Appendix 1: Confirmatory Factor Analysis Path Diagrams

Appendix 1: Confirmatory factor analysis path diagrams

Path diagram 1: Unidimensional (14 items; excluding item 3) Path diagram 2: Unidimensional (13 items; excluding items 3 & 13) .22 .22 scir1 e1 .14 scir1 e1 .13 scir2 e2 .22 scir2 e2

scir4 e3 .22 .24 scir4 e3 .47 scir5 e4 .25 .43 .37 .47 scir5 e4 .46 scir6 e5 .36 .43 .49 .47 .47 scir6 e5 .65 scir7 e6 .50 .47 .69 .10 .66 scir7 e6 .31 scir8 e7 .69 .10 Self-Care .42 .18 .31 scir8 e7 .47 e8 Self-Care scir9 .42 .18 .45 .22 .48 scir9 e8 e9 .51 scir10 .45 .23 .19 .21 .51 scir10 e9 .45 scir11 e10 .20 .45 .26 .34 scir11 e10 e11 .34 scir12 .26 .04 scir12 e11 scir13 e12 .20 .20 scir14 e13 scir14 e13 .11 .12 scir15 e14 scir15 e14

The path diagram shows that the majority of the items intended to make up the single The path diagram shows that the majority of the items intended to make up the single factor SCI-R scale load at an acceptable level (except items 2, 8 and 15 which load factor SCI-R scale load at an acceptable level (except items 8, 13 and 15 which load <0.40). The RMSEA (.118), CFI (.670) and significant chi-square (385.36, p<0.001) <0.40). The RMSEA (.111), CFI (.663) and significant chi-square (412.493, p<0.001) suggest that the model is not a good fit to the data suggest that the model is not a good fit to the data.

Path diagram 3: Unidimensional (12 items; excluding item 3, 13 & 15) Path diagram 4: 2-factor model (15 items; including item 3)

1 .20 .22

scir1 e1 scir1 e1 .13 .12 scir2 e2 scir2 e2 .22

.23 scir4 e3 .47 .24 scir4 e3 .37 .26 scir5 e4 .46 .43 .49 .45 scir5 e4 scir6 e5 .35 .45 .66 .47 .69 .48 scir6 e5 Active management scir7 e6 .32 .10 .49 .51 .43 scir8 e7 .67 scir7 e6 .48 .18 .45 .70 .09 scir9 e8 .45 .23 .30 scir8 e7 Self-Care .18 .34 scir10 e9 .42 .20 .46 scir9 e8 .77 scir11 e10 .43 .21 .20 e11 .51 scir10 e9 scir14 .18 .12 .44 scir15 e12 scir11 e10 .01 .26 scir3 e13 .11 scir12 e11 .43 .66 .19 Preventative routine scir12 e14 .24 .06 e12 scir14 scir13 e15

The path diagram shows that the majority of the items intended to make up the single The path diagram shows that the majority of the items intended to make up a 2-factor factor SCI-R scale load at an acceptable level (except items 2, and 8 which load SCI-R scale load at an acceptable level (except items 8, 15, 3 and 13) which load <0.40). The RMSEA (.125), CFI (.677) and significant chi-square (349.02, p<0.001) <0.40). The RMSEA (.104), CFI (.662) and significant chi-square (427.50, p<0.001) suggest that the model is not a good fit to the data suggest that the model is not a good fit to the data

2 Path diagram 5: 2-factor model (15 items; including item 3) Path diagram 6: 2-factor model (13 items; excluding items 3 & 13)

.22 .22 scir1 e1 .14 scir1 e1 .13 scir2 e2 e2 .21 scir2 .22 .47 scir4 e3 .24 .37 .47 scir4 e3 .25 .46 scir5 e4 .36 .49 .43 .47 scir5 e4 .43 .66 scir6 e5 .50

