The Hellenistic World

EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES (750-1000)

FOCUS QUESTIONS  What were the main features of the physical environment of the Early Middle Ages?  In what ways did the political, intellectual & daily life in the Carolingian Empire represent a fusion of Gallo- Roman, Germanic & Christian practices?  What impact did the Vikings have on the history & culture of medieval Europe?  What was fief-holding & how was it related to manorialism?  What were the chief developments in the Byzantine Empire between 750 & 1000?  What were the chief developments in the Islamic world between 750 & 1000?

Middle Ages  The Middle Ages (______) is a period of European history from the 5th to the 15th centuries that follow the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 & precedes the Early Modern Era  It is the middle period of a three-period division of Western history: Classic, Medieval & Modern  The Early Middle Age trends of the Late ______(depopulation, deurbanization, & increased barbarian invasion) continued & reflect the view that this period was a deviation from the path of classical learning  North Africa & the ______, once part of the Eastern Roman Empire, became Islamic & later in the period, the establishment of the feudal system allowed a move away from subsistence agriculture & there was sustained urbanization in Northern & Western ______

EUROPEANS & THE ENVIRONMENT  By the 8th century the population had still not recovered from the losses caused by the plagues of the 6th & 7th centuries so Europe was a sparsely ______landscape dotted with villages & clusters of villages of farmers & ______ Less than 10% ______so hunting & fishing were necessary to supplement the European diet

Farming & Climate  The heavy soils of northern Europe were not easily ______& the agricultural methods worked against significant ______yields o Land was allowed to lie unplanted every year to regain its fertility but it still produced low yields o The Frankish estates yielded incredibly low ratios of 2 measures of grain to 1 measure of seed  Climate patterns show that European weather began to ______around 700 after centuries of colder & ______conditions o Drought or too much rain could mean meager harvests, famine & dietary deficiencies that made people susceptible to a wide range of diseases which led to a period of low life ______ The picture of early Medieval Europe is of a relatively small population subsisting on the basis of a ______agricultural economy & leading a ______existence

THE WORLD OF THE CAROLINGIANS  The Merovingian Dynasty was losing control of the Frankish lands & when Charles Martel died in 741, his son, Pepin deposed the Merovingians & assumed the ______of the Frankish state for himself  Pepin’s actions which were approved by the pope created a new form of Frankish kingship where the new crowned king would be formally anointed with holy oil o This symbolized that the kings had been entrusted with a sacred office but also how ______practice was fused with ______in the Early Middle Ages Charlemagne & The Carolingian Empire (768-814)  Charles the Great or Charles I (______) was King of the Franks from 768 & Emperor of the ______from 800 to his death in 814  He expanded the Frankish Kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western & Central Europe & he conquered Italy & was crowned “Imperator Augustus” by Pope Leo III on December 25, 800 o His rule is also associated with the “Carolingian ______”, a revival of art, religion & culture through the medium of the Catholic Church & through his foreign conquests & internal reforms, Charlemagne helped define both Western Europe & the European Middle Ages  The son of King Pepin the Short & Bertrada of Laon, a Frankish queen, he succeeded his father in 768 & was initially ______with his brother Carloman I o The relationship between Charlemagne & Carloman was not good & Carloman died an ______sudden death in 771  Charlemagne continued the policy of his father towards the “______” (office of the Pope) & became its protector, removing the Lombards from power in Italy & leading an incursion into Muslim Spain, to which he was invited by the Muslim governor of ______ Charlemagne was promised several ______cities in return for giving military aid to the governor o The deal was withdrawn & Charlemagne's ______army experienced its worst defeat at the hands of the Basques at the Battle of ______(778)  He also campaigned against the peoples to his east, especially the ______& after a protracted war subjected them to his rule o By forcibly ______the Saxons & banning on penalty of death their native Germanic “______” (polytheistic religious rituals) he integrated them into his realm & thus paved the way for the later Ottonian Dynasty  The French & German monarchies descending from the empire ruled by Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperors covered most of Europe o In his acceptance speech of the Charlemagne Prize, Pope John Paul II referred to him as the “______” ("father of Europe")  His empire united most of Western Europe for the first time since the Romans & the Carolingian Renaissance encouraged the formation of a common ______identity

