Physics Problem Based Learning (PBL)

Physics Problem Based Learning (PBL) Topic: Javelin

Members

 Takashima Kenji

 Titus Ong

 Arthur Chionh Table of Contents What is Javelin?

 The javelin

 The rules

 Famous people in javelin Physics Behind Javelin

 Basic Need-to-know Information

 The Physics Javelin Thrower’s Diet and Exercise Guide

 Reccommended Food Types and Examples

 In The Kitchen

 A Week’s Menu

 Exercise and Fitness Guide

References What is Javelin?

Contents:

 The Javelin

 The throwing event

 Official Rules and Regulation of Javelin (IAAF)

The Javelin

The javelin is a light spear primarily designed for ranged usage. It is usually thrown by the hand and can be found in many countries around the world ranging from long and thin to larger ones. Originally used as a weapon, the javelin is now used at track and field events such as the Olympics as a sport. At the Olympics, there are regulations set by the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF) regarding the dimensions of the javelin. In an international competition, the javelin must be between 2.6 and 2.7 meters in length, and be of at least 800 grams in weight for men, and 2.2 to 2.3 meters in length and of 600 grams in weight for women. The grip should be approximately 150mm wide and located at the centre of gravity of the javelin.

The throwing event

Javelin is an athletic throwing event in which players throw a spear over a distance. The player who throws the javelin the furthest distance wins the event. In international competitions, the throwing of the javelin is dictated by the IAAF, and non conventional techniques are prohibited. To throw the javelin, it must be held at its grip and thrown overhand, over the athlete’s shoulder or upper arm. The venue of the javelin throw is a runway 4 meters wider and 30 meters in length, ending in a curved arc from which the distance of the throw is measured. The runway is usually used for the “run up” by athletes to run up to the starting point to gain momentum for a better throw. After which the javelin is thrown, and the competitor may not leave the throwing area till the javelin lands on the ground. The field at which the javelin is thrown is known as a sector covering 29 degrees of land extending out from the arc at the end or the runway. A throw is recognized as legal if it is thrown within the sector, and if the tip land within the sector and is the first element of the javelin to reach the ground before anything else. In the international games, a round consists of only one throw, and a game consists of 3 to 6 rounds. At the end the athlete with the longest distance thrown wins the event. Official Rules and Regulation of Javelin (IAAF) http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/Competitions/TechnicalArea/05/47/81/20091027115916_htt ppostedfile_CompRules2010_web_26Oct09_17166.pdf

The Competition 1. (a) The javelin shall be held at the grip. It shall be thrown over the shoulder or upper part of the throwing arm and shall not be slung or hurled. Non-orthodox styles are not permitted. (b) A throw shall be valid only if the tip of the metal head strikes the ground before any other part of the javelin. (c) Until the javelin has been thrown, an athlete shall not at any time turn completely around, so that his back is towards the throwing arc. 2. If the javelin breaks during a throw or while in the air, it shall not count as a failure, provided the trial was otherwise made in accordance with this Rule. Nor shall it count as a failure if an athlete thereby loses his balance and as a result contravenes any part of this Rule. In both cases the athlete shall be awarded a new trial.

The Javelin 3. Construction. The javelin shall consist of three main parts: a head, a shaft and a cord grip. The shaft may be solid or hollow and shall be constructed of metal or other suitable material so as to constitute a fixed and integrated whole. The shaft shall have fixed to it a metal head terminating in a sharp point. The surface of the shaft shall have no dimples or pimples, grooves or ridges, holes or roughness, and the finish shall be smooth (see Rule 188.4) and uniform throughout. The head shall be constructed completely of metal. It may contain a reinforced tip of other metal alloy welded on to the front end of the head provided that the completed head is smooth (see Rule 188.4) and uniform along the whole of its surface. 4. The grip, which shall cover the centre of gravity, shall not exceed the diameter of the shaft by more than 8mm. It may have a regular non-slip pattern surface but without thongs, notches or indentations of any kind. The grip shall be of uniform thickness. 5. The cross-section shall be regularly circular throughout (see Note (i)). The maximum diameter of the shaft shall be immediately in 173 RULES 192, 193 IAAF COMPETITION RULES 2008 front of the grip. The central portion of the shaft, including the part under the grip, may be cylindrical or slightly tapered towards the rear but in no case may the reduction in diameter, from immediately in front of the grip to immediately behind, exceed 0.25mm. From the grip, the javelin shall taper regularly to the tip at the front and the tail at the rear. The longitudinal profile from the grip to the front tip and to the tail shall be straight or slightly convex (see Note (ii)), and there shall be no abrupt alteration in the overall diameter, except immediately behind the head and at the front and rear of the grip, throughout the length of the javelin. At the rear of the head, the reduction in the diameter may not exceed 2.5mm and this departure from the longitudinal profile requirement may not extend more than 300mm behind the head.

