El Dorado Coryphaena Hippurus (Linnaeus, 1758), Es Conocido Como Un Depredador Epipelágico

REPÚBLICAPRESENCE DEL ECUADOR OF JACK MACKEREL (Trachurus symmetricus murphyi) Santander y Castillo (1971)) IN ECUADORIAN WATERS

Gregoria Calderón National Institute of Fisheries Guayaquil – Ecuador [email protected]

The jack mackerel is a pelagic species of migratory nature, with wide distribution in the South Pacific Ocean, has been described as a facultative predator in the pelagic ecosystem of Peru (Konchina, 1980, 1983), the presence of this species in Ecuadorian waters is associated with water masses of the Peru Current, formed by the Subtropical Surface water (SSW) with Cold Coastal Waters (ACF) of intense upwelling and the equatorial Surface Water (AES) (Konchina, 1980, 1983).

This species is relatively abundant in warm environments, with temperatures between 14 and 23 ° C, forming schools, live in the coastal and oceanic areas of the South Pacific Ocean and is distributed from the Galapagos Islands in the north to the southern region of Chile, by south, and from the coast of south America to the coastal waters of New Zealand and Tasmania (mainly between 30 and 50 ° S).

With respect to icthyoplankton according Grechina et al. (1998), the eggs and larvae of jack mackerel are found in waters with surface temperatures between 14 ° and 23.6 ° C, and dissolved oxygen concentrations between 5 and 6 ml / l and surface salinities ranging between 33.8 and 35.6 (psu).

The information in Ecuador on jack mackerel larvae is limited, its presence has been reported in research cruises and permanent stations monitored by the National Institute of Fisheries.

For Ecuadorian waters, this species has been recorded from the province of Esmeraldas in the north (01° 50.00 "N - 79° 50.00'W; border with Colombia) to the province of Santa Elena (02° 33.00' S - 81° 0600"W) and with a greater presence in the Galapagos Islands (from 1 S-86° 00'006 00'169 00'920 W to 3° S - 83° 00'900 W) (Figure 1).

1 REPÚBLICA DEL ECUADOR

Figure 1. Presence of Trachurus symmetricus murphyi in ecuadorian waters.

For this report, information from samples collected aboard the B/I TOALLI scientific vessel during November 2005, May 2010, and a cruise of eggs and larvae of fish held in September 2007 is presented; samples were collected at different depths at surface (0 meters), vertical (50 m) and oblique (up to 250 m deep).

Similarly, monthly data is presented from 2005 to 2013 of the permanent station that INP has, where monitoring is done in fiberglass boats with outboard motor at a speed of about 2 knots and a duration of 5 minutes at surface level (Table 1).

Table 1 Areas presence Trachurus symmetricus murphy in Ecuadorian waters.

No. Vessel SOURCE Latitude Longitude # Larvae STATION

TOALLI T05-11-05 C.D 4 2°37'020 S 80°37'300 W 5 16 0°21'520 N 80°36'900 W 2 19 0°19'011 S 80°14'100 W 1 20 0°25'120 S 80°08'001 W 1

TOALLI T07-09-04 C.H.L 37 2°50'020 S 80°46'010 W 1 55 2°30'020 S 80°44'100 W 1

2 2°30'084 S 83°00'175 W 45 Research Survey in 8 0°30'054 N 83°02'870 W 42 Galapagos islands 14 1°59’790 S 89°00'409 W 1 TOALLI T12-07-02 Oc 19 0°30’060 N 92°00'275 W 44 Fiberglass boat Permanente station Esmeraldas 1°80'190 S 79°48'009 W 45 Pta Galera 0°51´210 N 80° 90'001W 15 Pto López 1°34'090 S 81° 01'005W 10 Salinas 1°33'090 S 81° 14'002W 7 Tonchigue 1°02'090 S 80° 04'001W 6 Fiberglass boat Permanent station El Pongal 3°42,884 S 80°12,936 W 45

2 REPÚBLICASpecialized DEL ECUADOR taxonomic keys of Ahlstron (1969, 1980), Mosser et al (1973) and Beltrán-León Rivers (2000 b) were used: the results are expressed in org.m-2.

RESULTS

During the demersal survey performed in 2005, the presence of larvae of jack mackerel was recorded at four stations, with station 4 located in front of Villamil Playas, with the highest number of larvae.

Meanwhile, at eggs and fish larvae research survey during 2007, only two stations jack mackerel larvae recorded minimal presence.

For the 2012 research survey conducted in the Galapagos Islands, stations 2 and 8 located on the 83° beril (off the Ecuadorian coast) were representative.

In monthly samples in the areas of Esmeraldas, Salinas and Puerto Lopez from 2005 to May 2013 were identified sporadically Jack mackerel larvae, except for 2009 where a significant number of specimens was recorded; mentioning that this year was considered as one of the hottest in the world by NASA, Reuters - 21/01/2010.

In front of the coastal area of General Villamil, considered as high productivity zone of ichthyoplankton (El Pongal), reported the presence of this species with values ranging between 2 and 45 larva.10m-2(Figure 2).

Figure 2. Presence of Trachurus symmetricus murphyi in coastal zones of Ecuadorian waters.

3 REPÚBLICAMorphometric DEL ECUADOR features:

Fish Eggs

Pelagic egg, from 0.90 to 1.08 mm in diameter.

1 oil drop from 0.22 to 0.30 mm

Small perivitelline space 0.084 mm.

Smooth membrane

Fish larvae (Preflexion)

Myomeres: 24-26 Two pigments in the nasal passages One pigment at the tip of the lower jaw 4 opercular spines (angle) Long spines not sawn Mouth terminal, continuous dorsal fin Eye slightly flattened dorsally Starry pigmentation in the cephalic part Pigments ventral stellate back and starting in the middle. Opercular spines double row

Figura 1: Larvae of Trachurus symmetricus murphyi

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