The Carolingian Intellectual Renewal  The Carolingian Renaissance stands out as a period of intellectual & cultural ______(rebirth of learning) in Europe occurring from the late 8th century to the 9th century with the peak of the activities coordinated during the reigns of the Carolingian rulers Charlemage & Louis the Pious  During this period there was an increase of literature, writing, the arts, architecture, ______, liturgical reforms & ______l studies  The effects of this cultural revival were in o ______& culture in Francia, artistic endeavors & an unmeasurable effect on what mattered most to the Carolingians, the moral ______of society o They wrote better ______, copied & preserved classical texts, developed a more legible & classicizing script & the leaders of the Carolingian Renaissance for the first time in centuries applied rational ideas to social issues, providing a ______language & writing style that allowed for communication across most of Europe  Instead of being a rebirth of new cultural movements, the period was more an attempt to ______the previous culture of the Roman Empire  To address these problems, Charlemagne ordered the creation of ______to attract many of the leading ______of his day to his court & among the first called to court were Italians o Peter of ______, who from 776-790 instructed Charlemagne in Latin o Paulinus of Aquileia from 776-787, whom Charlemagne nominated as patriarch of Aquileia in 787  One of the primary efforts was the creation of a standardized ______for use at the recently created schools o Alcuin of ______led this effort & was responsible for the writing of textbooks, creation of word lists & establishing the “______” (3 taught subjects---grammar, logic & rhetoric) & “______” (4 taught subjects---arithmetic, geometry, music & astronomy) as the basis for education  Another contribution was the development of “Carolingian ______”, a "book-hand" (handwriting) first used at the ______of Corbie & Tours that introduced the use of lower case letters  A standardized version of Latin was also developed that allowed for the coining of new words while retaining the grammatical rules of Classical Latin which became the common language of scholarship & allowed ______& ______to make themselves understood across Europe

Carolingian Art, Architecture, Music, Economic & Legal Reforms  Although brief (100 years from 800-900) Carolingian art was an influential period because Northern Europe embraced classical Mediterranean Roman art forms for the first time, setting the stage for the rise of ______art & eventually ______art in the West o “Illuminated ______” (text with decoration), metalwork, small-scale sculpture, mosaics & frescos survived from the period  Carolingian architecture is the style of North European architecture ______by Charlemagne  The period of architecture spans the late 8th & 9th centuries & was a conscious attempt to create a Roman Renaissance, emulating Roman, Early Christian & Byzantine architecture, with its own innovation, resulting in having a unique ______o The little more than eight decades between 768 to 855 alone saw the ______of 27 new cathedrals, 417 monasteries & 100 royal ______ In Western culture, there had been an unbroken tradition in musical practice & theory from written records of the ______(2500 B.C.) through the ______& ______down to ancient Greece & Rome o Most in western Europe for the next few centuries did not understand the Greek language util Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius saw what was happening & translated ______Greek “treatises” (information on a subject) into Latin which became the foundation of learning  The advent of scholarly ______by Charlemagne, who was particularly interested in music, began a period of intense activity in the monasteries of the writing & ______of treatises in music theory o Charlemagne sought to unify ______music by eliminating regional stylistic differences o Western musical practice & ______of today thus it had its beginnings with Charlemagne  Charlemagne was faced with a variety of ______(money coins) at the start of his reign o To correct problems these various currencies caused he standardized a system based on a pound of ______(Livre Tournois) o “______” were minted with a value of 240 deniers to a pound of silver  A second value the “______” was also created as an accounting device with a value of 12 deniers or 1/20 of a pound of silver o The solidus was not minted but was instead used to record values such as a "______" which was equal to the amount of grain that ______deniers could purchase