RULE 193 174 IAAF COMPETITION RULES 2008 6. The javelin shall conform to the following specifications: Javelin Minimum weight for admission to competition and for acceptance of a Record (inclusive of the cord grip) 600g 700g 800g Overall length Min. 2.20m 2.30m 2.60m Max. 2.30m 2.40m 2.70m Length of metal head Min. 250mm 250mm 250mm Max. 330mm 330mm 330mm Distance from tip of metal head to centre of gravity Min. 0.80m 0.86m 0.90m Max. 0.92m 1.00m 1.06m Diameter of shaft at thickest point Min. 20mm 23mm 25mm Max. 25mm 28mm 30mm Width of cord grip Min. 140mm 150mm 150mm Max. 150mm 160mm 160mm

Javelin 7. The javelin shall have no mobile parts or other apparatus, which during the throw could change its centre of gravity or throwing characteristics. 8. The tapering of the javelin to the tip of the metal head shall be such that the angle of the point shall be not more than 40°. The diameter, at a point 150mm from the tip, shall not exceed 80% of the maximum diameter of the shaft. At the midpoint between the centre of gravity and the tip of the metal head, the diameter shall not exceed 90% of the maximum diameter of the shaft. 9. The tapering of the shaft to the tail at the rear shall be such that the diameter, at the midpoint between the centre of gravity and the tail, shall not be less than 90% of the maximum diameter of the shaft. At a point 150mm from the tail, the diameter shall be not less than 40% of the maximum diameter of the shaft. The diameter of the shaft at the end of the tail shall not be less than 3.5mm. Physics behind Javelin

Contents

 Basic Need-to-know Information:

 The Physics

Basic Need-to-know Information:

Competitors run across a runway about 30 metres long and 4 metres wide to gain momentum before throwing the javelin. The competitor has to throw the javelin before the throwing arc, and is not supposed to leave the throwing area until the javelin lands. The javelin is supposed to land in a 29º wedge-shaped area, where white lines 5 cm thick mark the area. The distance is calculated from the throwing arc to the spot of landing. The javelin is about 2.6m long for the men’s event, weighing at least 800grams, and 2.2m long for the women’s event, weighing a minimum of 600grams. It consists of a smooth metal shaft which tapers at both ends, a sharply pointed head and a grip which is located at the javelin’s centre of gravity (Stuart, n.d.).

For the physics behind javelin, the information above is required to calculate several of our variables: Release of javelin, the drag, lift and velocity, oscillations, so on and so forth. However, it is important to clarify that as throwers can differ per person, hence it is to be noted that all the figures below may not be of the utmost benefit to one who may differ from the others (i.e. left-handed, different style of throwing etc.). Do also note that un-orthodox ways of throwing the javelin are not allowed (employing discus way of throwing etc.), hence the javelin must be held by its grip and thrown overhand.

