cryopreservation) storage techniques are being considered.

28 28 To achieve these goals it is essential to have a thorough scientific understanding of the underlying biological processes. Thus all the projects include in vitro technology (plant tissue culture) but can include the use of other techniques such a biochemical and ultrastructural investigations. Rather than describing individual projects here I prefer to discuss them with people on a personal basis.

Supervisor: Dr Darragh Woodford My interests are in aquatic ecology, including aquatic entomology. Please approach me to discuss potential projects. [email protected]

Supervisors: Prof Kevin Balkwill, AP&ES & Prof Stefan Grab, GAES Mapping the micro-spatial dynamics and plant physiology of an unidentified plant species from a high alpine (ca 3300 m a.s.l.) site in Lesotho, which could be a key indicator for environmental change in the Lesotho alpine region.

This plant appears to be restricted to the base of basalt cliffs at very high altitudes. It may occur at lower altitudes or where there are long lasting snow banks. Geology students are currently monitoring ground moisture and thermal patterns (hourly over 12 months, to 20cm depth), and snow bank longevity and depth measures at a site where these plants occur, therefore this will be a collaborative project.

Supervisor: Dr Mduduzi Ndlovu

Parasites and infectious diseases are a growing area of concern as environmental change and the expanding human population increases the likelihood of humans and livestock coming into contact with wildlife, facilitating zoonotic diseases. Wild birds carry parasite species similar to those that infect humans and domestic animals and there is evidence that mutations of avian parasites can be highly pathogenic to humans and livestock (e.g. avian influenza H5N1). It is therefore important to assess avian parasite prevalence in both pristine areas and where birds are in close proximity to humans. The research focuses on:

1. Prevalence of avian malaria and ectoparasites inside Kruger national park (KNP) and the adjacent human settlements. 2. Host-parasite interactions - how does parasite prevalence affect avian body condition?

This project is ideal for students interested in bird ringing and microscopy lab work.

Contact Details: Dr Mduduzi Ndlovu Resident Lecturer at Kruger National Park, Organization of Tropical Studies . Based at Skukuza. Cell: +27-83 769 5273. E-mail: [email protected]

29 29 Supervisor: Prof Stuart Sym Research of a cell biological nature with an emphasis on algae as experimental organisms, ranging from applied to academic investigations.

Supervisor: Ms Isabel Weiersbye (these include projects listed by people affiliated with Isabel’s research, contact Isabel first) 1. An environmental impact assessment of the use of indigenous woodland to remediate acid mine drainage - a field and desk-top study of two contrasting gold mine tailings sites. Isabel Weiersbye.

2. Water relations of indigenous trees growing on acid mine drainage. Peter Dye.

3. The remediation of cyanides in gold mine tailings by three tree species - a container study. Isabel Weiersbye & Hlanganani Tutu.

4. Heavy metal uptake and gold nanoparticle formation in leaves of leguminous plants used to treat gold mine wastes - a greenhouse and electron microscopy study. Isabel Weiersbye & Hlanganani Tutu.

5. The structure and elemental content of crystals excreted by Tamarix usneoides (Salt Cedar) nodal cuttings grown on different gold and uranium mine wastes - a container and electron microscopy study. Isabel Weiersbye.

6. Plant performance and sequestration of heavy metals in a vegetation chronosequence on a H:h landfill cap in Ekurhuleni.

7. Water-use of indigenous trees grown on a H:h landfill cap in Ekurhuleni. Peter Dye.

8. Mapping soil contamination using hyperspectral remote sensing indices of vegetation stress on a Highveld gold mine.

9. Mapping groundwater contamination using hyperspectral remote sensing indices of vegetation stress on a Lowveld copper mine.

10. Assessing rhizofiltration of heavy metals from gold mine waste by a metal hyperaccumulating plant.

11. A risk assessment approach to the use of arsenic hyperaccumulating ferns for wastewater treatment. Email: [email protected] Tel: 011 717 6440

30 30 Supervisor: Dr Sally Archibald 1: Greenhouse test of different grass species’ light-tolerance thresholds: Common knowledge in the literature is that C4 grasses can not persist at less than 20% light interception, but this has never been tested experimentally. Also, different C4 grasses have different shade tolerances (eg Panicum is an under-story species). This project involves growing a range of C4 and C3 grasses in a greenhouse at different light levels and trying to identify the true thresholds for C4 grass growth. This is also linked to our research program on understanding tree-grass interactions.

