Supplementary data Obesity and cancer risk: the role of the insulin-IGF axis Andrew G Renehan1, Jan Frystyk2 and Allan Flyvbjerg2 1Department of Surgery, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK 2Medical Research Laboratories, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark. Corresponding author: Renehan, A. ([email protected]). Table S1. Epidemiological studies of the associations of serum insulin and C-peptide and various cancers
Country Study design Cases/controls Serum insulin Serum C-peptide Odds ratioa Odds ratioa (95% CIs) (95% CIs) All breast cancer Mink et al. 2002 [1] USA cohort 187/7984 1.01 (0.55, 1.86) Pre-menopausal breast cancer Bruning et al. 1992 [2] Netherlands c/c 79/129 6.8 (0.8, 60.6) Del Giudice et al. 1998 [3] USA c/c 99/99 2.83 (1.22, 6.58) Toniolo et al. 2000 [4] USA nested c/c 172/486 0.76 (0.44, 1.31) Yang et al. 2001 [5] China nested c/c 45/45 3.1 (0.7, 14.2) Hirose et al. 2003 [6] Japan c/c 88/79 0.55 (0.22, 1.36) 0.85 (0.32, 2.23) Post-menopausal breast cancer Bruning et al. 1992 [2] Netherlands c/c 144/312 7.8 (2.2, 27.4) Toniolo et al. 2000 [4] USA nested c/c 115/220 1.24 (0.66, 2.34) Yang et al. 2001 [5] China nested c/c 98/98 2.9 (1.1, 8.0) Muti et al. 2002 [7] Italy nested c/c 64/238 0.85 (0.36, 2.00) Hirose et al. 2003 [6] Japan c/c 99/111 2.43 (1.06, 5.58) 2.00 (0.89, 4.52) Keinan-Boker et al. 2003 [8] Netherlands nested c/c 149/333 1.3 (0.7, 2.7) Schairer et al. 2004 [9] USA c/c 185/159 1.5 (0.7, 3.0) Colorectal cancer 102/5747 men and women 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) Schoen et al. 1999 [10] USA cohort 173/346 men and women 0.78 (0.45, 1.35) Saydah et al. 2003 [11] USA c/c 102/200 women 2.92 (1.26, 6.75) Kaaks et al. 2000 [12] USA nested c/c 176/294 men 2.5 (1.2, 5.6) Ma et al. 2004 [13] USA nested c/c 182/350 women 1.17 (0.63, 2.20) Wei et al. 2005 [14] USA nested c/c 102/5747 men and women 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) Prostate cancer Hsing et al. 2003 [15] China c/c 128/306 2.78 (1.63, 4.72)b Chen et al. 2005 [16] USA c/c 174/174 0.89 (0.45, 1.76) Endometrial cancer Weiderspass et al. 2003 [17] Sweden c/c ever HRT 140/109 0.11 (0.03, 0.49) never HRT 120/187 2.44 (0.85, 7.07) Lukanova et al. 2004 [18] Sweden/ USA/ Italy nested c/c 166/315 4.40 (1.65, 11.7) Ovarian cancer Lukanova et al. 2003 [19] Sweden/ USA/ Italy nested c/c 132/261 0.89 (0.44, 1.83) Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; nested c/c, a case-control study design nested within a prospective cohort study; HRT, hormonal replacement therapy. aUppermost versus lowermost category (e.g. upper quartile versus lowest quartile). Values taken for most adjusted model. bHOMA (homeostasis model assessment) insulin resistance = fasting insulin x fasting glucose. References 1 Mink, P.J. et al. (2002) Serum insulin and glucose levels and breast cancer incidence: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 156, 349–352 2 Bruning, P.F. et al. (1992) Insulin resistance and breast-cancer risk. Int. J. Cancer 52, 511–516 3 Del Giudice, M.E. et al. (1998) Insulin and related factors in premenopausal breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 47, 111–120 4 Toniolo, P. et al. (2000) Serum insulin-like growth factor-I and breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer 88, 828–832 5 Yang, G. et al. (2001) Population-based, case-control study of blood C-peptide level and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 10, 1207–1211 6 Hirose, K. et al. (2003) Insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I and breast cancer risk in Japanese women. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 4, 239–246 7 Muti, P. et al. 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