With reference to the analysis done by José Campos, Gabriel Brizuela, Victor Ramón, 1999, the release of the javelin can consists of many factors, but the main factors to be examined are the height of throw, angle of attitude, release angle and the attack angle. The attitude angle is defined as the angle formed between the main plane of the javelin and the horizontal (i.e. ground), whereas the attack angle is the difference in angle between the angle of attitude and the angle of release. By formula, the release angle should be 32º-37º, while the attack angle should not be above 8º. The study on Aki Parvianen, then World Champion thrower, showed that his release angle of 36.6% was the closest to the recommended value, resulting in a release velocity of 29.62ms-1, and his angle of attack being -0.9% (attitude angle- 35.7º). Moreover, his release height was the highest among the rest (2.14m). Hence, this indicates throwing the javelin at the correct range of release angle and at a great release height would be more efficient to the javelin thrower. In the javelin’s flight, the shaft causes air flow to separate, whereby the lower air-flow provides the lift to sustain the flight of the javelin. Originally, before 1986, the javelin could travel for a record distance of 104.80 metres (Olympic Champion Uwe Hohn), and javelins could have flat landings. Hence, the centre of gravity had to be shifted forward in order to make the javelin have a head-first flight towards the ground.

As mentioned, the javelin had been redesigned such that the head will strike the ground first, instead of a flat landing or the tail striking the ground first. This is done by positioning the centre of gravity in front of the centre of pressure (average location of pressure received in flight). Oscillations may also occur, causing the javelin to spin at around 25 revolutions per second. The oscillations are indicative of the energy wasted in the throw, and can cause a shorter flight. Hence, throwers often exert a spin close to 25 rounds per second in order to counteract the revolutions (Hatton, L., & Parkes, B., 2008).

For all the physics to throw the javelin, one would need to have an able body that is capable of delivering a far throw. Overall, the thrower would often have a preference for heavy weight, having more inertia to throw the javelin, and a large arm span for longer throws. A strong upper body and shoulder structure is also essential for throwing, as it will provide the strength and support when throwing. To get more speed during the approach, strong legs are needed, and co-ordinated footwork is also a must in order to ensure a smooth delivery and follow-through (The Javelin, n.d.).

Javelin throwers also would possess a strong core stability to ensure a further throw of the javelin. This stabilizes the lower back, which will help to maintain the position during the delivery, and have a longer stretch for throwing. Additionally, it helps in strengthening hips to have more velocity for throwing, and also prevent excessive loss of energy during the run-up hence having a faster sprint to gain more speed (Collyer, B., 2008). A long approach run facilitates optimum application of the forces and enables better use of the stretch-shortening muscle cycle (Campos, J., Brizuela, G., & Ramón, V., 1999). However, it is precautionary that forearms are not too developed such that it will cause a tighter throwing action of the arm, which may lead to elbow problems (Bradstock, R., n.d.).

Measurements for the average attitude, release and attack angle have been validated by several studies, such as one done by Ikegami(1981). The average attitude angle is found to be around 40.0º, release angle of a range 25.7º- 40.3º and angle of attack 7.8º (Robert, R. G. et al., 1984). This corresponds to the figures of a release angle to be 27 to 35º (Lydum et al., 2008). From figure 2, we are able to see how the furthest distance of a javelin throw can be relative to its height, angle and velocity. By substituting the average values of the velocity, height and range, the angle of release can be derived. The Physics

Fig. 1: Information on the different variables for the study conducted. Campos, J., Brizuela, G., & Ramón, V. (1999). Three-dimensional Kinematic Analysis of Elite Javelin Throwers at the 1999 IAAF World Championships in Athletics. University of Valencia (Department of Physical Education and Sport), Valencia, Spain. Retrieved from: http://www.coachr.org/threedimensional_kinematic_analysis_of_elite_javelin_thrower.htm.

