Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21St Century

Bhasker Davé

Dr. Bhasker Davé is currently R&D Manager of Advanced Recycle Technology (industrial water management) and Membrane Separations Technology at Ondeo Nalco Technical Center located in Naperville, Illinois. Bhasker has over 12 years of experience in design and evaluation of water recycle processes in chemical processing, pulp and paper, and primary metals industries. Bhasker has over 13 technical publications and a patent on industrial water recycle process. Bhasker has a BS in Chemical Engineering (First Class with Distinction) from University of Madras (India), a MS in Thermal and Environmental Engineering from Southern Illinois University, and a Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from Texas A & M University. He is a member of AIChE, ACS, AWWA, IDA, and TAPPI.

Sustainable Development: Role of Industrial Water Management

Although, 71% of the surface of Earth is covered by water, less than 1% is actually available for human consumption. Fresh water consumption has quadrupled in the past 50 years due to irrigated agriculture, industrial revolution, and population explosion. In 2000, we consumed 5,000 cubic kilometer of fresh water mainly for agriculture (70%), industry (20%), and domestic (10%) use. But in the developed nations, industrial use leads the fresh water consumption. As rest of the world is striving for development, how will we satisfy the increased fresh water demand for the industrial use? Industrial water management is becoming one of the key factors for sustainable development.

Water resource management is also becoming a critical issue for industrial plants to remain competitive due to increasingly stringent environmental regulations and dwindling fresh water supplies. An integrated approach is essential because water resources management in the industry is a complex issue due to strong interaction between water, energy, contaminants, chemical additives, and unit processes including manufacturing, boiler, cooling water system, raw water treatment, and wastewater treatment. Integrated water resources management in the manufacturing industry not only reduces effluent discharge and fresh water consumption, but also recovers energy and valuable resource. A systematic approach includes plant audit, process simulation, laboratory feasibility study, and pilot-scale evaluation to optimize the water resources management plant with regards to technical and economic merits. Process simulation of water resources management alternatives provides the “expected” water chemistry, performance evaluation of water treatment operations, and relative economics based on capital and operating costs. A roadmap to water resources optimization is developed on the basis of risks/benefits analysis.

1 Elias Greenbaum

Elias Greenbaum is a Corporate Fellow and research group leader, Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Professor of Biological Physics, The University of Tennessee. He received the B.S. degree from Brooklyn College and Ph.D. in physics from Columbia University under the guidance of Prof. Chien-Shiung Wu. In 1970 he joined the biological physics research group of Profs. Hans Fraunfelder and I. C. Gunsalus at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign as a post-doctoral research associate. In 1972, he was appointed assistant professor of biophysics and biochemistry at the Rockefeller University where he started his research program in photosynthesis in collaboration with Prof. David Mauzerall. He was appointed staff scientist at the Union Carbide Corporate Research Laboratory in Tarrytown, NY and adjunct associate professor at the Rockefeller in 1977. In 1979, Union Carbide Corporation transferred him to Oak Ridge National Laboratory following closure of their Tarrytown laboratories.

Greenbaum's main area of research is in the field of photosynthesis and its application to nanoscale science and technology, biosensor development, and renewable hydrogen production. He was named 2000 Oak Ridge National Laboratory Scientist-of-the-Year and received the 1995 Department of Energy's Biological and Chemical Technologies Research Program Award and several Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation and UT-Battelle, LLC awards. Greenbaum is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and American Association for the Advancement of Science. He holds 10 patents and is the author of more than 100 publications in peer-reviewed scientific journals. He is editor-in-chief of the Springer-AIP Biological and Medical Physics Series and served as associate editor of the Biophysical Journal. He also served as a member of the Publications Committee of the Biophysical Society and the American Institute of Physics. Greenbaum was named Watkins Visiting Professor, Wichita State University, where he presented a series of lectures on photosynthesis, biotechnology, and renewable energy production.