Life In The Carolingian World  In daily life & intellectual life the era witnessed a ______of Roman, Germanic & Christian practices  To stabilize marriages the churches began to emphasize “______” (true to only one partner) o A man was now expected to stay true to only his wife & remain with her even if she were sterile, deformed, drunken, old, dirty, vain, greedy, unfaithful, quarrelsome or abusive so ______was ______ Spread of the Catholic Church encouraged the “______” (father, mother & independent children)  ______& ______were served by monasteries for a place to stay for weary travelers (safe from thieves & violence)  For both the rich & the poor the main staple of the Carolingian diet was ______o The ______class enjoyed a wider variety of pork, wild game, dairy, eggs, vegetables o ______(overeating) & drunkenness were widespread throughout the empire  Medical practice stressed using natural herbs & bleeding out illnesses with the use of ______ The ancient Romans had limited ______through ______for unwanted children while those chose were paid attention to through education o The ______continued infanticide but it was discouraged by priests to abandon their children at ______who then would be raised as monks & nuns  ______were also providers of hospitality (sacred duty) in the early medieval world (place to stay for weary travelers) o Safe from ______& ______ Both the rich & the poor relied on a diet of ______that was consumed in large quantities o Upper class added ______& ______(smoked & salted to last) o ______was a favorite activity & dairy products became popular as milk before spoilage would be made into cheese & butter o ______were raised for their eggs & vegetables like beans, peas, lentils, garlic, onions & carrots were crucial for both rich & poor o Upper class was also dependent on ______(sweetener) & ______like pepper & cinnamon (thought it aided digestion) o Gluttony & ______was prevalent which led to “______” which the Carolingians were known for o Aristocrats & monks favored ______above all other beverages while water was also drunk as a beverage but it was also used for bathing (hygiene was not a high priority)

DISINTEGRATION OF THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE  The Carolingian Empire began to ______during the reign of Louis the Pious (814-840)  Though a decent man he was not a strong ruler & was unable to control the ______aristrocracy or his own ______sons who fought continuously  After their fathers death the brothers divided the empire into 3 major sections (brother 4 died) o Charles the ______took western Frankish lands (would later become France) o Louis the ______took the eastern lands (would later become Germany) o ______received the middle kingdom from the North to Mediterranean Seas  France & Germany would later fight over the territories of the ______kingdom for centuries

Decline Of The Frankish Kingdom  One of the most important ______of the Carolingian Renaissance was that Charlemagne encouraged the spread of uniform religious practices as well as a uniform ______o Charlemagne set out to construct a “Respublica ______” (Christian Republic) o Despite the fact that Charlemagne unified his empire, elevated education, standardized coins, handwriting & scholarly Latin, his Empire declined in ______within a generation or two following his death in the year 814  His rule was so brilliant, so ______that those emperors who came after him seemed ______ Charlemagne’s death was only one ______of the decline of the Frankish Kingdom o The ______from barbarian tribes disrupted trade between the Franks & Italy . Some of their raids were so terrible that European ______would burn their fields & destroy their villages rather than give them over o Invasions came to an end by the 10th & 11th centuries due to these tribes being converted to ______o The complex institution known as “______” which would offer Europeans protection from these invasions, based as it was on security, protection & mutual obligations . Set of ______& ______customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries which was a system for ordering society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labor

Invasions Of The 9th & 10 Centuries  In the 9th & 10 centuries, western Europe was beset by a wave of ______by several non- Christen peoples (an old enemy the ______& 2 new ones the Magyars & ______)

Muslims & Magyars  The first wave of Muslim ______began in the beginning of the 8th century until they gradually built up a series of sea bases in North Africa, Spain & southern Gaul o They raided the southern coasts of Europe especially Italy & even threatened Rome in 843CE o Muslim forces destroyed the Carolingian ______in northern Spain & went into southern France  The ______were a people from western Asia who were encouraged by the Byzantine emperors to attack the Bulgars & eventually established themselves on the plains of Hungary (raid western Europe)  They were finally crushed in Germany in 955CE & they were converted to ______

Vikings  By far the most devastating & far-reaching attacks of the time came from the Northmen or Norsemen of ______known as the Vikings  They were Germanic people based in Scandinavia (final wave of ______migration) who moved most likely due to overpopulation, wealth, adventure & trade  They were ______& superb shipbuilders & ______o Their ships were the best of the time period & was long & narrow & equipped with carved prows & could carry ______men o They were able to sail up rivers & sack villages & towns, destroy churches & easily defeat small ______ The Vikings were also daring ______who after 860CE sailed westward across the Atlantic reaching Iceland in 874CE & then on to Greenland in 985CE o The only known Viking site in North America is ______ By the 10th century Viking expansion was drawing to a close & just like the ______they would be ______into European civilization  Viking raids had important political ______b/c of the inability of the royal authorities to protect their peoples against the Vikings caused local populations to turn instead to the local aristocrats to provide ______for them o Aristocrats now increased their strength & prestige but also assumed even more of the functions of local ______that had previously belonged to the ______(eventually lead to a new political & military order)

