Department of Politics

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICS

American Politics 526 Mr. Rhoads Sex Differences: Theory and Policy Spring 2005 Office Hours: Wednesdays 3:30-5:30 and by appointment Phone Number: 924-7866 e-mail [email protected]

Course Description

This course will explore sex and gender differences and similarities from a variety of perspectives but with an emphasis on biological and evolutionary explanations. The success of the course will be heavily dependent on thoughtful class discussion. With that in mind, the principal requirements are designed to make our class-time together more fruitful. These requirements are (1) regular attendance and thoughtful participation in class; (2) four to seven short, unannounced quizzes [unexcused, missed quizzes will count as failures; e-mail me BEFORE class at [email protected] if you can’t be there]; (3) two 7-10 page papers on the assigned reading for the day which will be due two days before the paper topics are discussed. More specifically papers will be due by 5:00 on the Wednesday prior to the class meeting in hard copy under my door at 244 Cabell Hall and also in an e-mail attachment. I will read the papers before we discuss the topic, and you and I will bring your arguments into our discussion. There will be a heavy penalty for late papers.

Grades Thoughtful Class participation 20% Unannounced Quizzes 40% Two Short Papers 40%

Reading Most of the reading for the course will be from a special collection of readings available at Brillig Books (7 Elliewood Avenue). Brillig will also have copies of Tannen, Talking from Nine to Five, Browne, Biology at Work, Miller, The Mating Mind and Rhoads, Taking Sex Differences Seriously.

SYLLABUS: PART I

Schedule of Reading

Week 1 Introduction

1 Week 2 Masculinity/Femininity

I Differences and Their Sources

Udry, J. Richard. (1994). The Nature of Gender. Demography, 31, 561-573. Kingsley Browne, Biology at Work, Rutgers Univ Press, (2002) pp. 1-10 Interview with Helena Cronin, www.edge.org, Edge 73, August 30, 2000. Rhoads Taking Sex Differences Seriously, introduction, Ch. 2. Carol Tavris, The Mismeasure of Women, (1992) pp. 42-56 Archer, John. (September 1996). “Sex Differences in Social Behavior.” American Psychologist, 51(9) pp. 909-917. Gilmore, David D., Manhood in the Making: Cultural Concepts of Masculinity (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990). Read pp. 220-231.

II Differences and Culture

Miedzian, Myriam. Boys Will Be Boys (New York: Doubleday, 1991). pp. 79-95 only. Blankenhorn, David. (November 1991). The Good Family Man: Fatherhood and the Pursuit of Happiness in America. Institute for American Values Working Paper, W.P. 12, 1-34. Rosenfeld, Megan, “Games Girls Play: A Toy Chest Full of Stereotypes,” The Washington Post (December 22, 1995), p. A1.

III The Unconnected Man

Heavey, Bill, “Point Well Taken,” Washington Post (June 5, 1996), p. C9. Doonesbury Cartoon Crenshaw, Theresa, The Alchemy of Love and Lust (1996), pp. 140-144 Tannen, Deboara, You Just Don’t Understand, pp. 176-179, 268-271.

Week 3 Sexuality

I Theory

Cashdan, Elizabeth. (1996). “Women’s Mating Strategies.” Evolutionary Anthropology, 5(4), 134-143. Rhoads, Taking Sex Differences Seriously Ch. 3 Eagly, Alice H., and Wendy Wood. “The Origins of Sex Differences in Human Behavior,” American Psychologist (199), 408-423. Buss, Evolution of Desire (1994), 45-48 only. Kristen Bailey, “Sexual Double Standards May Have Social Roots,” The Cavalier Daily, April 5, 2004. Helen Fisher, Anatomy of Love (1992), pp. 88-97. Michael Crichton, Travels, pp. 317-325. Theresa Crenshaw, M.D., The Alchemy of Love and Lust, (1996) pp. 120-125, 144-147,

2 158-159. A. Bryant Furlow and Randy Thornhill, “The Orgasm Wars,” Human Sexuality, (1996) pp. 55-57. “Big Breasts and a Bogus Broadcast,” Washington Post, May 19, 1996. Kate and Douglas Botting, “Men Can Be Sex Objects Too!” Cosmopolitan, August 1996. Cathy and Doonesbury cartoons.

II Policy

1. Male/Female Relatiosn Among Poor Americans James Q. Wilson, The Marriage Problem (2002) pp. 155-157. Rhoads, Taking Sex Differences Seriously, Ch. 4 “Softening the Blow” The Family in America, April 2003. Donna Britt, “Sex, Courtship and the Hopes of Black Teenage Girls,” The Washington Post, 5/18/98. George Gilder, “End Welfare Reform as We Know It,” The American Spectator, June 1995, pp. 24-27. Jane Mansbridge, “Welfare Reform and Women’s Independence,” APSA Women’s Section Newsletter, pp. 3-4. Abigail Trafford, “A Poor Excuse for Marriage,” The Washington Post, March 26, 2002.

