CHAPTER 16: TRANSFORMATION OF EUROPE, 1500 - 1750 I. Culture and Ideas A. Religious Reformation 1. 1500, Catholics began building new churches. Church raising money: 2. Martin Luther’s challenges: 3. John Calvin argued predestination: 4. Council of Trent: 5. Catholic Reformation brought about the Jesuits B. Traditional Thinking 1. Witch Hunts in late 16th and early 17th century trials of 100,000 women 2. Some poor and marginal people welcomed the notoriety and attention from public confession C. Scientific Revolution 1. Greeks and Romans stated everything was made of 4 elements: sun, moon, planets, and stars 2. Nicholas Copernicus sun centered theory 3. Isaac Newton’s gravity, laws of motion, and elliptical planetary movement: 4. Galileo: 5. Church believed new ideas conflicted with religious beliefs D. Early Enlightenment 1. Human reason could discover the laws that govern social behavior are as scientific as laws that govern physics 2. French thinker Voltaire: 3. Printing press made it possible for these contradictory ideas to spread II. Social and Economic Life A. Bourgeoisie 1. French word for urban middle class: 2. Wealth in European cities came from manufacturing, financing, and trade of the urban middle class 3. Partnerships between merchants and governments led to joint stock companies:

B. Peasants and Laborers 1. African slaves in the Americas greatly contributed to Europe’s economy 2. Price of wood rose 3. Deforestation had an effect on the rural poor relying on free wood, materials, wild game III. Political Innovation A. State Development 1. Lutheran Germany rebelled against Catholic France 2. Rulers of Spain, France, and England pursued political unity B. Religious Practices 1. Spain and France sponsored Catholicism against Protestant 2. Henry VIII declared himself head of Church of England C. Monarchies 1. Oliver Cromwell established puritan republic in England 2. Glorious Revolution of 1688 3. Louis XIV controlled and entertained nobility at Versailles:

D. Warfare and Diplomacy 1. Cannon, muskets, and foot soldiers were common 2. Spanish Armada:

3. Four powers of Europe—France, England, Austria, Russia IV. Comparative Perspective A. Printing Press, Marine compass, and cannonry propelled Europe into a golden age NOTES CHAPTER 17: THE DIVERSITY OF AMERICAN COLONIAL SOCIETIES, 1530 – 1770

I. Columbian Exchange A. Demographic changes 1. Columbian Exchange:

2. lack of immunity to diseases in the New World --diseases: 3. Diseases clearly undermined the natives ability to resist settlements and accelerated cultural change B. Transfer of plants and animals 1. American food to Europe—maize, beans, potatoes, tobacco 2. European livestock to America—cattle, pigs, horses, sheep 3. Colony: 4. Mercantilism: 5. Positives: Negatives:

6. Countries strived to have a favorable balance of trade (export more than import) II. Spanish America and Brazil A. State and Church 1. Council of the Indies tried to exert direct control from Spanish crown to colonies 2. Communication was difficult, solution—viceroys: 3. Catholic church role: 4. Bartolome de las Casas: B. Colonial Economies 1. Economies of Latin America were dominated by ______mines in Peru and ______plantations of Brazil 2. Forced labor system of economienda: 3. Mita system in Peru—workers were drafted to work 2 to 4 months of the year: 4. Portuguese set up slave trade in South America because Africans (more expensive) were immune to Old World diseases 5. Large export of colonial goods, small import of European goods C. Society in Colonial Latin America 1. Social classes in Latin America—pure Spanish Americans, American born Spanish descendants ______, Americans. Spanish born—government, church, business/American born descendants—agriculture and mining 2. Some free black helped with Spanish conquest; black slaves had a low legal status in the colonies 3. Mixed European and Amerindian descent ______, European and African descent ______, African and Amerindians descent ______. III. English and French Colonies in North America A. Early English Experiments 1. Failure of Roanoke Island: 2. Failure of Newfoundland: B. The South 1. ______established Jamestown; establishment of tobacco plantations 2. Tobacco and impact:

3. Indentured servants: 4. were staple of ______area C. New England 1. Pilgrims wanted to break completely from the Church of ______2. Massachusetts Bay Company formed by the ______D. Mid Atlantic 1. ______Island was colonized by Dutch 2. Pennsylvania was colonized by the ______E. French America 1. French were committed to missionary work and trade of ______2. ______caused conflict over hunting grounds IV. Colonial Expansion and Conflict A. Imperial Reform in Spanish America and Brazil 1. Influence of ______power threatened power of Spanish and Portuguese monarchies 2. Brazil’s economic expansion due to: B. Reform and Reorganization in British America 1. Colonists overthrew governors at ______and Massachusetts V. Comparative Perspectives A. Political and Economical 1. ______became the wealthiest power from the colonies B. Environmental and Cultural 1. All colonies lost natural resources due to European markets 2. Catholic nations were more uniform in their colonies NOTES CHAPTER 18: THE ATLANTIC SYSTEM OF AFRICA

I. Plantations in the West Indies A. Colonization before 1650 1. Spanish settlers introduced sugar-cane cultivation 2. French settlers based on tobacco cultivation 3. Tobacco development: 4. Indentured servants: 5. Sugar industries in Brazil B. Sugar and Slaves 1. Caribbean countries moved from ______industry to ______industry. 2. This shift causes a significant increase in ______II. Plantation life in 18th century A. Technology and the Environment 1. Expenses of sugar production led to large plantations B. Slaves’ Lives 1. Slaves were rewarded for good work or punished harshly for failure to meet quotas or resistance 2. Slaves cultivated their own crops and did their chores on Sundays 3. Disease and harsh work conditions led to high mortality rates therefore more slaves had to be shipped from Africa C. Free Whites and Free Blacks 1. Only very wealthy men could afford plantations. Wealth became political power both in the colonies and British Parliament 2. Slave owners who fathered children from slave women would give the woman and the child freedom (manumission) 3. Another group of free blacks were runaway slaves called ______III. Creating the Atlantic Economy A. Capitalism and Mercantilism 1. Monopoly control from the European countries was not working; they turned to mercantilism and capitalism. These protected private enterprises in the Atlantic economy 2. Capitalism included: 3. Mercantilism promotes private investments and capital from precious metals 4. Dutch were eliminated from competition in the New World by the French and English by war and high tariffs B. Atlantic Circuit 1. Trade routes going from Europe to Africa to the plantations of the colonies and back to Europe 2. Chartered companies (17th century) and private traders (18th century) would transport the slaves 3. 1808: 4. 1 out of 6 slaves died on the Middle Passage:

5. Triangle Trade:

IV. Africa, the Atlantic, and Islam A. The Gold Coast and the Slave Coast 1. African countries raised the price of slaves as the demand rose 2. Europeans would trade firearms for slaves; causing warfare in Africa 3. Slaves were mostly ______V. Comparative Perspectives A. Economic Comparisons 1. Europe colonized Caribbean islands which were transformed under capitalism 2. British, in the Caribbean, switched from indentured servants to slavery B. Cultural Comparisons 1. All West Indian countries were affected by the introduction of European and African goods and trade

NOTES: CHAPTER 19: SOUTHWEST ASIA AND THE INDIAN OCEAN

I. Ottoman Empire to 1750 A. Expansion and Frontiers 1. Osman established the Ottoman Empire in 1300. He and successors captured the Byzantine capital of ______2. Egypt and Syria, Algeria and Tunis, Belgrade and Rhodes all were added to the Ottoman Empire 3. Ottomans fought with Venice and forced the Venetians to pay ______. 4. Ottomans fought with Muslims merchants to drive out Portuguese in the Red Sea B. Central Institutions 1. Ottomans forced Balkan Christian men to fight:

2. Military class was the only class exempt from taxation 3. The sultan supplied justice and defense for the commoners (______) and the commoners supplied taxes to support the military. C. Crisis of Military State 1. Janissaries impact on society: 2. Calvary decreased as firearms become more prevalent 3. The use of short term mercenaries brought rebellions 4. ______begin to overtake empire: D. Economic Change and Growing Weakness 1. Sultan secluded himself and the Janissaries became political elite 2. Europeans were finding other countries to trade with:

II. Safavid Empire 1502-1722 A. The Rise of the Safavids 1. Ismail declared himself shah of Iran in 1502 and ordered all followers Shi’ite Muslims 2. Iran became increasingly tense with its Sunni neighbors B. Tale of Two Cities: Isfahan and Istanbul 1. ______was a busy port city 2. ______was an inland city with few Europeans 3. Women in both cities were confined to the home C. Economic Crises and Population Collapse 1. Manufactures included silk and carpets with small productivity 2. The expense of firearms forced the Safavids to establish a slave corp of soldiers 3. Decline of overland trade brought the capture of Isfahan in ______. III. Mughal Empire 1526-1761 A. Political Foundations 1. Babur and Akbar establish this empire 2. Mughal empire relied on Europeans to be their navy B. Central Decay and Regional Challenges 1. Cities were regionalized and could not unite 2. French intruded and dominated the trade in India IV. Maritime Worlds of Islam A. Muslims in Southeast Asia 1. Islam spread throughout these countries by water trade 2. The people of these countries developed Islam to their own understanding B. European Powers and Southern Seas 1. Dutch drove out Portuguese in Malacca and established their colonial capital at Jakarta 2. European merchants came to Southeast Asia. 3. Dutch could not control monopoly on spice and turned to lumber and coffee.

NOTES: CHAPTER 20: NORTHERN EURASIA, 1500-1800

I. Japanese Reunification A. Civil War and Invasion of Korea 1. Japan came under control of warlords called ______2. Hideyoshi lead an invasion of Korea 3. Hideyoshi died and Japan and Korea made peace B. Tokugawa Shogunate 1. In 1600, Tokugawa brought all local lords under his administration 2. Tokugawa land system:

3. Japanese Emperor had ______political power C. Japan and the Europeans 1. Jesuits were successful at converting ______in Japan 2. Rebellion in 1630 was blamed on the Christians 3. 1649:

D. Elite Decline and Social Crisis 1. The system instilled by the Tokugawa depended on merchants giving credit 2. Population growth put strain on agricultural economy 3. Decentralization in Japan led to: II. Later Ming and Early Qing Empires A. The Ming Empire, 1500-1644 1. Climate change led to: 2. Silver from the New World brought to China ______the market B. Ming Collapse and Rise of the Qing 1. ______overthrew the Ming in 1644 Qing dynasty claimed China for its own 2. Ming suffered from invaders on its borders 3. Ming also suffered financially:

4. ______family ruled the Qing Empire C. Trading Companies and Missionaries 1. Chinese only allowed limited access in foreign trade 2. Jesuits converted Chinese elite D. Emperor Kangxi 1. ______becomes ruler at 16 2. During his reign the Qing dynasty incorporated many foreign ideas and technologies in their advancement:

3. Jesuits converted Chinese and let them have their Confucius beliefs E. Chinese Influence on Europe 1. The wealth of the Qing dynasty attracted a lot of trade from Europe: F. Tea and Diplomacy 1. Foreign trade could only come through one city(______); this was successful until 1700 2. Foreign countries (Dutch, British, French) tried to amend this policy with no success III. Russian Empire A. Drive across Northern Asia 1. Ivan IV took control of Russia after the rule of the Mongols 2. Russia only could expand east because west was already civilized B. Russian Society and Politics 1. Cossacks: 2. Russian aristocrats: ______put Romanov in power 3. ______takes power in 1613 and takes most of the freedoms away from the peasants 4. 1649 peasants were made into serfs C. Peter the Great 1. Fought to gain a port in the Black Sea and to free Istanbul of Muslim rule 2. Great Northern War was won and Peter built the capital of St. Petersburg 3. Attempted to modernize Russia building industrial plants and strengthen the military D. Consolidation of the Empire 1. Russians dominated the North Pacific with natural resources of Siberia: 2. During Catherine the Great Russia was the largest land empire IV. Comparative Perspectives A. Political Comparison 1. Between 1500 and 1800 China and Russia grew dramatically 2. Japan failed to add colonies to its empire B. Cultural, Social, and Economic Comparisons 1. Russia and China both tolerated diversity and promoted cultural assimilation 2. Russian and Chinese leaders both used foreign ideas but saw their culture as superior NOTES: