<p>Here are some examples of questions that could be used on the short answer portion of the final exam. The well-prepared student will be able to answer these questions concisely.</p><p>Draw and label an action potential from cardiac myofiber. </p><p>Draw and label the hemoglobin dissociation curve and describe how the curve would be shifted by changes in temperature, pH, and DPG.</p><p>Why do persons with obstructive lung diseases benefit from exhaling through pursed lips? </p><p>Why is negative feedback control of respiration more sensitive to changes in CO2 than changes in O2?</p><p>Explain how Poiseulle’s equation is related to persons experiencing an asthma attack.</p><p>Distinguish between myogenic autoregulation and intrinsic metabolic autoregulation of capillary blood flow.</p><p>Describe two standard methods for treating hypertension and for each explain how it works.</p><p>Explain how blood clotting initiated by the extrinsic pathway leads to activation of the intrinsic pathway.</p><p>Give a specific example of an organ or tissue that is “dually innervated” by the autonomic nervous system and describe the effects that activation of either system would produce.</p><p>In which of the following structures would a stroke have the most life-threatening consequences: thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, parietal lobe of the cerebrum. State the reasons for your choice.</p><p>Membrane potentials are classified as graded potentials or action potentials. Where are graded potentials produced and what purposes do they serve?</p><p>What is the trichromatic theory?</p><p>How does the fovea differ from peripheral regions of the retina?</p><p>What changes occur in the muscles of a person who trains to become a marathon runner?</p><p>How does a small motor unit differ from a large motor unit? How is it that skeletal muscles can exhibit summation and cardiac muscles cannot.</p><p>What is the role of creatine in muscle physiology?</p><p>Compare the wall of an arteriole to the wall of a vein.</p><p>Describe the appearance of an EKG for a person with 3rd degree heart block. (Adiagram alone is unacceptable.)</p><p>What is the fate of the approximately 4 liters of newly generated interstitial fluid per day?</p><p>What forces govern bulk flow and which of these is under the most direct physiological control?</p><p>Explain how the failure of the liver to produce normal levels of plasma proteins could lead to edema (swelling.)</p><p>Describe a specific portal system and state its physiological importance.</p><p>Which ions moving in which direction could lead to hyperpolarization of a neuronal membrane?</p><p>What are the advantages of saltatory conduction of action potentials? In what types of axons does this type of conduction occur?</p><p>What is the significance of +60 mV? What events prevent the membrane potential from reaching +60mV during an action potential?</p><p>How is the intensity of a stimulus encoded in the nervous system?</p><p>Describe the action of tetrodotoxin OR curare. Be sure to mention what the agent binds to and the effect it has.</p><p>What effect would atropine have on heart rate? Describe the mechanism.</p><p>Describe the visual deficits in a person whose right optic tract has been severed.</p><p>With regard to sensory systems, how did we come to know more about the visual system than any of the other somatic or special senses?</p><p>What changes occur in the muscles of a person who trains to become a weight lifter?</p><p>Describe the role of Ca++ in a cardiac myofiber. What is the source of Ca++ ? What event is responsible for the second heart sound?</p><p>Which is more serious and why: atrial fibrillation or ventricular fibrillation.</p>