Glycemic control .69 .47 .66 scir6 e5 .48 scir7 e6 Glycemic control .69 .47 .23 .45 .48 scir7 e6 .23 .34 scir10 e7 .45 .20 .34 scir10 e7 scir11 e8 .20 .12 scir11 e8 e9 .97 scir15 .11 .01 e9 1.00 scir15 scir3 e10 .10

scir8 e11 .09 .10 .19 .32 scir8 e11 scir9 e12 .44 .18 .27 .31 .52 Other items scir9 e12 scir12 e13 .42 .20 .04 .26 .46 Other items .51 scir12 e13 scir13 e14 .45 .21 .20

scir14 e15 scir14 e15

The path diagram shows that the majority of the items intended to make up a 2-factor The path diagram shows that the majority of the items intended to make up a 2-factor SCI-R scale load at an acceptable level (except items 2, 15, 3, 8 and 13) which load SCI-R scale load at an acceptable level (except items 2, 15 and 8) which load <0.40). <0.40). The RMSEA (.104), CFI (.660) and significant chi-square (429.53, p<0.001) The RMSEA (.119), CFI (.669) and significant chi-square (385.36, p<0.001) suggest suggest that the model is not a good fit to the data that the model is not a good fit to the data

3 4 Appendix 2: Known-groups validity

5 Treatment Diabetes duration HbA1c Complications algorithm+

>7.5 SCI-R ≤7.5 Algorithm Algorithm ≤16 years >16 years (58mmol/ (58mmol/ Present Absent 1 2 mol) mol) n 179 173 116 236 188 165 246 106 4.02 4.51 4.52 4.14 4.22 4.31 4.33 4.12 1. Check blood glucose with monitor (1.0) (0.7)*** (0.8) (1.0)** (0.9) (0.9) (0.9) (1.1)

3.60 4.12 4.09 3.75 3.77 3.95 3.93 3.69 2. Record blood glucose (1.4) (1.1)** (1.3) (1.3)* (1.4) (1.3) (1.3) (1.4)

4.79 4.83 4.84 4.79 4.77 4.86 4.80 4.82 4. Correct dosage of pills/insulin (0.6) (0.5) (0.6) (0.6) (0.7) (0.4) (0.6) (0.5)

4.60 4.60 4.73 4.54 4.62 4.58 4.57 4.67 5. Take pills/insulin at correct time (0.6) (0.7) (0.5) (0.7)** (0.7) (0.6) (0.7) (0.5)

3.72 3.83 3.83 3.75 3.75 3.80 3.75 3.83 6. Correct food portions (0.8) (0.8) (0.8) (0.8) (0.8) (0.8) (0.8) (0.8)

3.82 4.02 4.13 3.82 3.87 3.98 3.90 3.97 7. Meals/snacks eaten on time (0.9) (0.7)* (0.7) (0.9)** (0.9) (0.8) (0.9) (0.8)

1.49 1.70 1.56 1.61 1.58 1.61 1.62 1.52 8. Keep food records (0.9) (1.1)* (1.0) (1.0) (1.0) (1.0) (1.0) (0.9)

2.95 3.30 3.22 3.08 3.05 3.21 3.11 3.16 9. Read food labels (1.4) (1.3)* (1.5) (1.3) (1.4) (1.3) (1.4) (1.4)

3.44 3.69 3.75 3.49 3.54 3.61 3.58 3.55 10. Recommended carbs (1.3) (1.2) (1.2) (1.3) (1.2) (1.3) (1.2) (1.3)

3.72 3.85 3.96 3.70 3.73 3.85 3.80 3.74 6 11. Carry quick acting sugar (1.5) (1.5) (1.4) (1.4) (1.5) (1.4) (1.5) (1.5)

4.82 4.90 4.95 4.82 4.87 4.85 4.85 4.88 Data are mean (standard deviation)

+ Algorithm 1 (fixed insulin doses) of the original protocol; Algorithm 2 (self-titration) regardless of insulin type

*p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 (Mann Whitney U-Tests)