Characterization of CRP1.1 Target Areas and Action Sites

Chakwal, Pakistan

Table. Descriptors for the characterization of action and satellite sites (non-exhaustive list) Descriptors Observations/Narrative Biophysical descriptors 1. Climate 1.1 Precipitation (last 5 yr base) Precipitation patterns 1.1.1 Range of long-term average Base on 50 years (1961 to 2010) daily rainfall data from annual totals (mm) across the site Islamabad, Talagang and Chakwal sites, the average rainfall at these sites are 1012, 294 and 614 mm, respectively. 1.1.2 Number of rainy seasons Base on 50 years (1961 to 2010) daily rainfall data from Islamabad, Talagang and Chakwal sites: 1. Caused by monsoon winds originating from Bay of Bengal, July – September 2. Caused by Mediterranean winds February to April is the second major rainy season in Pothwar 1.1.3 For each rainy season: start and July-September end month(s) February-April 1.1.4 Number of years of daily rainfall 50 years (From 1961 to 2010) records Precipitation variability 1.1.5 Inter-annual precipitation Islamabad - 27.1% variability (CV %) Talagang - 28.0% [for SRT2, CV typically is > 25%; Chakwal - 28.3% for SRT3, CV typically is < 25%]

1 1.1.6 Severity and type of drought risk Out of past 50 years, in nearly half of this period below (e.g. delayed onset of the rainy season, average rainfall was observed. lengthy gaps between the rains, early end to the rains)

1.2 Temperature Temperature means (last 5 year) 1.2.1 Range of annual mean Islamabad - 21.3oC ranging from 20.5oC to 22.3oC temperature (°C) across the site Talagang - 23.8oC ranging from 22.0oC to 25.6oC Chakwal - 22.4oC ranging from 17.2oC to 24.1oC 1.2.2 Range of mean max. temperature Islamabad - 38.5oC ranging from 35.5oC to 41.1oC of the hottest month (°C) across the site Talagang - 34.6oC ranging from 31.0oC to 42.1oC Chakwal - 39.7oC ranging from 26.3oC to 52.5oC 1.2.3 Range of annual mean min. Islamabad - 3.0oC ranging from 0.7oC to 5.9oC temperature of the coldest month (°C) Talagang - 19.5oC ranging from 15.7oC to 27.2oC across the site Chakwal - 5.9oC ranging from -1.5oC to 6.9oC 1.2.4 Number of years of daily 50 years (From 1961 to 2010) temperature records Temperature variations 1.2.5 Intra-annual range of monthly Month Islamabad Talagang Chakwal temperature means (K) Av. From To Av. From To Av. From To Jan. 9.86 7.74 12.25 28.40 14.68 32.56 10.62 5.24 12.88 Feb. 12.41 10.72 14.62 31.76 16.26 35.61 13.16 7.90 16.55 Mar. 16.47 12.27 25.12 32.07 20.33 35.82 17.50 12.00 25.58 Apr. 22.31 19.14 25.08 30.84 24.63 34.13 23.40 18.34 29.71 May 27.69 24.15 30.65 30.08 24.96 32.81 29.03 22.83 35.53 June 30.78 28.34 33.61 27.06 23.52 34.64 31.86 24.35 38.30 July 29.48 27.63 31.73 21.87 18.59 33.90 30.47 25.93 33.73 Aug. 28.72 27.48 31.37 16.47 10.98 31.94 29.45 23.69 32.19 Sep. 28.72 27.48 31.37 16.47 10.98 31.94 29.45 23.69 32.19 Oct. 22.07 19.51 25.95 14.33 9.83 25.95 23.58 16.21 28.31 Nov. 16.55 14.58 18.43 17.74 12.83 25.81 17.82 11.54 21.39 Dec. 12.07 9.05 15.62 22.72 8.80 30.00 12.99 6.50 17.03

