Why Do Persons with Obstructive Lung Diseases Benefit from Exhaling Through Pursed Lips

Here are some examples of questions that could be used on the short answer portion of the final exam. The well-prepared student will be able to answer these questions concisely.

Draw and label an action potential from cardiac myofiber.

Draw and label the hemoglobin dissociation curve and describe how the curve would be shifted by changes in temperature, pH, and DPG.

Why do persons with obstructive lung diseases benefit from exhaling through pursed lips?

Why is negative feedback control of respiration more sensitive to changes in CO2 than changes in O2?

Explain how Poiseulle’s equation is related to persons experiencing an asthma attack.

Distinguish between myogenic autoregulation and intrinsic metabolic autoregulation of capillary blood flow.

Describe two standard methods for treating hypertension and for each explain how it works.

Explain how blood clotting initiated by the extrinsic pathway leads to activation of the intrinsic pathway.

Give a specific example of an organ or tissue that is “dually innervated” by the autonomic nervous system and describe the effects that activation of either system would produce.

In which of the following structures would a stroke have the most life-threatening consequences: thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, parietal lobe of the cerebrum. State the reasons for your choice.

Membrane potentials are classified as graded potentials or action potentials. Where are graded potentials produced and what purposes do they serve?

What is the trichromatic theory?

How does the fovea differ from peripheral regions of the retina?

What changes occur in the muscles of a person who trains to become a marathon runner?

How does a small motor unit differ from a large motor unit? How is it that skeletal muscles can exhibit summation and cardiac muscles cannot.

What is the role of creatine in muscle physiology?

Compare the wall of an arteriole to the wall of a vein.

Describe the appearance of an EKG for a person with 3rd degree heart block. (Adiagram alone is unacceptable.)

What is the fate of the approximately 4 liters of newly generated interstitial fluid per day?

What forces govern bulk flow and which of these is under the most direct physiological control?

Explain how the failure of the liver to produce normal levels of plasma proteins could lead to edema (swelling.)

Describe a specific portal system and state its physiological importance.

Which ions moving in which direction could lead to hyperpolarization of a neuronal membrane?

What are the advantages of saltatory conduction of action potentials? In what types of axons does this type of conduction occur?

What is the significance of +60 mV? What events prevent the membrane potential from reaching +60mV during an action potential?

How is the intensity of a stimulus encoded in the nervous system?

Describe the action of tetrodotoxin OR curare. Be sure to mention what the agent binds to and the effect it has.

What effect would atropine have on heart rate? Describe the mechanism.

Describe the visual deficits in a person whose right optic tract has been severed.

With regard to sensory systems, how did we come to know more about the visual system than any of the other somatic or special senses?

What changes occur in the muscles of a person who trains to become a weight lifter?

Describe the role of Ca++ in a cardiac myofiber. What is the source of Ca++ ? What event is responsible for the second heart sound?

Which is more serious and why: atrial fibrillation or ventricular fibrillation.