David S. Broder. “An Unlikely Marriage Broker.” Washington Post: March 31, 2002. Robert Pierre. “States Consider Law Against Paternity Fraud.” Washington Post: October 14, 2002. “The Crisis n the Black Family,” The Family in American: New Research, Sept. 1997. “Men, Women and Marriage,” Washington Post, December 5, 1993. Raspberry, William. “Learning About boys From Elephants,” The Daily Progress, 3/5/99. Adam Thomas and Isabel Sawhill. “For Richer or for Poorer.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. Fall 2002. Vol 21, Number 41. p. 587. Alex Kotlowitz. “It Takes a Wedding.” New York Times, 11/13/02. Maggie Gallagher, “Kids Just Want a Two-Parent Family,” Universal Press Syndicate, 1/27/04. “The Marriage Experiment,” Washington Post editorial, 1/31/04 Barbara Whitehead, “The War Between the Sexes,” The American Enterprise, May 1996, pp. 25-27.

2. Sex and Power Peter Huber, “Political Sex,” Forbes, October 24, 1994, p. 270. Susan Estrich, “Not a Victimless Crime,” Washington Post, September 2, 1996. Camille Paglia, “How Do You Handle a Hungry Man?” Salon Magazine, March 1997. James Ceaser, “In the court of Sultan Bill,” The Weekly Standard, 2/23/98. Richard Morin, “Hail to the Philanders-in Chief,” The Washinton Post, 1998. Maureen Dowd, “In All His Feathered Glory,” The New York Times, 7/6/98. Stephanie Golberg, “Greene is Sent out to Pasture,” WE news, 9/25/02.

3 Martha Frase-Blunt, “The Sugar Daddies’ Kiss of Death,” Washington Post, October 6, 2002, p. B4.

3. Sex and Close Military Quarters Browne, Kingsley. (Winter 2002). “Women at War: An Evolutionary Perspective.” Buffalo Law Review. Volume 29, Number 1, pp. 171, 191, 192 only. “Advisory Panel Calls on Navy to Permit Women to Serve on Submarines,” AP story, May 4, 2000. Moloney, Daniel P. (February 2002). “Sex and the Married Missileer.” First Things, February 2000, pp. 45-51. Simons, Anna. (2001). “Women in Combat Units: It’s Still a Bad Idea.” Parameters, Short excerpt

Week 4: Aggression/Competition/Risk-taking

I Theories of Aggression

Browne, Biology At Work, pp. 11-21. Elizabeth Cashdan, “Hormones, Sex and Status in Women,” Hormones and Behavior (1995) pp. 354-355 only. Rhoads, Taking Sex Differences Seriously, Ch. 6.

Hillary Lips, Sex and Gender (1997), pp. 112-120. Goldberg, Steven (1993). Why Men Rule: A Theory of Male Dominance. Chicago: Open Court. Read pp. 64-73, 103-105, 110-113, 126-129, 148-149. “Violent Behavior Ebbs After Classes,” Washington Post (May 28, 1997), p. A9.

Walter Harrington, “The Boys of Selby,” The Washington Post Magazine, June 23, 1985, 9-22.

II Competitiveness, and Title IX

Sheila Gibbons, “Sports News Shortchanges Female Players, Fans,” Women’s E-News Today, 5/14/03. Rhoads, Taking Sex Differences Seriously, Ch. 7 Bob Thompson, “My Girls Make a Vertical Leap,” The Washington Post, 3/8/98. Goodman, Ellen. “A Winning Idea in Sports: a Level Playing Field,” Boston Globe (June 19, 1997) p. A17.

Marcus, Mary Brophy, “If You Let me Play: A Basketball or a Hockey Puck May Shatter the Glass Ceiling,” U.S. News and World Report (October 27, 1997), pp. 88-90. Debbie Goldberg, “N.J. School Tackles a Political Football,” Washington Post, 9-8-02, p. A3. Raspberry, William. “The Way They Play on The Mean Streets.” Washington Post, 12/12/97. Charles McGrath. “A Whole New Ballgame,” The New York Times, 9/15/02.

4 Jackson Katz, “The Price Women Pay for ‘Boys Being Boys,’” Seattle Post Intelligencer, May 13, 2001. Michael Landenson. “The Real Bobby Knight.” The American Enterprise. October/November 2002. Mike Lupica. “Bully for IU- Knight Firing Long Overdue.” New York Daily News. “Frequent Participation in Sports” Data by Age and Sex, from Gaining Ground (1998), pp. 4-5. “More Coachable: Anson Dorrance has found the right approach to women players,” Soccer Press.

