NOTES: 2.3 Part 2 - NUCLEIC ACIDS and PROTEINS

NOTES: 2.3 part 2 - NUCLEIC ACIDS and PROTEINS

So far, we’ve covered…the following MACROMOLECULES: ● CARBOHYDRATES… ● LIPIDS… Let’s review… CARBOHYDRATES: ● elements? ● purpose(s)? ● monomers / building blocks? ● polymers? ● examples? LIPIDS: ● elements? ● purpose(s)? ● monomers / building blocks? ● polymers? ● examples?

And now we will look at: NUCLEIC ACIDS & PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS! ● nucleic acids

● Two types of nucleic acids: 1) 2)

Structure of Nucleic Acids ● polymers made up of monomers called NUCLEOTIDES: ● elements present: - - - - - ● each nucleotide consists of: 1) a simple sugar ( in DNA; in RNA) 2) a phosphate group 3) a base (e.g. in DNA, the bases are )

● nucleotides are joined together in

● results in a “backbone” with a repeating pattern of ...

1) DNA = ● forms the - the instructions for the proteins (amino acid sequences) of an organisms’ proteins ● from one generation of cells to another 2) RNA = ● functions in the actual synthesis of proteins coded for by DNA PROTEINS: ● Polymers (long chains) of -arranged in specific sequence -linked by -range in length from a few to 1000+

AMINO ACIDS: ● ● there are 20 common amino acids ● structure of an amino acid: ● elements included in a protein: - - - (usually - -

Amino Acid Monomers ● Cells use to make thousands of proteins ● amino acids differ from each other at their “side” or “R” chains ● because they are so different, and can be put together in almost infinite combinations, proteins are among .

● Amino acids are linked together through to form PEPTIDE BONDS

PROTEIN STRUCTURE:

● a protein’s function depends on its specific

Levels of Protein Shape / Organization:

● amino acids are assembled into polypeptide chains according to ! ● there are 4 levels of structure for proteins…

● PRIMARY: ;

● SECONDARY: (in small, local areas);

● TERTIARY: complete, ;

● QUATERNARY: some proteins include multiple polypeptide chains that come together to form 1 functioning unit

Protein Shape: ● ● stabilized by , H-bonds, van der Waals forces ● can be altered by environmental conditions

● DENATURATION : protein loses its natural shape, and therefore ! This can be caused by: - -

Functions of proteins include:  

 

**more about enzymes in 2.4!!