Figure 2: Formula for calculating the furthest distance relative to its factors. Linthorne, N. (2008). Optimum Angles of Projection in the Throws and Jumps. The University of Sydney, Australia. Retrieved from: http://www.coachesinfo.com/index.php? option=com_content&view=article&id=358:optimum-angle-article&catid=98:field- athletics&Itemid=185. Javelin Thrower’s Diet and Exercise Guide

Contents

 Reccommended Food Types and Examples

 In The Kitchen

 A Week’s Menu

 Exercise and Fitness Guide

Recommended Food Types and Examples

Carbohydrates

 Potatoes

 Pasta

 Rice

 Cereal

 Bread

 Beans

Proteins

 Steak

 Lentils

 Cheese (Cottage, Cheddar, American, String, Mozzarella, Goat, Jarlsberg, Blue)

 Tofu  Egg

 Soybeans

 Salmon

 Oysters

 Crab

1. PREDOMINANTLY Saturated

a. Beef Fats

b. Butter

c. Whole Milk

d. Cheese

e. Coconut Oil

f. Palm (Kernal) Oil

2. PREDOMINANTLY Monosaturated

a. Canola Oil

b. Olive Oil

c. Peanut Oil

d. Sesame Oil

e. Most Nuts 3. PREDOMINANTLY Polyunsaturated

a. Corn Oil

b. Cottonseed Oil

c. Safflower Oil

d. Soybean Oil

e. Sunflower Oil

f. Mayonnaise

g. Fish Oils

h. Sesame Oil

i. Flaxseed Oil

 Elderberries

 Blackberries

 Raspberries

 Avocado

 Pear

 Strawberries

 Artichoke

 Green Peas

 Barley

 Whole-wheat Spaghetti  Oatmeal

In The Kitchen

1. Use low-fat/no-fat cooking methods e.g. steaming, poaching, stir-frying, broiling, grilling, microwaving, baking and roasting INSTEAD OF frying.

2. Get good-quality nonstick cooking equipment such as saucepans and baking pans to minimize the amount of fat needed for baking.

3. Trim all visible fat from steaks, chops, roasts and other meat cuts before preparation.

4. Skim and discard fat from hot soups and stew/chill the soup or stew and allow fat to form on the surface and skim these off.

5. Use pureed cooked vegetables e.g. carrots, potatoes, cauliflower etc. to thicken soups and sauces instead of cream, egg yolks and butter.

6. Select “healthier” fats in a fat-necessary recipe by replacing highly saturated fats such as butter and lard with low saturated oils such as that of canola, olive and corn.

7. Replace sour cream with non-fat plain yoghurt.

8. Replace a whole egg with 2 egg whites.

9. STRICITLY no alcohol, smoking and drugs 10. AVOID fast, junk, processed and sugary foods (e.g. sweets, cake etc.)

11. ALWAYS check food labels (Fats < 50g)

A Weeks Menu

A Week Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday of Javelin Thrower' s Meals Breakfast 1 English 3 Egg 1 Wheat 1 Plain 1/4 1/4 1 Cup of @ 9am Muffin Whites Toast Omelet Breakfast consisting: consisting: Drink> consisting: 2 3 Egg 2 Egg 3 Egg 2 Cups of 2 Cups of 1 Apple Scrambled Whites Whites Whites Whole Pineapple Egg Grain Juice, Whites Flour Vanilla Yoghurt EACH Half-cup 1 Ounce 1 Ounce 1 Cup worth 1 Egg 2 Bananas 1 & 1/2 Low-fat Shredded of of Lettuce, (Beaten) Cups of Yoghurt Cheese Ham/Turk Cucumber Orange ey and Tomato Juice 1 Cup 1/4 Cup of 1 Cup of 1 Ounce of 2 & 1/2 1 Cup of 1/2 Cup of Orange Salsa/Fres Orange Low-fat Cups of Strawberri Skimmed Juice/Coff h Juice Cheese Low-Fat es Milk ee/Skimm Tomatoes Milk ed Milk 1 Whole- 1 Slice of 1/2 Cup of 1/4 Cup of Wheat Multi-grain Blueberrie Wheat Tortilla Toast s, Germ Strawberri es (Sliced) and Raspberrie s EACH 1/2 Cup of 1 Cup of 1 Piece of 1 Fresh Orange Juice Ham (3 Teaspoon Fruit Ounces) of Vanilla Extract 1 Cup of 1 Cup of 1 Plain Juice/Coff Coffee/Te Omelet ee a [As on Wed]

