Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Hole S Human Anatomy and Physiology, 10Th Ed s9

Chapter 6: Skin and the Integumentary System: Page 116 - 125

I. Skin and Its Tissues A. Introduction 1. The skin is composed of______of tissues. 2. Skin is a protective covering that prevents______3. Skin also retards______and helps regulate______4. Skin houses______and contains______cell. 5. Skin synthesizes______and excretes______6. The two distinct layers of skin are______7. The outer layer is called______and is composed of______8. The inner layer is called______and is made up of______9. A______separates the two skin layers. 10. The subcutaneous layer is beneath______11. The subcutaneous layer is composed of______B. Epidermis 1. The epidermis lacks______2. The deepest layer of the epidermis is called the______3. The stratum basale is nourished by______4. Cells of the stratum basale can______and______,because they are nourished so well.

5. When new cells enlarge they push______6. The farther the cells travel, the______their nutrient supply becomes and eventually they______6-1 7. Older skin cells are called______and are held together with______8. Keratinization is______9. As a result of keratinization many layers of______accumulate in______10. The outermost layer of the epidermis is called the______11. The epidermis is thickest on ______and the______12. Most areas of epidermis have______layers. 13. The four layers starting with the deepest are______14. An additional layer called______is in thickened skin. 15. In healthy skin, production of______is balanced with______16. The rate of cell division increases where______17. Calluses are______18. Corns are______19. Specialized cells in the epidermis called______produce melanin. 20. Melanin provides______and absorbs______21. Melanocytes lie______and______22. The extensions of melanocytes transfer______to ______by a process called______C. Dermis 1. The boundary between the dermis and epidermis is uneven because______2. Fingerprints form from______3. The dermis binds ______to______4. The dermis is largely composed of______5. The dermis also contains______that can wrinkle the skin of the scrotum. 6-2 6. Some smooth muscle of the skin is associated with______7. In the face,______are anchored to the dermis. 8. ______processes are scattered throughout the dermis. 9. ______are stimulated by heavy pressure. 10. ______are stimulated by light touch. D. Subcutaneous Layer 1. The subcutaneous layer consists of______2. No sharp boundary separates the dermis and subcutaneous layer because______3. The adipose tissue of the subcutaneous layer______4. The subcutaneous layer contains______that supply the skin. II. Accessory Organs of the Skin A. Hair Follicles 1. Hair is present ______except______2. A hair follicle is______3. A follicle extends from ______into______4. The hair root is______5. The hair papilla is______6. The hair shaft is______7. A hair is composed of______8. Baldness results when______9. Genes determine ______by directing______10. Dark hair has more______than blond hair. 11. White hair of albinos lack______12. Red hair contains______13. Hairs appear gray from a mix of______14. An arrector pili muscle is ______and attaches to______15. Goose bumps are produced when______B. Nails 1. Nails are______6-3 2. Each nail consists of a______that overlies a surface of skin called ______3. The lunula of a nail is______C. Skin Glands 1. Sebaceous glands contain______and are associated with______2. Sebaceous glands are______glands and their cells produce ______3. Sebum is______4. Sebum is secreted into______and helps______5. Sebaceous glands are not found______6. Sebaceous glands open directly onto skin in some regions, such as,______7. Sweat glands are also called______glands. 8. Each sweat gland consists of______in ______or______9. The most numerous sweat glands are______10. Eccrine glands respond to______11. Eccrine glands are common on______12. A pore is______13. Sweat contains______14. Apocrine glands becomes active______15. They can wet certain areas of skin when a person is______16. Apocrine glands are most numerous in______17. Ceruminous glands of the ______secrete______18. Mammary glands secrete______III. Regulation of Body Temperature A. Introduction 1. Regulation of body temperature is important because______2. A normal temperature of deeper body parts remains close to______

6-4 B. Heat Production and Loss 1. Heat is a product of______2. When body temperature rises above the set point, nerve impulses stimulate______3. During physical activity,______release heat, which the______carries away. 4. When warmed blood reaches______, muscles in the walls of______relax. 5. As dermal blood vessels dilate,______escapes to______6. Skin reddens because______7. The primary means of body heat loss is______8. Radiation is______9. Conduction is______10. Convection is______11. Evaporation is______12. When sweat evaporates, it carries______13. When body temperature falls below the set point, muscles of dermal blood vessels ______which decreases______14. When body temperature falls, sweat glands______15. When body temperature continues to fall, small groups of muscles______C. Problems in Temperature Regulation 1. Hyperthermia is______2. If air temperature is high, heat loss by radiation is______3. Hypothermia is______4. Hypothermia can result from______5. Hypothermia can lead to______6. ______and______are at a higher risk for developing hypothermia. IV. Skin Color A. Genetic Factors 1. Regardless of racial origin, all people have about the same number of______6-5 ______in their skin. 2. Differences in skin color result from______3. The more______, the darker the skin. 4. The ______and______of pigment granules within melanocytes also influence skin color. B. Environmental Factors 1. Environmental factors such as______and______affect skin color. 2. These factors stimulate______3. Tans fade as______C. Physiological Factors 1. When blood is well oxygenated, the blood pigment hemoglobin is______and the skin of light-complexioned people appears______2. When blood oxygen concentration is low, hemoglobin is______and the skin appears______3. If dermal blood vessels are dilated,______blood enters skin and skin appears ______4. If dermal blood vessels are constricted,______blood enters skin and skin appears______5. Carotene is______6. Carotene can give skin a______color. V. Healing of Wounds and Burns A. Introduction 1. Inflammation is a normal response to______2. During inflammation, blood vessels______and become______3. Inflamed skin may become______and______4. The dilated blood vessels provide______, which aids______5. The specific events of healing depend on______6-6 and______B. Cuts 1. If a break in the skin is shallow, epithelial cells______2. If a cut extends into the dermis or subcutaneous layer,______break and the escaping ______forms a______3. A clot consists mainly of______4. A scab is______5. Fibroblasts migrate into______and begin forming ______that bind______6. Connective tissue matrix secretes______that______7. As healing continues, blood vessels______8. ______remove dead cells and other debris. 9. A scar results when______10. A granulation consists of______C. Burns 1. A first degree burn is______2. A second degree burn is______3. ______appear in second degree burns. 4. The healing of second degree burns depends on______5. A third degree burn is______6. In a third degree burn, the skin becomes______7. If a third degree burn is extensive, treatment may involve______8. An autograft is______9. A homograft is______10. Skin substitutes include______11. The treatment of a burn patient requires estimating______12. To estimate, physicians use______13. This rule divides______6-7 VI. Life-Span Changes A. Aging skin affects______B. Age spots or liver spots are______C. The dermis becomes reduced as______D. Wrinkling and sagging skin result from______E. Skin becomes drier because______F. ______causes gray or white hair. G. Nail growth is impaired because______H. Sensitivity to pain and pressure______with age. I. An older person is less able to tolerate heat because______J. Vitamin D is necessary for______