EMERGING WORLD OF LORDS & VASSALS  The renewed invasions & the disintegration of the Carolingian Empire led to the emergence of a new type of relationship between free individuals called “______”

Vassalage  The practice of “______” was derived from Germanic society in which warriors swore an oath of loyalty to their leader in which they fought for their chief & he in turn took care of their needs  By the 8th century an individual who served a lord in a military capacity was known as a “______” o With the ______of governments powerful nobles took control of large areas of land & they needed men to fight for them so they gave ______of land to vassals who would in return fight for their lord Fief-Holding  The land granted to a vassal in return for military service came to be known as a “______”  Many vassals who held such grants of land came to exercise rights of ______or political & legal authority within their fiefs  Fief-holding also became increasingly complicated as “______” developed o Practice by which ______, holding land under the king or other superior lord, carved out new & distinct tenures in their turn by sub-letting or alienating a part of their lands o The vassals of a king might also have vassals who would owe them ______service in return for a grant of land from their estates (lordship)

New Political Configurations In the 10th Century  In the 10th century Europe began to recover from the invasions of the previous century & the ______of the Carolingian Empire & the emergence of great & powerful lords soon produced new ______groups  In the east Frankish kingdom, the last of the Carolingian king died in 911CE & in turn a local leader was chosen “Conrad of ______” to serve as king of ______ Conrad did not last long & up next was “Henry the ______” duke of Saxony  The best known Saxon king of Germany was Henry’s son “______” who defeated the Magyars in 955CE & encouraged an ongoing program of Christianization of the Slavic (Russia) & Scandinavian peoples o Otto was intervened in Italian politics & for his efforts he was crowned emperor of the ______by the pope in 962CE (created the New Roman Empire in the hands of Eastern Franks)  The ______Frankish kingdom was not under control by the great lords during the 9th & 10th centuries  The counts did not pay attention to the wishes of the Carolingian kings & upon the death of the last king the western Frankish nobles & prelates (bishops) of the church chose “______”, count of Orleans of Paris o The ______who elected him did not intend to establish a new royal dynasty but Capet would succeed in making his position ______& the nobles agreed that his eldest son would take over when he died o His son Robert & the succeeding ______dynasty would rule the western Frankish kingdom (France) for centuries  England’s development in the 9th & 10th centuries was different due to the long struggles of the ______kingdoms against the ______invasions  “______the Great” defeated the ______army in 879CE & then would make peace with the Danes after strengthening his army & creating a navy o He also believed in the power of education & invited scholars to his court & encouraged the translation of the works of the ______(Augustine & Gregory the Great) o His successors re-conquered the remaining areas occupied by the Danes & established a ______Anglo-Saxon ______

The Manorial System  The landholding class of nobles & knights comprised a ______elite whose ability to function as warriors depended on having the leisure time to pursue the arts of war  A “______” was an agricultural estate operated by a lord & worked by peasants o Lords provided ______; peasants gave up their ______& became tied to the lord’s land providing labor services for him  Manorialism died slowly but outlasted “______” as it outlasted feudalism: "primarily an economic organization, it could maintain a warrior, but it could equally well maintain a capitalist landlord o Serfdom is a condition of a tenant ______who was bound to a hereditary plot of land & to the will of his landlord o Not a ______because they could not be bought & sold without reference to land so basically serfs changed lords only when the land they worked changed hands

THE ZENITH OF BYZANTINE CIVILIZATION  In the 7th & 8th centuries the Byzantine Empire had lost much of its territory to the Slavs, ______& Muslims & by 750 the empire consisted only of ______, some Balkan lands & some land on Italy’s southern coast  During the reign of ______(842-867) the empire began to experience a revival  “______” or “icon breaking” which includes the religious as well as political destruction of images or monuments was ______in 843 & reforms were made in education, church life, military & the peasant economy = a noticeable intellectual renewal  Problems were still evident as the ______mounted new attacks & the ______harassed the empire o A new church problem erupted over differences b/t the pope as leader of the western Christian church & the patriarch of ______as leader of the eastern (Orthodox) Christian church o Patriarch ______condemned the pope as a heretic for accepting a revised form of the Nicene Creed stating that the Holy Spirit proceeded from the Father & the Son instead of “the Holy Spirit who proceeds from the Father” o He was excommunicated (Photian ______)

