Unit 1 and 2 Short Answers Exam

1. The Columbian Exchange: Please complete the following three tasks: a. Identify THREE different crops or livestock that were introduced by the Spanish in the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries. b. Briefly explain how ONE of the examples from Part A changed work or trade in the Americas. c. Briefly explain ONE long-term result of the change explained in Part B on American Indians.

2. European traders reached West Africa and partnered with some African groups to recruit slave labor for the Americas. a. Briefly explain ONE important social response in the Americas to the statement above in the period 1492–1607. b. Briefly explain ONE important economic response in the Americas to the statement above in the period 1492–1607. c. Briefly explain the impact of the social response in Part A or the economic response in Part B on American society in the period 1492–1607.

3. Compare and contrast Jamestown (1607) with Massachusetts Bay (1620) a. Briefly explain THREE reasons why Jamestown (1607) was an economic, social, and environmental disaster from 1607-1615 b. Briefly explain THREE reasons why the Massachusetts Bay Company (1620) was economically, socially, and environmentally superior to Jamestown.

4. Cultural Pluralism in the English Colonies a. Briefly explain ONE example of cultural pluralism in one of the English colonies in colonial North America b. Briefly explain a SECOND example of cultural pluralism in one of the English colonies in colonial North America c. Explain how ONE of your examples is similar to modern US cities. 5. Political Cartoon A:

Benjamin Franklin, 1754

Political Cartoon B:

King George III and the Colonial Rebels, 1773

For question 5, address all three parts: A. Briefly explain the meaning of Political Cartoon A. B. Briefly explain the meaning of Political Cartoon B. C. Describe the change in the political attitude in the American colonies between the years 1754 and 1773. Provide one specific piece of historical evidence not used in Part A or B to support your answer.

ANSWER Question 1: The Columbian Exchange: Please complete the following three tasks: Feedback a. Possible responses include the following: Horses, pigs, sugar, wheat, coffee, cows b. Possible responses include the following: Sugar led to the development of plantation-based agriculture based on slave labor. The introduction of horses led bison-hunting societies to adapt into horse cultures. Wheat and grazing animals led to the European demand for native lands. c. Possible responses include the following: Slave-based plantation agriculture grew and expanded for centuries. The use of horses spread into North America and was particularly significant among Great Plains horse cultures, such as the Comanche and Sioux. The land itself was modified for use in settled agriculture and grazing. OBJ: ENV-1|WXT-1|PEO-4 TOP: Historical Thinking Skills: Causation MSC: Key Concepts: 1.2.I.C

ANSWER Question 2: The impact of West African slavery on Colonial peoples

Feedback a. Possible responses include the following: African slaves became critical in replacing natives in social hierarchy. Intermarriage with blacks became more accepted. Enslaved Africans created unique communities. b. Possible responses include the following: The slave trade grew and became an important part of global economics for centuries. The growth of the slave trade led to a modification of the encomienda system. Native labor was replaced with slave labor. c. Possible responses include the following: There was a greater tolerance of mixed-race peoples and racial difference in the Spanish world. These changes led to the development of plantation agriculture based on slave labor. The subjugation of African slaves became more intensive over time. OBJ: PEO-5|WOR-1|WXT-1 TOP: Historical Thinking Skills: Change over Time MSC: Key Concepts: 1.2.I.B

ANSWER Question 3 possible content: Compare and contrast Jamestown (1607) with Massachusetts Bay (1620)

Chesapeake Bay New England Economy Profit Positive climate Failed at silk, wheat, glass, timber, cotton Religion: Leave Anglican Cash crops = Tobacco starting 1618 Church Undiversified Fishing, trade, agriculture, Slavery is introduced ship building Self-sufficient farms Society 1st New World Settlement Goal: most want to improve Negative Climate: poor settlement area, their own lives, First unhealthy environment, swamp, uninhabited permanent colony by natives, contaminated water, malaria, ½ die during the first winter, trash in center, Rural, no cities but colony is successful after Jamestown is fortified that. Female subordination, forbidden to marry Strict child discipline, Both Scarcity of women genders, Pilgrims and Indentured Servants: 4-7 years, 50 acres puritans, 6 kids per family, Headright system Higher literacy, Low IMR Protestant English settlers 70 year life expectancy is 80% IMR higher than Europe! “Starving Time 1609-1610 = 80% die” Nuclear family units and extended family too 40 year life expectancy Later = 1692 Salem Witch Later (1676) Bacon’s Rebellion in the West Trials Governor Berkley Politics Initial failure of John Smith (Work if you May Flower Compact, want to eat), elite gentlemen, half work, half Pilgrims, Puritans, White male look for gold, suffrage Wealthy planters, later an East to West Theocracy, Township conflict, appointed governors and councils. governments or local John Rolfe and Tobacco governing institutes 1619 Virginia House of Burgesses =1st representative assembly in the New World = forerunner for Virginia General Assembly

ANSWER Question 4 possible content: Cultural Pluralism in the English Colonies

Feedback A. Philadelphia and New York are probably the best examples B. C. Restoration/”Middle Colonies: Profit + individual betterment… More like future America than other colonies. 1. Economic diversity. 2. Large cities à more cosmopolitan culture. 3. Some slavery [6%-12% of the population]. 4. Ethnic and religious diversity. 5. Religious toleration. 6. “Bread Colonies.” New Amsterdam- Dutch and Peter Stuyvesant Philadelphia and New York City = Commerce, Dutch, French, Swedes, Germans, multiple languages, multiple religions, trade, mixed Christian peoples Rhode Island- Roger Williams “Holy Experiment” Natives Pennsylvania- William Penn, Quakers Biggest city by 1760 = Philadelphia

ANSWER Question 5: The Albany Plan of Union and King George’s attitudes towards Colonials in 1773. Feedback a. The Albany Plan of Union, one of the first political cartoons, Pennsylvania Gazette, Ben Franklin Failed attempt to unify colonies to fight Indian threats and the French. Why did it fail? b. The artist of this cartoon demonstrated that some Americans were beginning to believe that King George war controlling America through draconic parliamentary decisions without input from the colonists themselves- for example, the passage of the Stamp Act in 1765 without any input from the colonies. c. The colonists began to change their attitude toward the British with the passage of restrictive laws and regulations such as the writs of assistance, which gave the English army the right to enter any American home and search for contraband. These searches were a violation of the English principle that a “man’s home was his castle” and could not be entered unless there was a good purpose. As the years passed, there were more violations of the “right of Englishmen” enforced on the colonists- to the point that the people began to resent the king.

OBJ: ENV-1|WXT-1|PEO-4 TOP: Historical Thinking Skills: Causation MSC: Key Concepts: 1.2.I.C