III Domestic Violence

David Buss, “Abuse” and “Jealousy” from The Evolution of Desire. Barri Flowers, “The Problem of Domestic Violence is Widespread,” in Swisher ed., Domestic Violence, pp. 10-19. Erica Goode, et.al., “Domestic Violence as a Serious Problem for Women,” in Swisher ed. pp. 24-25 only. Karen Peterson, “Studies Shatter Myth About Abuse,” USA Today, 6/23/03. Gwinn, Casey. “Harsher Penalties Can Reduce Family Violence,” pp. 160-164 in Bruno Leone, ed. (1996) Family Violence, San Diego: Greenhaven. Sarah Dinan (research assistant-2001) “Summary of Domestic Violence Research” pp. 1- 4. Ellen Pence and Michael Paymar, Education Groups for Men Who Batter: The Diluth Model (1993) pp. 60-63, 72-81. Satel, Sally L., “It’s Always His Fault,” Women’s Quarterly (Summer 1997), pp. 4-10. John Leo, “Mars to Venus: Back Off,” U.S. News and World Report, 5/11/98.

Week 5: Nurturing the Young

I Theory and Evidence

1. Biology at Work? Browne, Biology at Work, pp. 21-2. Rhoads, Taking Sex Differences Seriously, Ch. 8. Babchuk, Wayne A., Hames, Raymond B, and Thompson, Ross A. (1985). Sex Differences in the Recognition of Infant Facial Expressions of Emotion: The Primary Caretaker Hypothesis. Ethology and Sociobiology 6, p. 89 only. Frodi, Ann M., and Lamb, Michael E. (1978). Sex Differences in Responsiveness to Infants: A Developmental Study of Psychophysiological and Behavioral Responses. Child Development 49, 1182-1188. Hilary Lips, Sex and Gender, pp. 120-122. M. Rivka Polatnick, “Why Men Don’t Rear Children: A Power Analysis,” in Trebilcot ed., Mothering Essays in Feminist Theory, pp. 21-37. Cowan, Philip A., Cowan, Carolyn Pape, and Kerig, Patricia K. Mothers, Fathers, Sons

5 and Daughters: Gender Differences in Family Formation and Parenting Style, reports in Cowan, Philip et al., eds., Family, Self, and Society: Toward a new Agenda for Family Research (Hilsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1993). Read pp. 168-173 only.

2. Do Women Need Children? Betty Rollin, “Motherhood: Who Needs It?” The Norton Reader, pp. 534-544. Anne Glusker, “Fertility Panic,” Washington Post, 12/14/97. “Mothers are Made Not Born” (on Lita Hollingworth) from Unger and Crawford, Women and Gender. William Raspberry, “Having a Career vs. a Family,” The Daily Progress, 4/30/02. Abigail Trafford, “Women Can’t Beat the Clock,” The Washington Post, 4/16/02. “Infertility Campaign Can’t Get Ad Space,” The Washington Post, 8/28/02. Marylou Tousignant, “A Whining, Dining Doll,” Washington Post, 1/19/99. Nicholas Eberstadt, “The New Trend: A Population Bust,” Washington Post, 3/18/01

II Breast Feeding

“Breast Feeding Linked to IQ Gain,” Washington Post, 5/8/02. “Study Links Cancer Rate, Time Spent Breast-Feeding,” The Daily Progress. Abigail Trafford, “What’s Good for the Baby May Guilt Trip the Mother,” Washington Post, 12/9/97 and letters to the editor. Judith Galtry, on feminism, breastfeeding and the workplace (Sarah Dinan abstract of article)

III Child Custody

Neely, Richard. “Barter in the Court,” The New Republic, February 10, 1986, pp. 13-15. Goldstein, Leslie. “Can this Marriage Be Saved?” Feminist Jurisprudence (1992), pp. 24- 25.

IV Day Care

Jay Belsky, “Quantity Counts,” Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. June 2002, pp. 167-170. “Child Aggressiveness Study Cites Day Care,” Washington Post, 4/19/01. James Devitt, “Teacher’s College, Social Work Professors Find Association Between Mothers Working Full-Time and Young Children’s Cognitive and Verbal Development,” Columbia News, 2002. Audrey Fisch, “Where’s Poppa,” www.salon.com, 8/5/02. Ellen Goodman, “Unlike Research Life…” The Daily Progress, 8/13/02. Steven Pearlstein, “Subsidies May Not Mean Parents Trade Up on Day Care,” Washington Post, 2/5/98. Rhoads, Ch. 9, Day Care. Joan Williams, “Why Moms Stay Home,” Washington Post July 17, 2003 “Childcare Initiative Triggers ‘Mommy Wars’,” Washington Post, 1/26/98.

6 Marjorie Williams, “Desk Top Day Care,” Washington Post, 12/13/00. Cohn, D’Vera, “For Women, Work Gains Can Mean Home Losses,” Washington Post (August 26, 1994), p. C1. Ruth Marcus, “What Mommies Want,” Washington Post, 5/11/03. Alissa Quart, “Chronicle: Child Rearing: The Parent Trap,” N.Y. Times.com, 10-24-04.

Week 6 Conversational Styles

Tannen, Deborah, Talking from 9 to 5: Women and Men in the Workplace: Language, Sex and Power (New York: Avon, 1994). Read pp. 14-15, 21-77, 88-91, 99-102, 107-131, 185-216, 236-292, 300-301, 310-317. Brown, David. “Grils may Inherit Intuition Genes From Fathers,” Washington Post, June 12, 1997. Roipe, Anne, “Talking Trouble,” Working Woman, October 1994. “Stuff from Beyond,” e-mail from California State University, 1998. Goodman, Ellen. “Guy Thing, Gal Thing,” Boston Globe, 3/11/95. Ehrenreich, Barbara. “The Politics of Talking in Couples: Conversus Interruptus and Other Disorders,” in Feminist Frameworks, Jagger and Rothenberg eds. (New York: McGraw-Hill). L. Peat O’Neil. “Where the Girls Aren’t,” Washington Post, July 27, 1998. Cathy cartoon.

I Men and Women in Prison

Collins, William C. and Andrew W. Collins. “Women in Jail: Legal Issues,” U.S. Department of Justice, Dec. 1996, pp. 1-6. Ginger Otis, “Female Prisoners Sue State for Guard’s Sex Abuse,” Women’s e-news 3/17/03 Fletcher, Beverly, et al. Women Prisoners, 1993 [brief excerpt from review]. Brief excerpts from court commentary. Rasche, Christine E. “Special Needs of the Female Offender.” Florida State Department of Education, 1991. pp. 46-49, 54057, 191. Cranford, Susan and Rose Williams. “Critical Issues in Managing Female Offenders.” Corrections Today, Dec. 1998, pp. 130-134. Klein, Amy. “New Approaches Sought to Punish- and Reach- Wayward Girls,” Washington Post, 1997. Mishra, Raja, “Jessup’s New Warden Lets Prisoners Know Who’s Boss,” Washington Post, Nov. 22, 1997. Mason, Ann, “Gender-Specific Programming in Corrections: What’s the Point?” May 12, 1999, pp. 19-22.

Week 7 Courtship, Dating, Hooking up, and Cohabitation

I Theory

Buss, David, The Evolution of Desire, (1994) - Ch. 7, "Sexual Conflict."

7 Schlessinger, Laura, Ten Stupid Things Women Do..., 1994, pp. 91-109. Fein, Ellen and Sherrie Schneider, The Rules, 1995, Chs. 2-4, Rules 6, 13, 15, 17, 22, 29. Commentary on The Rules: Goodman and Walsh Hax, Carolyn, "The Rules for Men," Washington Post, 12/12/97, C5.

Dave Barry, "Men vs. Women."

II Policy and Culture

1.. Sexual Harassment Twomey, Steve, "A Dear in the Headlights of Harassment," Washington Post, March 28, 1996. Muggeridge, Anne Roche, "Give a Little Whistle!" Women's Quarterly, Winter 1995, pp. 9-10. "Saying Yes and No to Sex," Washington Post, January 29, 1995 Dave Barry, "World Cups," The Washington Post Magazine, 2/27/94. Siegel, Deborah, "Legal Definitions of Sexual Harassment Must Be Broad," What is Sexual Harassment, 1992, pp. 46-53. "The New Rules of Sexual Harassment," US News and World Report, July 6, 1998. Browne, Biology at Work, pp. 191-214 Philip Weiss, "Don't Even Think About It (The Cupid Cops Are Watching)," in The New York Times Magazine, May 3, 1998. Cathy Young, "Strange and Cautionary Tales of Sexual Harassment," in The Women's Freedom Network Newsletter, Summer 1996. Rita Risser, "The New Law of Sexual Harassment: Everything You Know is Wrong*," in Rethinking Sexual Harassment: A Women's Freedom Network Special Report, 1998. Martin, Judith, "No Romance Please," Washington Post, 1995. Stephanie Mencimer, "When You Must Make a Lasting Impression," Washington Post, April 19, 1998.