Lunch 1 consisting: Soup ken Soup Hurry> Soup consisting: Sandwich consisting: consisting: 4 2 Slices of 1 2 Slices of 5 Rye 16 Ounces 10 Fat- Tomatoes Whole- Ham/Tuna Whole- Crackers of Rotini free (Cut into Grain Sandwich Wheat Bread Pasta Crackers Chunks) Bread consisting: 2 Green 4 Ounces 2 Slices 4 Ounces 1 4 1 Can of Peppers of Whole- Turkey/Chic Ham/Tuna Tablespoo Tuna (6 (Ringed) Turkey/Ha Grain ken (without Sandwich ns of Ounces, m/Roast Bread skin) consisting: Olive Oil Drained) Beef 1 Red 1 Tomato 4 Ounces 1 Ounce 2 Slices 4 Chicken 1 Apple Onion (Sliced) of Sliced Low-fat Whole- Breast (Ringed Lean Cheese Grain Halves Ham/1 Bread (without Can of skin/bones Tuna , cut into (Drained) bite-sized pieces) 1 1 Ounce 1 2 Lettuce 4 Ounces 3 Cloves 1 Cup of Cucumber of Tablespoo Leaves of Sliced of Garlic Tea (Sliced) Provolone n of Low- Lean (Minced) Cheese (1 fat Ham/1 Slice) Mayonnai Can of se Tuna (Drained) 1 Ounce 1 2 Slices of 2 Slices of 1 1 & 1/4 of Feta Teaspoon Tomato Tomato Tablespoo Teaspoons Cheese of n of Low- of Salt, (Sliced & Mustard fat Garlic Crumbled( Mayonnai Powder, se Dried Basil and Dried Oregano EACH 1/2 Cup of 2 Lettuce 2 Lettuce 1 2 Slices of 1 Cup of Greek Leaves Leaves Tablespoon Tomato Sun-dried Salad of Low-fat Tomatoes Dressing Mayonnaise (Chopped) Sufficient 6 Ounces 1 Cup of 1 Dill Pickle 2 Lettuce 1/4 Cup of Black of Low-fat Water Leaves Parmesan Pepper & Yoghurt Cheese Dried (Grated) Oregano 2 Large 3/4 Cup of 1 Apple 1 Peach 1 Cup of Dutch Juice/Fres Tomato Pretzels / h Fruit Soup 2 Saltine Crackers 1 Apple 1 Cup of 1 Cup of 1 Cup of Skimmed Water Tea Milk 1 Diet Soda

Snack 1 Apple 1 Apple 1 Rice 1/2 Cup of 1 Apple 2 Graham 1/2 Cup of @ 4pm Cake Low- Crackers Low- fat/Non-fat fat/Non- Yoghurt fat Yoghurt