1.2.6 Diurnal temperature ranges Islamabad - 21.3oC ranging from 20.5oC to 22.3oC

2 throughout the year (K) Talagang - 23.8oC ranging from 22.0oC to 25.6oC Chakwal - 22.4oC ranging from 17.2oC to 24.1oC 1.2.7 Frost risk (severity and months of NIL occurrence) 1.3 Indices 1.3.1 Range of annual growing degree Islamabad - 5962.2 ranging from 5662.1 to 6296.5 days, base temperature 5°C (K, heat Talagang - 6881.8 ranging from 6217.1 to 7513.9 units) across the site Chakwal - 6345.1 ranging from 4468.7 to 6968.6 1.3.2 Ranges of mean length (days) of TO BE DISCUSSED WITH DR. A. MAJID temperature and moisture-limited growing period(s) across the site for predominant agricultural soils [for SRT2, typically < 90 days; for SRT3, typically 90 to 180 days] 1.3.3 Range of Aridity Index across the Aridity (Kharif/Summer) Area (Km 2) (% of total) site Arid 1761 27 [for SRT2, 0.03 to 0.35; Semi arid 3393 52 for SRT3, 0.35 to 0.65] Humid 391 06 Sub humid 878 15 Aridity (Rabi/Winter) Area (Km 2) (% of total) Arid 5154 79 Semi arid 1370 21 1.4 Climate change projections Scenario A1b 1.4.1 Range of annual mean 1970-1999: temperature change (K) across the site Islamabad - 21.3oC ranging from 20.5oC to 22.2oC for time slices 2010-2039, 2040-2069, Talagang - 23.7oC ranging from 22.0oC to 25.2oC 2070-2099 in comparison to 1970- Chakwal - 22.5oC ranging from 19.0oC to 24.1oC 1999 2010-2039: Islamabad - 21.7oC ranging from 201.6oC to 22.3oC Talagang - 24.2oC ranging from 22.8oC to 24.5oC Chakwal - 20.8oC ranging from 20.6oC to 21.4oC 2040-2069: Islamabad - 21.8oC ranging from 21.7oC to 21.8oC Talagang - 24.2oC ranging from 24.1oC to 24.2oC Chakwal - 20.6oC ranging from 20.5oC to 20.7oC 2070-2099: Islamabad - 21.8oC ranging from 21.8oC to 21.8oC Talagang - 24.1oC ranging from 24.0oC to 24.1oC Chakwal - 20.5oC ranging from 20.4oC to 20.5oC 1.4.2 Range of relative annual 1970-1999: precipitation change (%) across the site Islamabad - 1087mm ranging from 532 to 1727mm for time slices 2010-2039, 2040-2069, Talagang - 292mm ranging from 122 to 520mm 2070-2099 in comparison to 1970- Chakwal - 625mm ranging from 226 to 1221mm 1999 2010-2039: Islamaba - 782mm ranging from 746 to1123mm

3 Talagang - 352mm ranging from 300 to 377mm Chakwal - 758mm ranging from 687 to 846mm 2040-2069: Islamabad - 740mm ranging from 724 to 753mm Talagang - 406mm ranging from 379 to 425mm Chakwal - 952mm ranging from 852 to 1031mm 2070-2099: Islamabad - 706mm ranging from 690 to 723mm Talagang - 441mm ranging from 426 to 459mm Chakwal - 1105mm ranging from 1035 to 1182mm Scenario A2 (TO BE DISCUSSED WITH DR. A. MAJID) 1.4.3 Range of annual mean 1970-1999: temperature change (K) across the site Islamabad - 21.3oC ranging from 20.5oC to 22.2oC for time slices 2010-2039, 2040-2069, Talagang - 23.7oC ranging from 22.0oC to 25.2oC 2070-2099 in comparison to 1970- Chakwal - 22.5oC ranging from 19.0oC to 24.1oC 1999 2010-2039: Islamabad - 21.7oC ranging from 201.6oC to 22.3oC Talagang - 24.2oC ranging from 22.8oC to 24.5oC Chakwal - 20.8oC ranging from 20.6oC to 21.4oC 2040-2069: Islamabad - 21.8oC ranging from 21.7oC to 21.8oC Talagang - 24.2oC ranging from 24.1oC to 24.2oC Chakwal - 20.6oC ranging from 20.5oC to 20.7oC 2070-2099: Islamabad - 21.8oC ranging from 21.8oC to 21.8oC Talagang - 24.1oC ranging from 24.0oC to 24.1oC Chakwal - 20.5oC ranging from 20.4oC to 20.5oC 1.4.4 Range of relative annual 1970-1999: precipitation change (%) across the site Islamabad - 1087mm ranging from 532 to 1727mm for time slices 2010-2039, 2040-2069, Talagang - 292mm ranging from 122 to 520mm 2070-2099 in comparison to 1970- Chakwal - 625mm ranging from 226 to 1221mm 1999 2010-2039: Islamaba - 782mm ranging from 746 to1123mm Talagang - 352mm ranging from 300 to 377mm Chakwal - 758mm ranging from 687 to 846mm 2040-2069: Islamabad - 740mm ranging from 724 to 753mm Talagang - 406mm ranging from 379 to 425mm Chakwal - 952mm ranging from 852 to 1031mm 2070-2099: Islamabad - 706mm ranging from 690 to 723mm Talagang - 441mm ranging from 426 to 459mm Chakwal - 1105mm ranging from 1035 to 1182mm 2. Topography 2.1 Landforms (e.g. plains, hills, Five different landform are present in Pothwar plateau, mountains) across the site (%) i.e. miscellaneous areas; piedmont plains; river plains;

4 weather rock plains and ridge ad trough uplands; loess plains (Figure Below). However information about the extent of area under these landforms is not available.