2. The Sexual Revolution Adleson, Joseph, "Sex Among the Americans," Human Sexuality, pp. 37-41, 1997. Fillion, Kate, "Lock Up Your Sons," Human Sexuality, 1997, pp. 195-199. Levine, Judith, "The Sexual Revolution is Not Immoral," Sexual Values, pp. 37-43. "Steps in the Mating Dance" and "A Proper Proposal," in Judith Martin, Miss Manners' Guide to Raising Perfect Children. Barbara Rissman and Pepper Schwartz, “After the Sexual Revolution: Gender Politics in Teen Dating,” Contexts, Spring 2002, pp. 16-23 Rhoads, Ch. 5 Norval Glenn and Elizbeth Marquardt, Hooking Up, Hanging Out, and Hoping for Mr. Right, Independent Women’s Forum, 2001, pp. 24-9 [This publication will be distributed in class] UVA Resident Advisor on “Sex and Hooking Up at UVA” 2000

3. Dating, Marriage, and the Career Woman

8 Schiffren, Lisa, "Is That All There Is?" Women's Quarterly, (Autumn 1997), pp. 4-8. Clements, Marcelle and Lisa Kogan. "The Single Life," Elle. Greistman, Ann. "Ring Anxiety," Glamour, Oct. 1999.

Week 8 Marriage

I Marital Dynamics Thompson, Linda and Alexis Walker, "Gender in Families: Women and Men in Marriage, Work and Parenthood," Journal of Marriage and the Family, November, 1989, pp. 845-865. Goleman, Daniel, Emotional Intelligence, 140-141. Booth, Alan and James M. Dabbs, "Testosterone and Men's Marriages," Social Forces, December 1993, 72(2): 472-473. Tannen, Deborah, You Just Don't Understand, 288-93

II Marital Health and Happiness Rovner, Sandy, "Healthtalk: Heart Attacks & Wives," The Washington Post (1983) Norval Glenn et. al, “Why Marriage Matters: Twenty One Conclusions From the Social Sciences,” American Experiment Quarterly Spring 2002, pp. 34-40. Musante, Linda, et. al. (1990). Individual and Cross-spouse Correlations of Perceptions of Family Functioning, Blood Pressure and Dimensions of Anger. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 393-399. Brian Reid, “Dying to Stay Home,” Washington Post, 9-10-02 Susan Okie, "Stress and Colds," Washington Post, December 10, 1996. Marilyn Elias, “Hugs Can Do a Heart Good Especially For Women,” USA Today, 3/8/04. Weisfeld, G.E., "Correlates of Satisfaction in British Marriages," Ethnology and Sociobiology 1992, 13:125, 139-42 Cancian, Francesca M., "Gender Politics: Love and Power in the Private and Public Spheres," Gender and the Life Course, (1985), ed. Alice Rossi, pp. 257-263. Barnett, Rosalind and Grace K. Baruch, "Social Roles, Gender, and Psychological Distress," Gender and Stress, eds. Rosalind Barnett, Lois Biener and Grace Baruch (The Free Press,1987), pp. 131-141. "Motherhood Today -- A Tougher Job, Less Ably Done," The Pew Research Center, 1997.

III Should Law and Society Encourage Marriage ?

A. Cohabitation and Marriage Child Trends, “More Unmarried Children Choosing to Live Together and Bear Children” 3-26-01 Sarah Lyall, “With the Blessing of Society, Europeans Opt not to Marry,” New York Times, 3-24 02 Cohan “Fragile Unions (with prior cohabitation),” 2002 excerpt

9 Glenn, Norval D., "A Critique of Twenty Family and Marriage and the Family Textbooks," Family Relations, 1997, 46:197-202.

B. Policy and Commentary Carlson, Allan C. and David Blankenhorn, "The Wages of Wedlock," The Weekly Standard, November 17, 1997, 16-17.

Fagan, Patterson and Rector, “Marriage, (Marriage Education) and Welfare Reform,” Heritage Foundation Backgrounder, 10-25-02, pp. 1-2 only. Alexandra Starr, “Shotgun Wedding by Uncle Sam,” Business Week, 6-4-02

III Childcare, Housework and Androgynous/Traditional Marriages Nock, Steven L., and Margaret F. Brinig. "Weak Men and Disorderly Women: Divorce and the Division of Labor,"excerpts. Mainardi, Pat, "The Politics of Housework," Jagger and Rothenberg, eds. Feminist Frameworks, pp. 19-23. Browne, Biology at Work, pp. 133-41, 166-87