AquaSentinel: Biosensors for Rapid Monitoring of Primary-Source Drinking Water

Working with primary-source freshwater drinking samples from the Clinch and Tennessee Rivers, we have developed a tissue-based biosensor detection system that uses naturally occurring aquatic photosynthetic tissue as the sensing material for detection of chemical antagonists in the water. Sensor readout is based on well-known principles of fluorescence induction by living photosynthetic tissue. The Clinch River is the main source of drinking water for Oak Ridge, Tennessee, while the Tennessee River is a major source for the city of Knoxville. We have successfully detected algae in every sample

2 that we examined and readily monitored changes in the characteristic fluorescence induction curves when the samples were exposed to potassium cyanide (KCN), methyl parathion (MPt), N'(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea (DCMU), and paraquat. The percentage decreases in photochemical yields observed in Tennessee River samples after a 24-min exposure to KCN, MPt, and DCMU were, respectively, 22.9, 3.3, and 14.8. For a site at the Clinch River, the percentage decreases were 22.7, 8.3, and 17.7. The unique aspect of this approach to real-time water quality monitoring is that unlike conventional sensing devices, this sensor material is external to the detecting instrument and is continuously refreshed. These biosensors may be used as continuous rapid-warning sentinels for detection of chemical warfare agents in surface drinking water supplies.

Virginia Greebien

3 In April 2002, Virginia Grebbien was appointed as general manager of Orange County Water District (OCWD). With more than 16 years of experience, Ms. Grebbien is well known in the field of water resources management and planning in both Southern California and throughout the State. Ms. Grebbien came to OCWD from Poseidon Resources where she was senior vice president of project development. Her career includes holding several management positions including principal engineer for Bookman Edmonston Engineering, general manager of Central and West Basin Municipal Water Districts and manager of the local resource development for Metropolitan Water District of Southern California.

Ms. Grebbien was extensively involved in gaining funding for the largest reclamation project in the state while at Central and West Basin. She has also served on several regional, state and national panels and committees on water policy issues. Ms. Grebbien is a Professional Engineer with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Civil Engineering from California State Polytechnic University in Pomona. She is a former board member and past president of the WateReuse Association and the founding president of the California WateReuse Research Foundation. Currently, Ms. Grebbien is a member of the WateReuse Federal Legislative Committee and serves on the Department of Water Resources Recycled Water Task Force.

Ms. Grebbien’s extensive involvement in the water community and previous work on landmark water supply development projects will help her carry out OCWD’s mission to provide local groundwater producers with a reliable, adequate, high-quality water supply at the lowest reasonable cost.

Alan D. Hecht

4 Dr. Hecht is currently the Associate Director for Sustainable Development at the White House Council on Environmental Quality. In the White House, he also served as Director of International Environmental Affairs for both the National Security Council and the Council on Environmental Quality (October 2001- May 2002). Dr. Hecht was the White House coordinator for the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development,

Spanning a federal career of 26 years, Dr. Hecht previously served as the Principal Deputy and Deputy Assistant Administrator for International Activities at the U.S. EPA (1989-2001). He was the Acting Assistant Administrator for International Activities from 1992-1994.

While at EPA Dr. Hecht oversaw implementation of more than a dozen bilateral agreements and directed EPA policy development with international organizations and with developing countries. He was EPA's chief negotiator of the supplemental environmental agreement to the NAFTA and several other bilateral and multilateral agreements. He was instrumental in setting up the NAFTA institutions and managed EPA's US-Mexico Border program. Dr. Hecht worked closely with the private sector on issues related to trade and the environment, export promotion and environmental management systems. He initiated EPA's work on environmental security and, in cooperation with the Departments of Defense and Energy, oversaw work on environmental security in Russia, Europe and the Middle East. He also created an extensive training and information system to promote worldwide access to EPA technical and information s sources.

Twice he was the recipient of EPA's highest award, the Gold Medal, once for leading U.S. negotiations for the environmental side agreement to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and second for his innovative work on promoting nuclear waste management in Russia. In 1999, he received the President's Rank Award for Meritorious Service.

Previously, Dr. Hecht served in science and policy positions with the National Oceanographic Administration (1982-1989) and the National Science Foundation (1976- 1982). He was Director of the National Climate Program from 1981 to 1989, and Director of the Climate Dynamics Program at NSF form 1976 to 1981.

Dr. Hecht has a BS (geology) from Brooklyn College, Brooklyn New York, and Ph.D. from Case Western Reserve, Cleveland Ohio (Geochemistry and Paleoclimatology.) He is an elected member of Cosmos Club, served as an External Advisory Committee member to the Cooperative Environmental Management Program (CEMP), University of Michigan, and was co-Creator of the U.S. Environmental Technology Training Institute (USETI). He is a frequent speaker to World Affairs Council, Woodrow Wilson Center, Aspen Institute, and the US Army War College. He has published numerous technical reports, edited two books on paleoclimatology and served as Chief Editor for journals of the American Meteorological Society.

5 Thomas E. Hinkebein

6 Tom Hinkebein is a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Tom received his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Washington, Seattle. He currently manages the Geochemistry Department which is responsible for a number of fundamental science studies as well as the development of novel arsenic water treatment processes.

