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Chapter 7 Study Guide World History AP

Chapter 7 Summary

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century, the eastern portion of the Empire continued to thrive. Centered on the magnificent city of Constantinople, a unique Christian culture developed known as Byzantium. The Byzantines eventually converted the peoples of Eastern Europe to Christianity and established the Eastern Orthodox Church. After the seventh century, Byzantium came under increasing pressure from the new Islamic Arab Empire. Islam was founded by the prophet Muhammad, and his teachings led to the development of a code of law and a written language. As the Arabs sought to spread their faith, they created a vast and wealthy trading empire that eventually stretched from Western Africa to East Asia. In addition to trade goods, ideas, culture and technology were exchanged. This vast wealth also brought corruption and internal strife that would weaken the empire from within and lead to its downfall. The Islamic faith, however, remained and is one of the great religions of the world.

Chapter 7 Outline

Rise of Islam Role of Muhammad Teachings of Muhammad

Arab Empire and Its Successors Creation of an Empire Succession Problems and the Rise of the Umayyads Abbasids Seljuk Turks Crusades Mongols

Islamic Civilization Wealth of Araby: Trade and Cities in the Middle East Islamic Society Culture of Islam Philosophy and Science Islamic Literature Islamic Art and Architecture

Byzantine Empire and the Crusades Reign of Justinian (527-565) Codification of Roman Law Life in Constantinople From Eastern Roman to Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire in the Eighth Cnetury Zenith of Byzantine Civilization Macedonian Dynasty New Challenges to Byzantine Empire Impact of the Crusades

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Terms and Persons to Know

1. Arabs 34. vizier 2. Bedouins 35. disintegration 3. Allah 36. Fatimids 4. Ka'aba 37. Seljuk Turks 5. Muhammad 38. sultan 6. Khadija 39. crusades 7. Mecca 40. Saladin 8. Gabriel 41. Mongols 9. Koran or Qur'an 42. Genghis Khan 10. Medina 43. Mamluks 11. Hegira 44. Ottoman Turks 12. "five pillars" 45. Constantinople 13. ulama 46. urban centers 14. Shari'ah 47. egalitarianism 15. Hadith 48. Sufism 16. Abu Bakr 49. Dome of the Rock 17. caliph 50. Mosque of Samarra 18. imam 51. minaret 19. jihad 52. Alhambra 20. Arab expansion 53. Eastern Roman Empire 21. Muhammad Ali 54. Justinian 22. Umar 55. Byzantine Empire 23. Uthman 56. Constantinople 24. Mu'awiyah 57. Theodosius II 25. Umayyads 58. Hagia Sophia 26. Battle of Tours (or Poitiers) 59. Hippodrome 27. Byzantine Empire 60. Macedonian emperors 28. Mesopotamia and Persia 61. Urban II 29. Shi'ite 62. European Jews 30. Sunnite 63. Bulgars 31. Abbasid dynasty 64. Icons 32. Baghdad 65. Patriarch of Constantinople 33. diwan 66. Orthodox Christianity

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Primary Sources

Islamic Primary Sources:

Document 1. The Koran and the Spread of the Muslim Faith: The Koran: Chapter 47, "Muhammad, Revealed at Medina"

 In addition to the Koran, in what other sacred work are the sayings of Muhammad to be found?  Why was this Paradise attractive to the original Bedouin tribes?  According to this passage, what justifies the spread of Islam? What motivates believers?  Why did Muhammad conquer Mecca, the city of his birth? How did he accomplish this?

Document 2. A Pilgimage to Mecca: Ibn Jubayr, Travels

 What was the original meaning of sacred stones among the Bedouins?  What is the Ka'aba? Where did it come from, and what was its original purpose? How did Muhammad transform it?  Why is an understanding of the "five pillars" central to a comprehension of Islam? What are the other four pillars?

Document 3. The Crusades in Muslim Eyes: Usamah, Book of Reflections

 The Crusaders were often collectively termed "Franks" after the region of France. Where (in addition to France) did crusaders actually come from? At whose instigation did they come to the Middle East?  Why was Usamah concerned about the direction of his prayer? Why was the Frankish crusader? What is a qiblah?  On what grounds does Usamah base his superiority to the Franks?  What evidence do you see here that the Frankish Knight Usamah calls "King Fulk" felt superior to Usamah in turn?  Given this mutual feeling, why did the two men form a close friendship? Or did they?

Document 4. Draw Their Veils Over Their Bosoms: The Koran: Chapter 24

 Why have Muslim theologians concerned themselves with feminine attire?  What changes in women's dress occurred during the centuries after Muhammad's death?  How did Arabic women dress prior to the arrival of Islam? To what extent were later changes a class issue?  How does this passage support the full veiling and the seclusion of women? How does it not?

Arabic Literature:

Document 5. Love for a Camel: The Ode of Tarafah

 Compare the concern of the poet Tarafah to the concerns of the consumer above (in A Consumer's Guide to the Ideal Slave). Why is careful attention given to physiognomy in both passages?  What role did the camel play in Arabic society? What effect did its presence have on the economy?  Is the "singing-wench" at all similar to the author's camel? Why might the audience be invited to make such a comparison?

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Sufi Primary Source:

Document 6. The Passions of a Sufi Mystic: Rumi, Call to the Dance

 What evidence do you see here that the goals and beliefs of Sufism contrasted with those of orthodox Islam?  Consider this passage in light of the concept of nirvana from Chapter Two. Can Indian and Sufi mysticism be compared? How?  Although the dervishes are not mentioned here, how are their rituals implicitly present?  According to this excerpt, what was the definition of a human being according to Sufism?

Byzantine Primary Source:

Document 7. A Western View of the Byzantine Empire: Liudprand of Cremona, Antapodosis

 What evidence do you detect in this passage of Liudprand's mixed feelings about Byzantium?  Do you suppose that Constantine VII was impressed by Liudprand's gifts from Berengar? Why or why not?  How does the appearance of Constantine VII in this excerpt reflect the Byzantine emperor's role in society? How was this role different from that of emperors in the west?

Internet Exploration

To learn more about the Ka’aba and is significance visit http://www.lcsc.edu/mlevine/Islam/ka'aba.htm

To see how the Islamic calender is created and to compare it to the Western calender to go http://islamicity.com/Science/islamic_calendar.shtml

For biographies of Muslim scientists and their contributions visit http://islamicity.com/Science/Scientists/

To explore the travels of Ibn Battuta visit http://www.ummah.net/history/scholars/ibn_battuta/

World History AP: Chapter 7