Dinner 1 Large 6 Ounces 1/4 6 Ounces of 1/4 1/4 Pizza ken over (without Delight> consisting: Crust (without Linguine> skin) consisting: consisting: skin) consisting: 1 Flour 1 Baked 8 Ounces 1/2 Cup of 2 2 4 Ounces Tortilla Potato (8 of Dried Couscous Teaspoons Tablespoo Canadian Ounces) Linguine of Garlic ns of Bacon/Chi consisting: Noodles (Crushed) Low- cken Sodium (without Soy Sauce skin) 4 Ounces 1/2 Cup of 12 Ounces 1 Cup 1/4 Cup 1/4 Cup of 1/2 Cup of Lean Beef Broccoli of Spinach/Bro Olive Oil Bourbon Pineapple or Chicken ccoli (or other Chicken Breast liquor) (without Strips skin) (without skin) 1/3 Cup of 1 Ounce 1 1 1/4 Cup 1 2 Ounces Beans of any Tablespoo Tablespoon of Dry Tablespoo of Low-fat n of Low- of Margarine Bread n of Reduced- Cheese Sodium Crumbs Brown fat Soy Sauce Sugar Mozzarell a Cheese 1 Ounce 2 Cups of 2 1/2 Cup of 1/4 Cup of 1 & 1/2 1/2 Cup of Chedder Salad Tablespoo Fresh Fruit Parmesan Pounds of Tomato Cheese consisting: ns of Cheese Pork Sauce (Reduced Orange (Grated) Tenderlio Fat) Juice n 1/4 2 Cups 1 & 1/4 1 Cup of Tea 4 Chicken Sauce 2 Cups of Tomato worth of Cups of Breast consisting: Salad (Diced) Lettuce, Water Halves 1/4 Cup of consisting: Tomato, (without Reduced- Carrot, skin/bones fat Sour Cucumber ) Cream, , Green 1/4 Cup of Peppers, Low-fat Radishes Mayonnai se, 1 Tablespoo n of Scallions, Dried Mustard and Vinegar EACH 1/4 of 2 3 Cups of 2 Cups of 1 & 1/4 2 Cups Shredded Tablespoo Stir-fried Salad Cups of worth of Lettuce ns Low- Fresh consisting: Mixed Lettuce, calorie Vegetable Vegetable Tomato, Salad s + 1 Cup s Carrot, Dressing of Snow consisting: Cucumber Peas + 1 , Red Tablespoo Pepper, n of Mushroo Cornstarc ms h 1/4 Cup of 1 Cup of 1/4 Cup of 2 Cups 1 & 1/4 1 & 1/2 Salsa Lemon Sliced worth of Cups Cups of Water Green Lettuce, worth of Water Onions Tomato, Broccoli, Carrot, Green Cucumber Beans, , Green Onions Peppers, and Radishes Peppers 1/2 Cup of 1/2 Cup of 1 Cup of 1 Glass of Low-Fat Fresh Lemon Wine/Beer Tortilla Fruit Water (4 Chips Ounces) 1 Cup of Water

Snack 1 Cup 1 Cup of 1/2 Cup of 1/4 Cookies Bar Yoghurt / fat/Non- fat/Non- consisting: 1/2 Low- fat fat Fat Yoghurt Yoghurt Brownie 1 Papaya 1 Cup of (Diced) Tea Exercise and Fitness Guide

Exercise Regime

Ball Throws

Throwing a nonaerodynamic object can help javelin throwers improve footwork and develop hips and trunks without having to perfect the flight of the javelin. When doing this, athletes should ensure that their palm is facing up and throwing arm does not cross the midline of the body

Sticks on the Field

This drill, a conventional practice involves walking the length of a field and making short controlled throws, training the athletes to aim at a point on the ground less than 20 feet away, training hem on release skills.

Crosses

Practicing cross-steps helps to train rhythm of running, throwing technique and balance. By practicing cross steps, similar to a gallop, in which the right leg whips upward and forward, allowing the left leg to come forward, landing immediately after the right leg lands, building up rhythm and balance. Athletes should try this by keeping their master(throwing) arm up and back, keeping the non-throwing arm in front for balance. By doing these drills, 8 to 10 steps per drill and doing 10-15 of these drills, athletes can build up resistance, balance and throwing techniques.

Exploration and Identification of Physical Aids

1) Medicine Ball(s) – For Pylometric exercise routines

2) Weights (Dumbbells) – An essential for all wannabe Javelin atheletes

3) Barbells – An essential for all wannabe Javelin atheletes

4) Javee – Equipment designed like an actual Javelin but resists motion, developing the athelete’s strength, flexibility, range of motion and static/ballistic stretching

Estimation of Costs (Approximate Values)

1) Medicine Ball(s) - $35

2) Weights (Dumbbells) + Weights Rack - $40 + $65

3) Barbells + Barbell Bench - $110 + $65

4) Javee - $39.95

Total: $355 Rough Timetable of Exercise Regime

Time Activity Areas Trained

0700-0745 Breakfast [High carbohydrate+ protein]

0745-800

0800-1000 Running exercises Leg Muscles for run-up

1000-1025 Break+Water/Fruit supplement

1025-1130 Ball Throws Arm Muscle Training+Throwing technique

1130-1230 Crosses Leg Muscle and running technique+balance

1230-1345 Lunch [High protein+ high fiber]