2: Assessing thresholds in fire spread related to climate and weather. Whether a fire ignited during the day can burn through the night is a key requirement for the development of “firestorms” – large, intense fires. This is a desk-based project using MODIS active fire data to assess the seasonal timing of these night-time fires. Knowing when landscapes become “connected” is important for understanding and modelling global fire regimes. Links to the global fire modelling intercomparison exercise.

3: Fire-grazer interactions in a Highveld grassland Monitoring and managing a landscape-level burning experiment at Nirox Sculpture Park in the cradle of humankind to look at interactions between fire and grazing, and the impact of these consumers on grass habitat and species composition. Links to our fire-grazer program in Satara. Involves interactions with Working on Fire, land managers, and landscape artists so has a socio-ecological angle.

4: The role of forbs in grazing ecosystems Two potential projects related to forb utilisation by herbivores in the dry season, and comparing forb composition under high and low grazing. Links to our fire-grazer project in Satara.

5: Functioning of new, mature, and senescent leaves Trees in savanna environments have variable and idiosyncratic seasonal patterns of leaf display. Understanding how and why these have evolved and their ecological significance involves assessing the functioning of new, mature, and senescent leaves. This involves data collection at Nylsvley nature reserve and some anatomical work. It is part of a larger research program on trade-offs in savanna tree life-histories.

6: Understanding wood density and how this affects savanna plant life history strategies This would involve assessing the different wood densities of a range of trees at Nylsvley nature reserve in Limpopo and linking this to its a) ability to store water, and b) photosynthetic capacity. It answers key questions around trade-offs in savanna tree life- histories. Wood anatomy work with Prof Robbertse at UP.

7: The functioning of hot, dry ecosystems Using data from the flux towers in the Kruger park to assess the impact of high temperatures on savanna functioning and parameterise a global land-surface model. Has implications for predicting the response of South African ecosystems to global change. Could also be linked to a small greenhouse experiment.

31 31 Supervisor: Prof Kevin Balkwill 1. Biodiversity Management Plan – Bushbuckridge Nature Reserve Bushbuckridge Nature Reserve has been unfenced for some years. It has been passed from Conservation body to Conservation body over the last twenty years. Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency are now working towards developing the area to stem the illegal harvesting that is going on. This development plan will need to take the biodiversity of the reserve as well as the needs and desires of the people who have made a land claim on the reserve into account. An exciting and challenging project!!

2. Environmental Monitoring – Crocriver Mountain Conservancy A survey was conducted of the Crocriver Mountain Conservancy (in which Pullen Farm is situated) in 2006. A number of plots were surveyed and GPS coordinates and photographs as well as data records are available. It will be most constructive to resurvey these plots and determine what differences, if any, are now evident as a result of the management of the area as well as four seasons of above average rainfall. It will also be necessary to set up monitoring plots on Pullen Farm for our future benefit.

3. Floristics, diversity and biogeography of a serpentiniferous area Previous studies on serpentiniferous outcrops in the Barberton Greenstone Belt have resulted in the compilation of checklists for many of the sites. There are other sites at which further collecting needs to be undertaken, and at which assessments of diversity need to be made. This project will facilitate the testing of hypotheses postulated during previous studies as well as some of the predictions that are made by the theory of island biogeography. Analyses of the distribution patterns of the species that occur at the site will provide additional phytogeographic information. A project of this nature is ideal for a part-time student, so that a full season of collecting can take place.

4.Taxonomy - Variation in various southern African plant species Some southern African plant species, e.g. Ipomoea oblongata, species of Barleria and species of Polygala, are highly variable. Detailed morphological studies and multivariate analyses may well show that some of these should be subdivided and that taxa need to be described as new species, subspecies or varieties.

5. Pollination and Breeding Biology of rare, threatened or endemic plant species We have many rare and threatened as well as narrowly endemic plant taxa in South Africa. An understanding of the pollination biology and breeding biology of such species provides vital clues to their evolution and essential data required for their conservation. There is a huge range of species to choose from. This project is probably better suited to a part-time student however, as it allows for fieldwork in the appropriate time of the year.