2.2 Elevation range across the site 200 - 900 meters above sea level 2.3 Prevalent slope ranges (%) of NOT AVAILABLE different land forms of the site 3. Soils 3.1 Soil types 3.1.1 Major or agriculturally important The soils in Pothwar are mainly medium textured with a soil types and soil associations across fair proportion of clayee soils. In Rawalpindi sandy loam the site (classification units, %) soils are present from 0-30 cm depth (Fateh et al., 2006) and silt loam to loam in Chakwal (www.worldpress.com). There is great variation in soil depths, slope and susceptibility to erosion of a total area of 4.5 million acres, two-third of which is used for grazing purposes and rest one-third for cultivation purposes. Out of this cultivable land (1038 thousand ha), two-third constitutes moderate agricultural lands and remaining forms poor agricultural lands. Another study shows that soils in Rawalpindi are loam (43% sand, 38% silt and 19% clay); in Talagang are silty- clay (10% sand, 48% silt and 42% clay) and clay-loam (26% sand, 42% silt and 32% clay); in Chakwal are sandy-clay- loam (59% sand, 16% silt and 25% clay), loam (32% sand, 42% silt and 26% clay) ( 3.2 Soil characterizations for each of the major soil types 3.2.1 Rooting depth 3.2.2 Water holding capacity (defined 26 – 42% by measures of field capacity and wilting point) 3.2.3 Measure of soil fertility – OC% Low soil fertility; 95% soils poor in N/OC (<0.86%) Organic matter percentage in Rawalpindi varies from 0.66 to 1.06; in Talagang it varies from 0.62 to 1.50; in Chakwal it varies from 0.77 to 1.23. 3.2.4 Soil pH In Rawalpindi soil pH varies from 7.21 to 7.48; in

5 Talagang soil pH varies from 7.55 to 7.61; in Chakwal soil pH varies from 7.84 to 7.91. 3.3 Soil problems posing serious management challenges 3.3.1 Salinity (severity, soil types and NOT AVAILABLE % of area affected) 3.3.2 Sodicity (severity, soil types and NOT AVAILABLE % of area affected) 3.3.3 Al-toxicity (severity, soil types NOT AVAILABLE and % of area affected) 3.3.4 Low chemical fertility (organic NOT AVAILABLE carbon, CEC, etc.) (description, severity, soil types and % of area affected) 3.3.5 Phosphorus fixation (severity, Phosphorous level in Rawalpindi varies from 0.35 to 1.08 soil types and % of area affected) mg/kg; in Talagang phosphorous level varies from 1.11 to 2.23 mg/kg; in Chakwal it varies from 0.32 to 2.70 mg/kg. 3.3.6 Poor profile development (soil NOT AVAILABLE types and % of area affected) 3.3.7 Rockiness, stoniness (severity, NOT AVAILABLE soil types and % of area affected) 3.3.8 Very compact subsoils (soil types NOT AVAILABLE and % of area affected) 3.3.9 Poor drainage, waterlogging NOT AVAILABLE (severity, soil types and % of area affected) 3.3.10 Excessive drainage (soil types NOT AVAILABLE and % of area affected) 3.3.11 Flooding (severity, soil types NOT AVAILABLE and % of area affected) 3.3.12 Other management problems NOT AVAILABLE (description, soil types and % of area affected) 4. Water resources 4.1 Irrigation water availability The surface irrigation facilities are available in the area where small dams are constructed by the Government of Punjab. The dugwells, tubwells and lift pumps are used in the areas where either sub-soils water is available at lower depths or some drain is passing near to farmers’ lands. However, the information about total irrigated lands under these facilities is not available. 4.2 Quality issues (e.g. waste water The use of waste water for growing crops is practiced in reuse) peri-urban areas of Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Jehlum and Chakwal. The water available in the salt range is not fit for irrigation purposes. 5. Land use/land cover