1345-1500 Weights Training with Arm muscles dumbbells and weights

1500-1630 Sticks on a field+ Javee Javelin technique+ balance+ arm muscles

1630-1730 Running with ankle or wrist Training arms+ Balance+ Leg weights Muscles References:

1. Daniel, L. (n.d.). In Physics and the Olympics. Retrieved June 15, 2010, from

http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/211_fall2002.web.dir/daniel_lenord/javelin.html

2. (n.d.). In Javelin throw. Retrieved June 15, 2010, from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javelin_throw

3. (n.d.). In Javelin. Retrieved June 15, 2010, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javelin

4. American Sport Education Program, (2008). Coaching Youth Track&Field. In Javelin (p.

167-172). United States: Human Kinetics.

5. Nicole, & Uyen, (n.d.). In Javelin. Retrieved June 15, 2010, from

http://clackhi.nclack.k12.or.us/physics/projects/experiments/2000/Javelin

%20folder/default.html

6. International Association of Atheletics Foundation, (2010). Competition Rules:2010-

2011. 202-205. Retrieved June 16, 2010, from

http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/Competitions/TechnicalArea/05/47/81/20091027115

916_httppostedfile_CompRules2010_web_26Oct09_17166.pdf

7. Stuart, W. (n.d.). Throwing Events - Rules. Retrieved May 14, 2010, from Australia Broadcasting Corporation, Australia. Web site: http://www.abc.net.au/olympics/2000/ATHLETICS/about/rules_throwing.htm. 8. Campos, J., Brizuela, G., & Ramón, V. (1999). Three-dimensional Kinematic Analysis of Elite Javelin Throwers at the 1999 IAAF World Championships in Athletics. Retrieved May 26, 2010, from University of Valencia (Department of Physical Education and Sport), Valencia, Spain. Web site: http://www.coachr.org/threedimensional_kinematic_analysis_of_elite_javelin_thrower.ht m.

9. The Javelin (n.d.). Retrieved Mar. 26, 2003, from Advameg Inc, Illinois, USA. Web site: http://www.faqs.org/sports-science/Ha-Ja/Javelin.html.

10. Hatton, L., & Parkes, B. (2008). Javelin Throwing- the Appliance of Science. Retrieved May 06, 2010, from http://www.leshatton.org.Web site: http://www.leshatton.org/Documents/AW_JavelinArticle_1105.pdf.

11. Collyer, B. (2008, August 4). Core Training For Javelin Throwers. Retrieved June 12, 2010, from http://ezinearticles.com/?Core- Training- For- Javelin- Throwers&id=1380805

12. Bradstock, R. (n.d.). Some Things I've Learned in 33 Year of Javelin Throwing. Retrieved May 07, 2010, from http://www.coachkrall.com/Articles/Jav/RoaldBradstock.htm. 13. Ikegami, Y., Miura, M., Matsui, H. and Hashimoto, I. Biomechanical analysis of the javelin throw. In: Biomechanics VII-B, 271-276, 1981. 14. Robert, R. G., Robert, G. J., William, W. C., & Raymond, M. W. (1984). Kinematic Analysis of Elite Javelin Throwers. 2 International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports (1984), 6(2), 53-60. Retrieved from http://w4.ub.uni-konstanz.de/cpa/index database. 15. Lydum, M. et al. (2008). Coaching Youth Track and Field. United States: Human Kinetics Inc. 16. Lovitt, M. & Speraw, J. (2004). Exercise for Your Muscle Type. (J. Anderson, Ed.). North

Begen, US: Basic Health Publications, Inc..

17. Carmichael, C., Rutberg, J., & Zawadzki, K. (2004). Chris Carmichael’s Food for

Fitness. New York, US: The Berkley Publishing Group.

18. Bauer, J. (2005). The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Total Nutrition. (Vol. 4, M. Sanders,

Ed.). New York, US: Penguin Group (USA) Inc..