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Studies in Systems, Decision and Control 82 Émilie Masson Marion Berbineau Broadband Wireless Communications for Railway Applications For Onboard Internet Access and Other Applications Studies in Systems, Decision and Control Volume 82 Series editor Janusz Kacprzyk, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland e-mail: [email protected] About this Series The series “Studies in Systems, Decision and Control” (SSDC) covers both new developments and advances, as well as the state of the art, in the various areas of broadly perceived systems, decision making and control- quickly, up to date and with a high quality. The intent is to cover the theory, applications, and perspectives on the state of the art and future developments relevant to systems, decision making, control, complex processes and related areas, as embedded in the fields of engineering, computer science, physics, economics, social and life sciences, as well as the paradigms and methodologies behind them. The series contains monographs, textbooks, lecture notes and edited volumes in systems, decision making and control spanning the areas of Cyber-Physical Systems, Autonomous Systems, Sensor Networks, Control Systems, Energy Systems, Automotive Systems, Bio- logical Systems, Vehicular Networking and Connected Vehicles, Aerospace Sys- tems, Automation, Manufacturing, Smart Grids, Nonlinear Systems, Power Systems, Robotics, Social Systems, Economic Systems and other. Of particular value to both the contributors and the readership are the short publication timeframe and the world-wide distribution and exposure which enable both a wide and rapid dissemination of research output. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13304 Émilie Masson • Marion Berbineau Broadband Wireless Communications for Railway Applications For Onboard Internet Access and Other Applications 123 Émilie Masson Marion Berbineau Institut de Recherche Technologique French Institute of Science and Technology Railenium for Transport, Development and Networks Famars Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex France France ISSN 2198-4182 ISSN 2198-4190 (electronic) Studies in Systems, Decision and Control ISBN 978-3-319-47201-0 ISBN 978-3-319-47202-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-47202-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016952900 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface This book was written in the line of the roadmap of Railenium which is one of the 8 Institutes for Innovation, Research and Technology (IRT) created by a French governmental decree to boost economic competitiveness by filling up the gap between academia research and industry. Railenium is the French IRT dedicated to the railway systems, infrastructures and equipments. The missions of Railenium, on behalf and with the commitment of its members, are to achieve research and development projects, training and investments and exploitation of test facilities. Railenium is structured as a Foundation for scientific cooperation (non-profit organization) and its activities cover the systems, infrastructures and equipment’s for conventional, high speed and urban railway systems. Its aim is to bring together the railway expertise from research centers and companies (manufacturers, railway operators and infrastructure managers, engineering companies) to find innovative solutions both to enhance the competitiveness of the industry and the performance of European rail systems and networks. It has been founded in 2012 as a public/private partnership by 28 stakeholders. Railenium is Associate Member on Innovation Programme 2 (Advanced Traffic Management and Control Systems) of the Joint Undertaking Shift2Rail through the SmartRaCon consortium, composed with the German Research Center DLR, the Spanish Technology Center CEIT and the British Company NSL. Émilie Masson, researcher at Railenium and Marion Berbineau, senior resear- cher at IFSTTAR, a funding member of Railenium, have written this survey on all the railway applications requiring broadband wireless communications. The initial objective of the works was to explore the techniques and existing solutions to provide Internet access on board trains. Authors then thought it might be relevant to broaden the subject to all applications requiring broadband communications in the railway context. Reviewers cited below confirm the benefit to regroup such over- views on the subject. v vi Preface The authors would like to thank warmly Pierre Cotelle, Networks and Telecom Solution Director at Alstom Transport Information Solution and Thomas Chatelet, ERTMS Project Officer at European Railway Agency for having reviewed this book. By their expertise in the railway domain, they brought real added value to the work. Famars, France Émilie Masson Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France Marion Berbineau Contents 1 Railway Operators Needs in Terms of Wireless Communications .......................................... 1 1.1 Introduction to Wireless Communications for Railway Applications .......................................... 1 1.1.1 Context ........................................ 1 1.1.2 Railway Communication Standards................... 3 1.1.3 Safety Aspects................................... 7 1.1.4 Classifications ................................... 9 1.1.5 Basic Architectures for Train-to-Ground Wireless Communications ................................. 13 1.2 The Needs for Operational Applications ..................... 18 1.2.1 The Communication and Signaling Systems ............ 18 1.2.2 Monitoring Systems .............................. 24 1.2.3 Video Surveillance (CCTV) ........................ 26 1.3 The Needs for Services to Passengers....................... 27 1.3.1 Introduction to Internet on Board Trains ............... 27 1.3.2 User Needs ..................................... 28 1.4 Summary on Wireless Communications in the Railway Domain.............................................. 30 References................................................ 30 2 Railway Applications Requiring Broadband Wireless Communications .......................................... 35 2.1 Broadband Internet Access on Board Trains.................. 35 2.1.1 How Users Access Internet on Board? ................ 36 2.1.2 Classification of Technologies to Connect the Train to Internet .............................. 40 2.2 Satellite Solutions ...................................... 40 2.2.1 Description of the Technology ...................... 40 2.2.2 Existing Studies, Projects and Solutions ............... 42 2.2.3 Summary on Satellite Solutions ..................... 47 vii viii Contents 2.3 Terrestrial Solutions .................................... 48 2.3.1 Public Cellular Networks Solutions................... 48 2.3.2 Dedicated Train-to-Infrastructure Solutions ............. 53 2.4 Summary on How to Provide Broadband Internet on Board Trains ....................................... 62 2.4.1 General Remarks................................. 62 2.4.2 Comparison of the Different Technologies ............. 63 2.5 Broadband Wireless Communications for Operational Needs ..... 64 2.5.1 Maintenance .................................... 64 2.5.2 Video Surveillance ............................... 70 2.5.3 Other Operational Applications ...................... 72 References................................................ 74 3 Challenges and Perspectives for the Future Broadband Wireless Communications for Railway ........................ 81 3.1 Next Generation Broadband Technologies ................... 81 3.1.1 Spectral Aggregation and Cognitive Radio ............. 81 3.1.2 5G Next Generation .............................. 87 3.1.3 Satellite Technologies ............................. 92 3.1.4 Other Future Technologies ......................... 93 3.2 Current Works and Discussions ........................... 94 3.2.1 Works on Professional Mobile Radio ................. 94 3.2.2 Works in Railway Community ...................... 96 3.2.3 What About Current Works on Internet on Board in France? ...................................... 100 3.3 Challenges and Perspectives .............................. 101 3.3.1 European Commission Objectives .................... 101 3.3.2 Scientific Barriers ................................ 102 3.3.3 Key Challenges

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