6. Dispersal Mechanisms in relation to habitat preferences in the Acanthaceae This project will involve surveying the southern African genera of the Acanthaceae to determine whether their capsules open in response to wetting or drying and comparing this to how concentrations of species of these genera correlate with different climatic zones in southern Africa. In addition, it is necessary to determine whether there is secondary dispersal in the species of Blepharis that are dispersed by epizoochory.

32 32 I am happy to discuss other projects of interest to students in fields in which I am competent to supervise.

Supervisor: Prof Mary Scholes

1. Impacts of pollution on soils, plants and water in the Waterberg 2. Food security in Gauteng

Supervisor: Mr Donald McCallum (APES Museum) Green Architecture The Hillman building has a “green roof” used to research energy and run-off benefits, such as attenuating water runoff and reducing energy fluxes in the building below. There are data and lots of data-gathering electronics already in place on the roof. There are some plants already in place in test plots, but some plots are a little sparse. There is also a soil-only control.

The project idea From a biological/environmental/resource point of view the ideal “green roof” should 1. Use locally indigenous plants 2. Be self-sustaining – minimal maintenance, run on rainfall alone or minimal irrigation 3. Use plants which grow and thrive in very shallow soil 4. Look nice

Part 1. Identify similar natural environments and compare conditions to those of the roof garden. Document plants growing in such sites and their survival strategies, with the intention of creating a list of potential “green roof” plants.

Part 2. Set up trials on the current roof using suitable local plants and study aspects of growth and survival.

Supervisor: Prof Jason Marshal Prof Marshal will be on sabbatical during 2015.

Supervisor: Dr Gavin Snow 1) The decomposition of branches in the presence of Acid Mine Drainage contaminated water. 2) The cause and effects of urban pollution on river health and the local human population. [ 3) Using freshwater diatoms to determine ecosystem health of a river affected by urban pollution.

Supervisor: Prof Marcus Byrne Before discussing potential projects, I prefer students to arrive at that meeting with some ideas of their own (if possible based on topics which have included literature surveys), that

33 33 they think are interesting questions in fields related to my interests.

Some examples of basic ideas in these fields are listed below.

Biological Control of Weeds Post release Evaluation of Biocontrol Agents Released against Solanum mauritianum, Lantana camara or other alien weeds Once biocontrol agents are released they tend to be neglected in terms of an evaluation of their efficacy. Only about 40% of South Africa’s biocontrol agents have been properly examined after the release of the agent. This leaves plenty of scope to examine the effects of agents on weeds as novel research. Look up Lantana and Bugweed for the latest reviews on the state of biocontrol on these weeds in South Africa.

Tamarix Tamarix occurs on the local gold mines, as a phytoremediation (look it up) species. However it hybridises to some extent with an alien species which also occurs locally. We need to know what insect fauna lives on the trees, and if those insects can distinguish the difference between the tree species.

Dung Beetles GMOs and Dung Beetles What is the effect of genetically modified maize on dung beetle breeding biology?

Dung Beetle Allometry How does eye size relate to body size? Allometry (look it up) is a fascinating topic because it examines the way organisms allocate limited bodily resources to different body structures.

Other Ideas If you have any good ideas or burning passions in the area of biological control or insect biology, I am willing to entertain the possibility of helping you use them as the basis of an Honour’s project, if it falls within my area of expertise.

34 34 Scholarships awarded by the South African Association of Botanists

Each year the South African Association of Botanists awards “SAAB Scholarships”, to SADEC graduates with 70% or above grade average. In 2015, three awards of R10 000 for 1 year of tertiary study at Honours level (or 4th year level of study) in any botanically-related science will be granted to three registered students, on a competitive basis. The successful applicants should study at a South African institution and should be (or apply to become) a member of SAAB. The supervisor of the student must be a paid-up member of SAAB.

How to apply (please include with application): 1. Submit a curriculum vitae with names of two referees. 2. Provide a letter of motivation from your honours/4th year project supervisor 3. Submit certified academic transcripts. 4. Provide a one page motivation, including a description of your honours/ 4th year research interests. 5. Disclose name(s) of other bursaries/scholarships applied for and amount(s). 6. Post your application by the deadline: 27 February 2015.

No late applications will be considered. The Council also reserves the rights not to make any awards should the candidates not fulfil all criteria. Successful candidates will be notified mid-March of the year of the award. The decision of the adjudicating committee is final.