The Macedonian Dynasty  The problems that arose during Michael’s reign were dealt with by a new dynasty of Byzantine emperors known as the ______(867-1081) o They held off enemies went on the offensive & ______domestic order o Supported by the church the emperors thought of the empire as a continuation of the Christian Roman Empire of late ______ They worked to strengthen the position of the free farmers (rank & file of the ______) who felt threatened by the attempts of landed aristocrats o Fostered ______prosperity by expanding trade relations w/western Europe (sold silks & metalwork)  Constantinople grew & ______visitors w/ its size, wealth & ______surroundings  ______influence expanded due to missionary efforts of the eastern Byzantine Christians which was spread to eastern European peoples  The Macedonia dynasty also produced some truly outstanding emperors skilled in ______& ______such as Leo VI (886-912) & Basil II (976-1025)

THE SLAVIC PEOPLES OF CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE  North of Byzantium & east of the Carolingian Empire was a spacious plain w/inhabitants of Asiatic ______(Huns, Bulgars & Magyars) who terrorized & plundered the peasant communities  The Slavic people were originally a single people in central Europe who ______& then ______into 3 groups: western, southern & eastern Slavs

Western Slavs  East of the Germanic kingdom emerged the ______& ______kingdoms of the western Slavs  They were converted b/c the Germans assumed that it was their duty to spread Christianity to these “______”

Southern Slavs  The southern Slavic peoples were converted to the Eastern ______Christianity of the Byzantine Empire by 2 brothers (Cyril & Methodius) in 863  Although the southern Slavs accepted Christianity a ______would develop b/t the Croats who accepted the Roman church & the Serbs who remained loyal to eastern Christianity  By the end of the 9th century the Bulgarians & Serbs had accepted Eastern ______& now their cultural life was linked to the ______state

Eastern Slavs  The eastern Slavic people were from Ukraine, European Russia & the Black Sea areas & were the largest of the 3 groups who had to previously contend with Viking invaders (Varangians)  The peoples traded heavily with the Byzantines as well as w/the nations of western Europe & Asia o As a result of this trade & their geographical location b/t these cultures the Eastern Slavs never became fully European or fully Asian

THE EXPANSION OF ISLAM  The ______Dynasty of caliphs had established Damascus as the center of an Islamic empire created by Arab expansion in the 7th & 8th centuries  Umayyad rule created resentment due to ______behavior (swam in pools of wine etc….)

The Abbasid Dynasty  The ______Caliphate (Abbasids) was the 3rd of the Islamic caliphates who built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphate o It was founded by the descendants of the Islamic prophet ______youngest uncle, ‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib in Harran in 750 & shifted its capital in 762 to Baghdad  It flourished for two centuries but slowly went into decline with the rise to power of the ______army it had created, the ______ Within ______years of gaining control of Persia, the caliphs were forced to cede power to local dynastic emirs who only nominally acknowledged their ______o The Abbasids' rule was briefly ended for 3 years in 1258, when Hulagu Khan sacked ______, resuming in Mamluk ______in 1261, from where they continued to claim authority in religious matters until 1519, when power was formally transferred to the ______Empire & the capital relocated to Constantinople  The Islamic ______Age was inaugurated by the middle of the 8th century by the ascension of the Abbasid Caliphate & the transfer of the capital from ______to ______o During this period the Muslim world became an intellectual center for science, philosophy, medicine & education as the Abbasids championed the cause of knowledge & established the House of ______in Baghdad; where both Muslim & non-Muslim scholars sought to translate & gather all the world's knowledge into ______

Islamic Civilization  Muslim Arabs had demonstrated a willingness to ______the culture of their conquered territories as they created a brilliant urban culture during a time of mostly rural villages (Baghdad, Cairo & Cordoba)  Islamic cities had a distinctive ______appearance due to their common use of ______features