Morse Roback Morse, Jennifer. "Counter-Cultural Womanhood: Why I Am Not a Feminist." Oct. 18, 1997 speech to the Women's Freedom Network Annual Conference, reprinted in "Vital Speeches of the Day." [This comes from below] Goldberg, Steven, “Men and Women Should Not Share Domestic Responsibilities,” in Petrikin, ed., Male Female Roles, (1995) pp. 280-83 Schwartz, Pepper, "Peer Marriage," Marriage and the Family, pp. 93-97. Francine Deutsch, Halving it All: How Equally Shared Parenting Works, (1999) pp. 61-6 Caitlin Flanagan, “The Wifely Duty,” The Atlantic Monthly, Jan. 2003 Liza Mundy, “The Late Shift,” Washington Post 3-17-02

Belsky and Houston, “Sex Typing and Division of Labor As Determinants of Marital Change Across the Transition to Parenthood,” Jrn of “Personality and Social Psychology 1986 abstract only Rivers and Barnett, “Housework Gap Closes for Dual-Earner Couples,” Women’s e- News November 26, 2005 Pullella, Philip, "Mama Mia Reconsidered," Washington Post, August 30, 1996. Washington Post Kaiser Poll on Changing Gender Roles—1998

WEEK 9: Evolutionary Theory

Miller, Geoffrey, The Mating Mind (2000), pp. 177-223, 253-257, 273-391, 426-434. Angier, Natalie. (February 21, 1999). “Men, Women, Sex, Darwin.” New York Times Magazine. Ferguson, Andrew. “Evolutionary Theory and Its True Believers,” The Weekly Standard, (March 10, 2001) pp. 31-39. Tooley, James, The Miseducation of Women (2002), pp. 174-191, 207-213. Wright, Robert, “Debating Human Happiness,” Slate, (October 15, 2002). .

10 Week 10: Cognition

I Cognition Differences: Theory and Findings

Browne, Biology at Work, pp. 25-32. Kimura, Doreen, “Sex Differences in the Brain,” Scientific American, 1992, p. 119-125. Lubinski, David, Camilla Persson Benbow, and Cheryl E. Sanders. “Reconceptualizing Gender Differences in Achievement Among the Gifted,” pp. 699-705 only in K.A. Heller et al. eds., International Handbook of Research and Development of Giftedness and Talent (London: Pergamon Press). Pool, Robert. Eve’s Rib, 1994, pp. 14-25, 55-63. Lips, Hillary, Sex and Gender, 1997, pp. 164-167. Suplee, Curt, “Sexes Shown to Think Differently,” Washington Post, 2/16/95, p. A1. Curt, “Neurobiology: Why the Gender Gap,” Washington Post, 1/30/95, p. A2. McGuinness, Diane, When Children Don’t Learn, New York: Basic Books, 1985, pp. 20- 23, 83-84, 89-90, 125-142. Wilkinson, Amy E. “In Her New Book, Lani Guinier Says It’s Time for New Teaching Methods,” Pennsylvania Law Weekly, June 30, 1997. BeVier, Lillian, “Is Lani Guinier Right? Women in Law Schools,” Ex Femina, April 1998. Yilu Zhao, “Beyond Sweetie’” New York Times, 11/04

II Tests, Grades, and Accomplishments

Xiguang, Li, “Mental Ability Tests Show Sharp Differences by Sex,” Washington Post, July 7, 1995. “White Men Outscore All Women on Medical Exam,” Washington Post, Sept. 7, 1994. Arenson, Karen W. “College Board Revises Test to Improve Chances for Girls,” New York Times, Oct. 2, 1996. Nakashima, Ellen, “Where in the World are Girls in Geography? Greater Number of Boys Find Way to National Bee,” Washington Post, May 21, 1998. Lavon, Neal, “Girl Grievance,” Washington Post, May 30, 1998. Data on Education Results By Gender, The American Enterprise, Sept. 2002, p. 61. Michael Fletcher, “Degrees of Separation: Gender Gap Among College Graduates,” Washington Post, 6/25/02.

III Gender and Math, Science, Technology, and Music: Role of Natural Differences, Social Factors, and Discrimination

Canes, Brandice and Harvey Rosen. “Following in Her Footsteps? Faculty Gender Composition and Women’s Choices of College Majors,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 48(3), April 1995, pp. 486-488 and 499-500 only. Bass, Gary. “Geek Chic,” New Republic, Sept. 8 & 15, 1997, p. 11. Victoria Benning, “Gender Gap in Fairfax Computer Classes,” Washington Post, 7/14/98. Karen Stabiner, “Where the Girls Aren’t,” New York Times, 1/12/03.