He is also currently managing several lab directed research and development programs which explore novel concepts in water supply enhancement and desalination. Additionally, Tom is responsible for coordinating the development of a technology roadmap for future research in desalination technology.

Dennis L. Hjeresen

7 Dr. Hjeresen currently serves on the Board of Directors of the Green Chemistry Institute and as GCI Director. He is on partial loan from the Risk Reduction and Environmental Stewardship Program at Los Alamos National Laboratory. He has a long history of creating pollution prevention programs and catalyzing partnerships. Dr. Hjeresen established Los Alamos as lead DOE laboratory for EPA Green Chemistry Programs. He has lectured and given presentations in this area all over the world and established significant international interest in Green Chemistry. He also serves as a member of the editorial or advisory boards for the Journal of Green Chemistry, the Journal of Environmental Science and Technology and the journal Clean Products and Environmental Policy. Dr. Hjeresen served as secretary and chair of the organizing Committee of CHEMRAWN XIV World Congress on Green Chemistry. Dr. Hjeresen serves as a United States Delegation Member – Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Joint Meeting of the Chemicals Committee and Working Party on Chemicals, Pesticides and Biotechnology: Working Group on Research and Development in the Context of Sustainable Chemistry.

Dr. Hjeresen also served as director of the US/China Water Resources Management Program for the White House, coordinating the activities of 11 USG agencies, the private sector and NGO’s as they relate to water in China. Under this treaty level activity of the US/China Joint Commission Meeting on Science and Technology, Dr. Hjeresen has featured Green Chemistry as a key method for avoiding water pollution. He has worked in China with universities, industry and government to establish a national program and to promote US private sector opportunity. Dr. Hjeresen has worked to establish an international program for the Green Chemistry Institute and established 25 international chapters in 23 countries.

Dr. Hjeresen was a key author of the Industrial Waste Reduction Program and the Environmental Management Science Program for DOE and has developed industrial and government partnerships in a number of areas. Dr. Hjeresen served as the Chair for both of the DOE Environmental Management Science Program Technical Programs. Dr. Hjeresen also serves on the DOE Strategic Laboratory Council, an advisory body to Senior DOE Management.

Dr. Hjeresen received his M.S. in Neuroscience in 1982, and his Ph.D. in Neuroscience (minor in Ecology) in 1984 from the University of Washington in Seattle. His research career focused on biological effects of environmental pollutants and includes an extensive list of peer-reviewed publications and a history of professional service.

Green Chemistry and the Protection of Water Resources

8 Most experts agree that water will be the next major environmental-stress issue, rivaling and perhaps exceeding global climate change for technical and management solutions in the coming decades. The source of the water crisis is simple but exceedingly difficult to address; water resources are finite and the population that depends on those supplies is inexorably increasing. Virtually all the global environmental impacts attributable to this population growth have ties to or severe impacts on water resources.

 Deforestation resulting from the demand for agricultural land, housing, and fuel  Loss of biological species in forests and in waters  Desertification, erosion, and salination of farmland from unsustainable agricultural practices  The pollution of fresh and marine waters further depleting food sources  The introduction of persistent organic pollutants into the ecosystem  Changing climate with as yet unpredictable changes in the hydrologic cycle with manifestations in flood, drought, sea-level change, and the spread of infectious diseases

Among water issues facing the world today, land-based sources of water pollution is one of the most pressing. Adequate supplies of satisfactory quality water are essential for the natural resources and ecological systems on which all life depends. An estimated 20 percent of the world’s freshwater fish and 80 percent of estuarine-dependent fish species, for example, have been pushed to the brink of extinction by contaminated water and loss of or damage to their habitat.

Green Chemistry offers a scientifically based set of solutions to protect water quality. This talk will highlight examples of green chemistry approaches to water pollution.

