From No-Government to E-Government 193
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
From No-governmenttoE-government From No-government to E-government Investigating technology enabled state-building in post-conflict situations Bernard Nikaj Bernard Nikaj 193 UNU-MERIT UNU-MERIT MGSoG Nikaj-Bernard-cover-3-blue.pub zondag 29 oktober 2017 16:49 pagina 1 From No-government to E-government Investigating technology enabled state-building in post- conflict situations © 2017 Bernard Nikaj ISBN 978 90 8666 430 6 Cover illustration: Brotherhood by Alban Muja. Publisher: Boekenplan, Maastricht www.boekenplan.nl All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing, from the author. From No-government to E-government Investigating technology enabled state-building in post- conflict situations DISSERTATION To obtain the degree of Doctor at the Maastricht University on the authority of the Rector Magnificus, Prof. Dr. Rianne Letchert in accordance with the decision of the Board of Deans, to be defended in public on 24th day of November 2017, at 13:30 hours by Bernard Nikaj Supervisor(s): Prof. Dr. Friso Den Hertog Prof. Dr. Antonio Cordella (LSE) Assessment Committee: Prof. Dr. Harro Van Lente (Chair) Dr. Elsa Estevez, Universidad National del Sur, Argentina Prof. Dr. ir. Marijn Janssen, Delft University of Technology Dr. Mindel van de Laar The research leading to this thesis has been partially funded by the Netherlands Fellowship Programme (NFP). Acknowledgements Over the years, it took me to complete this PhD, I have understood that while it is considered an individual piece of research, it cannot be done without the support and contribution of a whole lot of people. This is my attempt to thank the ones without which this work would not been completed. I will start by thanking Mindel Van de Laar, without whose support this PhD would never happen. There were times that only the Prime Minister of Kosovo and Mindel were able to make me escape my busy agendas and schedules. I am forever indebted to you Mindel. Special thanks go to Friso den Hertog and Antonio Cordella for their wise and patient support and guidance over the years. I have always enjoyed exchanging views and ideas with both of you. I have learned to appreciate your comments as well, without which this thesis would have been much poorer. I am obliged to many at the Maastricht School of Governance: to Franziska Gassmann for introducing me to the school over coffees in Kyrgyzstan, to Sonila and Florian Tomini for providing me with guidance in the early days of my PhD and for becoming friends ever since, to Florian Henning for being a patient colleague and friend and always keeping a keen interest in my research, to my classmates Niels, Mumbi, Grant and Ibrahim for making stays and discussions in Maastricht always enjoyable. I have to say a big thank you to Ilire Agimi, for patiently helping me in the first years of the PhD. Finally, in my heart and mind there is a special place for Cecile, Sebastian and Khaled who added so much joy and value to the whole experience both in Maastricht and beyond. v During the course of this PhD I spend time at the School of Information at the University of California, Berkeley as part of Fulbright Fellowship. I would like to say thank you to Tapan Parikh and Jenna Burell for making me part of their ICTD Research Seminar and for the discussions related to my research that helped make this thesis more interesting. I would also like to thank Government of Netherlands for awarding me the NFP Fellowship and the Government of the USA for the Fulbright Fellowship. I would like to thank my staff both at Ministry of Trade and Industry as well as at the Embassy of the Republic of Kosovo in Brussels for bearing with me and with my rumblings on issues related to this research. Special thanks to Florin for helping me manage the nightmare of formatting. My friend Alban Muja has honoured me by allowing me to use his works on the cover of this book. I am greatly thankful. I am indebted to my aunt Zdenka, her son Joseph and his wife Daisy for hosting me in Heerlen during the early days of this research. Their support and encouragement remains unrivalled. Finally, my utmost appreciation goes to Rozafa, Rron and Gjin for offering me unquestioned support and love even at the toughest of times. In the process of this thesis, I have met a lot of people and am sure that I have forgotten to mention some of you. However, be sure, that I am forever grateful for the support and difference that you have made. vi Abstract In the last two decades, the creation of new states and state building in post conflict situations has been in the focus of both policy making and academic research. Various factors have been deemed to play and important role on the success and failure of state building tasks. One of the most omitted actors in the process of state building has been information and communication technology (ICT). This thesis looks at the issue of building modern state administrations in post-conflict countries, with particular focus on the role of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in aiding these administrations. Furthermore, this thesis looks at the role and impact of these initiatives in institution building as very often in post-conflict and state building situations it is the ICTs that precedes the adoption and enactment of legislation and other institutions such are administrative rules and procedures. In order to achieve its aim, this thesis will first present the current state of literature in state building with a particular focus on the use of ICTs in post-conflict and state building situations. Then it will present the case of Case Management Information System (CMIS) and its implementation in the justice sector of Kosovo. Through tracking the process of conception, implementation and development of the CMIS and the interplay of different actors involved, this thesis will argue that ICTs are not just an enabling factor, but a rather active actor in building and defining the nature of the institutions in which they operate. It will argue that initiatives that start as pilot projects turn into long term, central tools that define the policy agenda. It will also argue that technology becomes the tool of choice in the hands of consultants, administrators and international donors serving specific interests. By doing this the thesis contributes to research in both: state building and information technology use in public administration by providing a vii rare account of ICT implementation in post-conflict state building context. Some suggestions and potential research venues will be explored at the end. Keywords: e-government, state building, rule of law, e-justice, governance viii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ v Abstract .............................................................................................................................. vii List of Tables and Figures ................................................................................................. xi List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................................. xii Chapter 1 The Missing Actor ................................................................................... 13 1.1 STATE BUILDING: PRACTICES AND DILEMMAS .................................................. 17 1.2 THE MISSING ACTOR: INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY . 23 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ........................................................................................ 29 1.4 DISSERTATION OUTLINE ..................................................................................... 30 Chapter 2 ICTs in the Public Sector: Theoretical Perspectives .......................... 31 2.1 E-GOVERNMENT AND NPM: RATIONALIZING THE PUBLIC SECTOR ................. 35 2.2 MATURITY MODEL OF E-GOVERNMENT ............................................................. 38 2.3 TECHNOLOGY ENACTMENT FRAMEWORK AND ITS DERIVATIVES .................... 43 2.4 REGULATORY IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: ASSEMBLAGES, INSCRIPTION-DELEGATION AND FUNCTIONAL SIMPLIFICATION .................................. 47 2.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS ..................................................................................... 52 Chapter 3 Methodological Approach: An Interpretive Lens to E-Government and State-Building ........................................................................................................... 54 3.1 CASE STUDY SELECTION ..................................................................................... 56 3.2 KOSOVO AS A STATE BUILDING EXAMPLE .......................................................... 57 3.3 RULE OF LAW: A KEY ELEMENT OF STATE BUILDING ....................................... 61 3.4 CMIS: AVAILABILITY AND ACCESS TO INFORMATION ...................................... 63 3.5 DATA COLLECTION ............................................................................................. 64 Chapter 4 Building Justice from Scratch ................................................................ 68 4.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 68 4.2 EMERGENCY JUDICIAL SYSTEM ........................................................................... 71 4.3