Please post applications electronically (in .pdf format) to the Secretary: [email protected]

For enquiries contact:

Dr Nox P Makunga [email protected] 021 808 3061

35 35 THE WILDERNESS TRUST BURSARY FOR POST GRADUATE STUDY

The WILDERNESS WILDLIFE TRUST is offering a bursary of 25,000 Rand to a student accepted into an Honours programme at Wits University in 2015, for studies / research in biodiversity conservation or a related environmental field.

The bursary is for academic fees, first and foremost.

In order to apply, please submit the following three documents: o Academic Record o Curriculum Vitae o Letter of Motivation for the bursary that includes the programme in which you intend to enrol, a description of your proposed research area, if known, and a list of other bursaries / awards to which you have applied

Email your application to: Poovin Naiker [email protected] or Cindy Petersen [email protected]

Closing Date: This may or may not still be available – try!

36 36 The Mountain Club of South Africa ______

PO Box 1418, Pretoria, 0001 Admin Tel 087 808 3729 (8h00 – 10h00) Internet: [email protected] Web: http://mag.mcsa.org.za MCSA (Magaliesberg Section): Richard Watmough Conservation Fund

Background: Dr. Richard Watmough was an entomologist and a long-standing member of the Magaliesberg Section of the Mountain Club of South Africa. After his death in 2005, his estate was bequeathed to the Magaliesberg Section. Members of the section established a fund to honour Richard as a conservationist who truly cared about the Magaliesberg. Aim of the fund: The main aim of the fund is to make a financial contribution towards conservation projects that will benefit the Magaliesberg. Examples of such projects could be:

 a pocket booklet(s) listing trees, grasses, flowers or birds with descriptions, sketches and where to find them;  a pocket booklet listing alien invasive plants and how to identify them;  studies on wetlands in the Magaliesberg;  Geology of the mountain, etc.

How the fund operates: The fund will make an annual award (currently R18 000 – subject to change) to a selected conservation project. Any person or organisation interested in a project may apply for the award by submitting a project proposal to the Richard Watmough Conservation Fund (RWCF) Sub-committee. The proposals will be evaluated and the best candidate selected based on the criteria listed below.

The RWCF Sub-committee will arrange payments for project expenses (for example at the start, the halfway mark and at the end of the project) based on the requirements of the project and the recipient. The award recipient will be responsible for the proper use of the funds and will be required to report on the progress of the project according to the project schedule (e.g. at least mid-year and at the end of the project).

The successful candidate will be announced annually each February and may be invited to address the members of the Magaliesberg Section of the MCSA (e.g. at the Annual General Meeting typically held in March). Where appropriate, the MCSA may request recipients to identify the MCSA RWCF as a project funding contributor.

Criteria: Projects will be evaluated and selected based on the following criteria:  Promotion of conservation in the Magaliesberg: Projects can be ‘small’ and do not necessarily have to result in a direct tangible improvement in environmental conditions in the Magaliesberg, but must at least contribute towards an improved understanding of the biodiversity, natural systems and resources of the Magaliesberg and why these should be conserved.  Project feasibility: Is the project likely to succeed given the budget, plan and resources

37 37 involved?  Project budget relative to the fund award: The award is typically expected to make a significant, i.e. more than 20%, contribution to the project funding.  Project plan and timeline: The project plan should be realistic and generally is expected to be completed within a calendar year.  Recipient credentials: Recipients are not necessarily expected to be professionals in any of the natural sciences, conservation or environmental management, but should have the necessary skills, knowledge or experience to ensure that the proposed project objectives are achieved.

Closing date for award: 27 February 2015 How to apply: Please write a project proposal in the following format: 1) Project aim: Explain the main theme or aim of the project and give a short description of the project 2) Motivation: Motivate why the project is required and how the project will contribute to the conservation of the Magaliesberg 3) Project plan: Outline the main activities and milestones of the project within the planned time frames. 4) Budget: Provide a breakdown of the total project budget as well as all other sources of funding for the same project 5) Project organisation: Briefly list the individuals and/or organisations that will be involved in the project as well as their role(s) in the project 6) CV and references: Provide a brief CV of yourself including experience related to the project, your contact information and include the names, relationships and contact details for two references. If the submission is on behalf of an organisation, the CV of the person that will lead the project as well as a short overview of the organisation must be submitted. Submit your proposal electronically to: Christa van Schalkwyk E-mail address: [email protected]