9 Carol Jensen

Carol Jensen is vice president of Global Research and Development for Performance Chemicals, The Dow Chemical Company. Jensen joined the company in 2001 from the 3M Corporation where she was the executive director of Corporate Technology and Electro & Communications Markets. Carol started her career in 1979 with IBM in San Jose, CA, as a group leader in Electronic Materials. She then moved to Endicott, NY and Austin, TX, as site manager for the Austin Operations and then laboratory manager with direct responsibilities for developing and qualifying printed circuit subassemblies for IBM PC business. In 1990, she joined 3M Corporation in Austin, TX. As technical director for Electronic Products, she led technology development and platform launches for various electronic connection and microcircuit products. This included the creation of a Design and Application Center to support existing business and new markets. In 1998, Carol was named managing director for 3M Denmark A/S, in Copenhagen, Denmark. She had responsibility for sales, marketing, customer relationships, technical service and supply chain for the total portfolio of 3M products for Denmark, Iceland, and other Scandinavian countries. Carol returned to the U.S. in 2000 based in St. Paul, MN, where she had direct responsibility for several corporate R&D laboratories and oversight of the electronic and telecommunications business laboratories engaged in materials, process and new product development covering much of 3M worldwide sales. Carol has authored seven patents and 25 trade secrets. Carol holds a B.S. in Chemistry from Douglass College, Rutgers University and a Ph.D. in Physical Organic Chemistry from the California Institute of Technology. She did her Post-Doctoral work at the University of Wisconsin.

10 David Krabbenhoft

David Krabbenhoft is a research scientist with the U.S. Geological Survey. He has general research interests in geochemistry and hydrogeology of aquatic ecosystems. Dave began working on environmental mercury cycling, transformations, and fluxes in aquatic ecosystems after completing his Ph.D. 1988, and the topic has consumed him since. His work on mercury started with the Mercury in Temperate Lakes project in 1988, which served as the springboard for other environmental mercury research in the US and around the world since. In 1994, Dave established the USGS’s Mercury Research Laboratory, and since has assembled a team of multi-disciplinary mercury investigators in Wisconsin. The laboratory is a state of the art, analytical facility strictly dedicated to the analysis of mercury, with low-level speciation. In 1995, he initiated the multi-agency Aquatic Cycling of mercury in the Everglades (ACME) project, and in 1998 organize and conducted a national synoptic sampling of mercury in sport fish, sediment and water from 122 sites across the US for the USGS. More recently, Dave has been a Primary Investigator on the internationally conducted Mercury Experiment To Assess Atmospheric Loading in Canada and the US (METAALICUS) project, which is a novel effort to examine the ecosystem-level response to loading an entire watershed with mercury. The Wisconsin Mercury Research Team is currently active on projects from Alaska to Florida, and from California to New England. Since 1990, he has authored or coauthored about 50 papers on mercury in the environment. In 2006, Dave will serve as the co-host for the 8th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant in Madison, Wisconsin.

Methylmercury Contamination of Aquatic Ecosystems: A Widespread Problem with Many Challenges for the Chemical Sciences

The consequences of mercury contamination of aquatic food webs were first recognized in the 1950s and 1960s in Minamata and Niigata, Japan, where human consumers of contaminated fish were severely poisoned. These and other tragic incidents prompted widespread reductions in direct releases of mercury into surface waters in many countries. Mercury levels in fish in affected waters typically declined during the years after point-source loads declined, leading to a widespread perception that the “mercury problem” had been solved. Since about 1985, however, widespread mercury contamination of aquatic biota has become evident in systems remote from obvious anthropogenic mercury sources. Investigations at these sites have shown that in the vast majority of cases, atmospheric transport and low rates of mercury deposition are responsible for the observed mercury contamination levels, and thus virtually any aquatic ecosystem is potentially affected. In some cases, mercury concentrations in aquatic biota

11 from these remote sites have equaled or exceeded those in fishes from waters heavily contaminated by direct industrial discharges. Mercury concentrations in aquatic biota are often elevated, for example, in fish from low-alkalinity or humic freshwaters, newly flooded reservoirs, and surface waters that adjoin wetlands. However, we presently lack sufficient information to predict reliably which aquatic ecosystems will contain mercury- contaminated biota.

The key to understanding the vexing relationship between low-level mercury loading and high levels of mercury in food webs is unraveling the complexities of the biogeochemical processes that control post-depositional formation of methylmercury in the environment. Methylmercury, a potent neurotoxin, comprises nearly all the mercury found in the top levels of aquatic food webs, yet it rarely exceeds 10 percent of the total mass of mercury in sediment or water. Several information gaps currently exist in the environmental mercury science basis, including: (1) availability of reliable, multi-media (biota, sediment and water) mercury data from diverse ecosystem settings, including methylmercury determinations; (2) knowledge of the relative importance of factors controlling mercury methylation and bioaccumulation (mercury loading rates, mercury source type, ecosystem setting, and water and sediment chemistry); and (3) a better understanding of the toxicological significance of methylmercury exposure on wildlife. The USGS Mercury Research Laboratory has been working for the past 10 years on many of these research gaps, from a variety of field settings including the Everglades of Florida to the peak of Mt McKinley. In most cases, a robust multi-disciplinary approach is needed to provide an adequate understanding of what drives the “mercury problem” at a particular field setting. By piecing together results from these studies a more complete understanding of mercury cycling in the environment is being realized. Results from many of these studies, as well as many remaining research challenges, will be presented at this seminar.