11 Virginia Task Force on Physics, “Physics in Virginia,” 7/22/96, read pp. 7, 26, 28-30. Zack, Ian, “Panel Deletes Report’s Language on Hiring of Minorities, Women,” Daily Progress, p. A1. Selvin, Paul “Does the Harrison Case Reveal Sexism in Math?” Science, June 28, 1991, p. 1781. Cole, John S. and Zuckerman, Harriet, “The Productivity Puzzle: Persistence and Change in Patterns of Publication of Men and Women Scientists,” pp. 217-218 (abstract), Steinkamp, Marjorie and Maehr, Martin L., eds., Advances in Motivation and Achievement (Greenwich, Conn: JAI Press, 1984. “Shameful,” Economist, May 24, 1997, p. 79. Carr, Phyllis, et al. “Relation of Family Responsibilities and Gender in the Productivity and Career Satisfaction of Medical Faculty,” Annals of Internal Medicine, October 1, 1998, p. 532 only. Laine, Christine, “On Being Dr. Mom,” Annals of Internal Medicine, October 1, 1998. Goldin, Claudia and Cecilia Rouse, “Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of ‘Blind’ Auditions on Female Musicians,” NBER working paper #5903, Jan. 1997, abstract only. Rensberger, Boyce, “How Honest Data Can Mislead,” Washington Post, 3/12/97, p. H5. “From the Editor: PC at the NRC,” Science Insights 6(6), National Association of Scholars, 2002.

IV Single-Sex Education

Pool, Robert, Eve’s Rib, pp. 244-247. Riordan, Cornelius, Girls and Boys in School: Together or Separate? (New York: Teachers College Press), Ch. 3. American Association of University Women Educational Foundation, Separated by Sex: a Critical Look at Single-Sex Education for Girls, p. 33-34. Hafner, Katie, “Girls Soak Up Technology in Schools of Their Own,” New York Times, Sept. 23, 1999, p. E7. Lewin, Tamar, “How Boys Lost Out to Girl Power,” New York Times, Dec. 13, 1998. Strauss, Valerie, “Equal Opportunity Learning: Gender Differences Prompt Teachers to Try Tactics Geared to Both,” Washington Post, Feb. 22, 2000, p. A9. AP, “Number of Single-Sex Classes Grows,” 2004. Leonard Sax, “The Odd Couple,” The Women’s Quarterly, Summer 2002, pp. 14-16. Justin Blum, “Scores Soar at D.C. School With Same Sex Classes,” 6/27/02. Ellen Goodman, “Single Sex Ed Makes the Wrong Assumptions,” The Daily Progress, 5/17/02. Robert Longo, “Why Same Sex and Co-Ed Classes are Equally Beneficial, If Experienced at the Same Time” November, 2004.

Week 11: Occupational Segregation and the Glass Ceiling

I Background

Tannen, Deborah, You Just Don’t Understand, pp. 236-237.

12 Major, Brenda, Dean McFarlin, and Diana Gagnon, “Overworked and Underpaid: On the Nature of Gender Differences in Personal Entitlement,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47(6), 1984, p. 1399 only. Associated Press, “Young Female Doctors Reach Pay Parity With Men,” Washington Post, April 11, 1996. “Working Women,” The Washington Post, March 7, 1999. Kristin Downey, “Women Rising in Corporate Ranks, Report Says,” Washington Post, 11/19/02.

II Possible Biological Influences on Occupation & Occupational Achievement

Dabbs, James M. “Testosterone and Occupational Achievement,” Social Forces 30(3), March 1992, pp. 813 only. Purifoy, Frances E. and Lambert H. Koopmans, “Andostenedione, Testosterone, and Free Testosterone Concentration in Women of Various Occupations,” Social Biology 26(3), Fall 1979, p. 179 only. Kimura, Doreen, “Commentary on the Report of the 5th Canadian Conference of Women in Engineering, Science and Technology, York University, August 1992.” CAUT Bulletin, 1994. Hines, Melissa (and Kimura response), “Sex Ratios at Work,” Scientific American, 2/93.

III Contrasting Explanations

“Sex Bias Cited in Vocational Ed,” Washington Post, 6/16/02. Williams, Joan, “Deconstructing Gender,” in Bartlett and Kennedy, pp. 95-123. Browne, Kingsley, Biology at Work, pp. 35-92, 215-217. Williams, Joan, “Why Moms Stay Home,” The Washington Post, 7/17/03. Leslie Stahl, “Staying at Home,” 60 Minutes, CBS News, 10-10-04. Marty Nemko, “Men Driven to an Early Grave,” Mensnewsdaily.com 11/5/03 Maureen Dowd, “Men Just Want Mommy,” The New York Times, 1/13/05 and letters. Hakim, Catherine, Work-Lifestyle Choices in the 21st Century (Oxford, 2000) pp. 94-103.

