<p> NOTES: 2.3 part 2 - NUCLEIC ACIDS and PROTEINS</p><p>So far, we’ve covered…the following MACROMOLECULES: ● CARBOHYDRATES… ● LIPIDS… Let’s review… CARBOHYDRATES: ● elements? ● purpose(s)? ● monomers / building blocks? ● polymers? ● examples? LIPIDS: ● elements? ● purpose(s)? ● monomers / building blocks? ● polymers? ● examples?</p><p>And now we will look at: NUCLEIC ACIDS & PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS! ● nucleic acids </p><p>● Two types of nucleic acids: 1) 2) </p><p>Structure of Nucleic Acids ● polymers made up of monomers called NUCLEOTIDES: ● elements present: - - - - - ● each nucleotide consists of: 1) a simple sugar ( in DNA; in RNA) 2) a phosphate group 3) a base (e.g. in DNA, the bases are )</p><p>● nucleotides are joined together in </p><p>● results in a “backbone” with a repeating pattern of ... </p><p>1) DNA = ● forms the - the instructions for the proteins (amino acid sequences) of an organisms’ proteins ● from one generation of cells to another 2) RNA = ● functions in the actual synthesis of proteins coded for by DNA PROTEINS: ● Polymers (long chains) of -arranged in specific sequence -linked by -range in length from a few to 1000+ </p><p>AMINO ACIDS: ● ● there are 20 common amino acids ● structure of an amino acid: ● elements included in a protein: - - - (usually - - </p><p>Amino Acid Monomers ● Cells use to make thousands of proteins ● amino acids differ from each other at their “side” or “R” chains ● because they are so different, and can be put together in almost infinite combinations, proteins are among .</p><p>● Amino acids are linked together through to form PEPTIDE BONDS</p><p>PROTEIN STRUCTURE: </p><p>● a protein’s function depends on its specific </p><p>Levels of Protein Shape / Organization:</p><p>● amino acids are assembled into polypeptide chains according to ! ● there are 4 levels of structure for proteins… </p><p>● PRIMARY: ;</p><p>● SECONDARY: (in small, local areas);</p><p>● TERTIARY: complete, ;</p><p>● QUATERNARY: some proteins include multiple polypeptide chains that come together to form 1 functioning unit</p><p>Protein Shape: ● ● stabilized by , H-bonds, van der Waals forces ● can be altered by environmental conditions</p><p>● DENATURATION : protein loses its natural shape, and therefore ! This can be caused by: - - </p><p>Functions of proteins include:   </p><p>  </p><p>  </p><p>**more about enzymes in 2.4!! </p>