12 Richard G. Luthy

Richard G. Luthy is the Silas H. Palmer Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Stanford University. His BS in chemical engineering and his MS and PhD are in environmental engineering from the University of California at Berkeley. Professor Luthy's area of teaching and research area is environmental engineering and water quality. His research interests include physicochemical and microbial processes and applied aquatic chemistry with application to waste reduction and treatment, and remediation of contaminated soil and sediment. He is noted for work on phase partitioning and the treatment and fate of hydrophobic organic compounds. His research emphasizes interdisciplinary approaches to understand the behavior and availability of organic contaminants and the application of these approaches to bioavialability and environmental quality criteria. His current work includes the in situ control of PCBs and DDT in contaminated sediments, and the environmental fate and behavior of perfluorinated organic compounds and nitromusks in the aquatic environment.

Professor Luthy chairs the National Research Council's Water Science and Technology Board and was a member of the NRC Committees on Innovative Remediation Technologies and on Intrinsic Remediation. He chaired the recently-completed NRC study on the bioavailability of contaminants in soils and sediments. He is a past president of the Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors. He is a registered professional engineer, a diplomate of the American Academy of Environmental Engineers, and a member of the National Academy of Engineering.

Organic Contaminants in the Environment: Challenges for the Water /Environmental Engineering Community

Troublesome organic contaminants in aquatic systems comprise those that are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic. This includes long-lived compounds like DDT and PCBs that have been studied for years but still present extremely challenging issues with respect to management and clean-up of contaminated sediments. So-called emerging contaminants like perfluorinated organics, pharmaceuticals, and perfumes are receiving increased attention because of their widespread use and potential harmful effects. This presentation will explore opportunities for the chemical sciences to help address these problems. The presentation will draw examples from the recently completed NRC study on the Bioavailability of Contaminants in Soils and Sediments and new research on the linkages between sediment chemistry and toxicity and how insights from chemistry can lead to improved risk assessment and innovative approaches to deal with contaminated sediments.

13 Bruce A. Macler

Bruce A. Macler is National Microbial Risk Assessment Expert in the Water Division of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Region 9). Prior to his current assignment he served as National Drinking Water Regulations Manager from 1993-97. Before joining the EPA in 1989, he was an Assistant Research Botanist and Lecturer at the University of California, Berkeley (1982-1987) and Assistant Research Professor in the Marine Sciences Research Center at the State University of New York at Stony Brook (1981- 1982).

He earned his A.B. (1974) and his Ph.D. (1981) in Biochemistry from the University of California, Berkeley. His current research interests center on determining the magnitude and causes of waterborne microbial disease. This work has included several studies on the occurrence of fecal pathogens in groundwater, their fate and transport in the subsurface environment and approaches to assessing public health impacts from these contaminants. Associated research interests include public perceptions on the safety of drinking water and their implications for regulatory water policy.\

As National Expert for microbial risk assessment for EPA, Dr. Macler provides guidance and assist in developing Agency policies and programs in human health and ecosystem risk assessment and risk management. Major current activities include characterization of vulnerability to bioterrorism attacks on drinking water and development of a risk assessment paradigm for indoor molds. As National drinking water regulation coordinator for EPA Region 9, he participates actively in the development and implementation of all National Primary Drinking Water Regulations.

14 Floyd E. Wicks

Floyd E. Wicks is President & CEO of American States Water Company. Mr. Wicks is also President & CEO of Southern California Water Company (SCWC), the principal operating subsidiary of American States Water Company; and President and CEO of American States Utility Services Company and Chaparral City Water Company in Arizona

A Registered Professional Engineer in California, Ohio and Pennsylvania, Wicks’ professional career spans the past 30+ years. He received both his Bachelor’s Degree in Civil Engineering and his Master’s Degree in Water Resources Engineering from Ohio State University.

Mr. Wicks is a member of various professional organizations, including the National Association of Water Companies (NAWC) for which he served an 18-month term as President. Mr. Wicks continues to serve on the Nominating Committee of NAWC and currently serves on the Board of Trustees of the American Water Works Association Research Foundation. Mr. Wicks is also a past member of The Advisory Committee To The President’s Commission On Critical Infrastructure Protection.