IV The Glass Ceiling

Tannen, Deborah, “The Glass Ceiling,” Talking From 9 to 5, New York: Avon, 1994, pp. 132-144, 151-159, reread 196-198. Gallese, Liz Roman, “Blame Male Managers,” Across the Board, April 1991, pp. 19-22. Rhode, Deborah, Speaking of Sex, (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1997), pp. 141-149. Morris, Betsy, “Executive Women Confront Midlife Crisis,” Fortune, Sept. 1995, 11 pp. Kingsley Browne vs. Rosalind Arden. “Sex at Work,” Prospect, Oct. 1998, pp. 16-20.

Keith Bichburg, “French Women Assured Victory Before Vote is in,” Washington Post, 3/10/01.

V Women in Combat

13 Kingsley Browne, “Coed Combat” Chapter Outline for Book Manuscript 2004. Wojack, Adam, “Integrating Women Into the Infantry,” Military Review, Nov/Dec 2002. O’Bierne, Kate, “When Lives Are at Stake,” Ex Femina, September 1997, pp. 10-13. Pictures of male Marines in Afghanistan, Washington Post, 11/30/01 and female Marine recruit at Parris Island, 4/28/02.

Week 12 Classic and Modern Debates

Rousseau, Jean Jacques on marriage and the education of women in Emile (as excerpted in Mahowald, pp.88-100). Bloom, Allan. "Introduction," to Rousseau's Emile (Bloom, ed.), pp. 23-5. Wollstonecraft, Mary. "A Vindication of the Rights of Women," (as excerpted in Mahowald, pp. 113-128.) de Tocqueville, Alexis. "How the Americans Understand the Equality of the Sexes," in Democracy in America (Vintage) vol 2, third book, ch12, pp. 222-225. Ephesians 5, The Bible (as excerpted in Mahowald, 41-42.) Browning, Don. "Biology, Ethics and Narrative in Christian Family Theory," in Popenoe, et. al, Promises to Keep (1996), pp. 119-151. Lewis, C. S. "Eros" in The Four Loves, pp. 131-162. de Beauvoir, Simone. The Second Sex, as excerpted in Mahowald, pp. 202-221 and pp. 278-281 in the original.

Week 13: Parental Leave

I Parental Leave in U.S. and Europe

T.R. Reid, “Norway Pays a Price for Family Values,” The Washington Post, 11/1/98. Sheila Kamerman, “Parental Leave Policies: An Essential Ingredient in Early Childhood Education and Care Policies,” Social Policy Report (Society for Research in Child Development) XIV(2), 2000, pp. 1, 3-15. Jens Knudsen, “Parental Leave in Scandinavia and the United States,” 5/02 excerpts.

II Female Professors and American Universities

Steven and Chris Rhoads, “Gender Roles and Post-Birth Leaves.” Rhoads, Taking Sex Differences Seriously, Ch. 1. Robert Drago and Joan Williams, “A Half Time Tenure Track Proposal,” Change, 11/02. Thomas Bartlett, “Women Who Have Children Early in Their Careers Hurt Their Chances to Achieve Tenure,” from The Chronicle of Higher Education, 2/12/02.

Week 14: The Contemporary Debate

14 I Background

Span, Paula, “Television Tunes in to Real Differences Between the Sexes,” Washington Post, March 16, 1999. “Reality Check: The Gender Revolution,” Washington Post, March 22, 1998. .

II Differing Perspectives

Goldberg, Steven, Why Men Rule, 1993, pp. 224-229. Angier, Natalie, “Men, Women, Sex and Darwin,” New York Times Magazine, 2/21/99. Lionel Tiger, “The Human Nature Project,” Bradley lecture at AEI, 12/9/02. Steinem, Gloria, “Reving Up for the Next 25 Years,” Ms., Sept. 1997, pp. 82-84. Graglia, Carolyn F. The Housewife as Pariah, (The Institute of United States Studies, University of London, 1997). Young, Cathy, “Sex and Sensibility,” Reason, March 1999. Pollit, Kathy. “Marooned on Gilligan’s Island: Are Women Morally Superior to Men?” in Reasonable Creatures: Essays on Women and Feminism, 1994, pp. 42-62. Crittenden, Danielle, Ch. 2 from What Our Mothers Didn’t Tell Us, (Simon and Schuster, 1999). Cathy cartoon. Rosalind Barnett and Caryl Rivers, “Men are From Earth, and so are Women, It’s Faulty Research That Sets Them Apart” Chronicle of Higher Education, 9/3/04 and letters from Rhoads, Gaulding, Noddings, Honey from the 10/8/04 issue. Rhoads, Steven E. “Conclusion"