6 5.1 Kinds of agricultural/non-agricultural land 5.1.1 Extent of rainfed cropland across Cultivated Area Irrigated Rainfed site (ha, %) District Area Sown Area area (000 ha) (000 ha) (000 ha) (000 ha) Rawalpindi 231 209 11 198 Attock 315 217 28 189 Jehlum 319 176 11 165 Chakwal 125 93 30 63 Islamabad 48 26 1 25 5.1.2 Main rainfed crops or varieties Chakwal: Groundnut (Golden, BARI-2000, BARI- grown (ha) 2011), wheat (GA-2002, Chakwal-50, Dharabi-2011), brassica (Chakwal sarson), lentil?, fodders? Jhelum: wheat, cotton, fodder, Rawalpindi: wheat, mung, mash, lentil, maize, sorghum, millet, groundnut R.pindi Attock Jehlum Chakwal Islamabad Crops (000 Ha) (000 Ha) (000 Ha) (000 Ha) (000 Ha) Wheat 98.40 146.50 44.90 66.80 13.00 Barley 0.50 2.10 0.10 1.10 0.10 Gram 0.40 2.00 0.10 7.80 0.00 Mung 1.24 0.15 1.34 0.76 0.08 Mustard 3.00 4.20 3.50 12.60 0.20 Maize 1.00 3.00 0.10 0.30 0.00 Sorghum 30.80 14.60 3.20 19.30 1.10 Millet 3.50 1.70 6.40 4.50 0.10 Groundnut 9.95 24.12 0.66 42.04 0.00 5.1.3 Extent of irrigated cropland Already reported in section 5.1.1 across site (ha, %) 5.1.4 Main irrigated crops or varieties Vegetables, orchards, fodders grown (ha) R.pindi Attock Jehlum Chakwal Islamabad Crops (000 Ha) (000 Ha) (000 Ha) (000 Ha) (000 Ha) Vegetab. Orchard Fodders 5.1.5 Extent of pastures across site (ha, There ranges available in the area. Area ??????? %) 5.1.6 Extent of rangelands across site According to Punjab Development Statistics (2011), (ha, %) about 1300 thousand hectares is uncultivated area in Pothwar, most of which is used as rangelands. 5.1.7 Extent of other major land Based on the Agriculture Census (2000), the mean land use/land cover types across site use intensity and cropping intensity of Pothwar region is (description, ha, %) 89.8% and 111.5%, respectively. 5.2 Land use trends 5.2.1 Increase/decrease in irrigated The area under irrigated crop lands is increasing as cropland due to availability/decline of wherever, the underground water is available and suitable groundwater resources (severity, % of for crop production, farmers are installing tubewells.

7 area affected) Conversion of rainfed lands into irrigated parcels not only increases returns from farming, but also the market value of the land. However, the irrigated land represent _____ of total cultivated area in the region. 5.2.2 Changes of land use/land cover NOT AVAILABLE types (description, % of area affected) 5.2.3 Other significant changes in land See Section 8.2.7. use (description, % of area affected) 6. Land degradation 6.1 Type and current severity of particular types of land degradation 6.1.1 Salinization (severity, % of area NOT AVAILABLE affected) 6.1.2 Water erosion (description, Description Area (Km 2) (%) severity, % of area affected) No/insignificant 848 13 Slight to moderate 1761 27 Moderate to severe 718 11 Severe to very severe 3001 46 River bank 196 03 6.1.3 Wind erosion (severity, % of area Non significant affected) 6.1.4 Loss of soil organic matter NOT AVAILABLE (severity, % of area affected) 6.1.5 Loss of soil structural stability NOT AVAILABLE (severity, % of area affected) 6.1.6 Loss of agro-biodiversity NOT AVAILABLE (description, severity, % of area affected) 6.1.7 Other types of land degradation NOT AVAILABLE that are significant (description, severity, % of area affected) 6.2 Degradation trends 6.2.1 Reclamation of salinized lands NOT AVAILABLE (% of area treated) 6.2.2 Increase in soil erosion NOT AVAILABLE (description, % of area affected) 6.2.3 Lowering of groundwater tables NOT AVAILABLE (% of area affected, range of change of groundwater levels (m)) 6.2.4 Other significant degradation NOT AVAILABLE trends (description, % of area affected) Socio-economic descriptors 7. Demography 7.1 Population 7.1.1 Total population of site Sites Rural Urban Total (Expected population by 2012) Attock 1262148 461068 1723216

8 Rawalpindi 2129282 2761537 4890819 Islamabad 474570 1095416 1569986 Jehlum 869844 345637 1215481 Chakwal 1192336 202859 1395196 7.1.2 Percentage of rural population of Attock – 73.24% of total population live in rural areas site Rawalpindi – 43.54% of total pop. live in rural areas Islamabad – 30.23% of total pop. live in rural areas Jehlum – 71.56% of total population live in rural areas Chakwal – 85.46% of total population live in rural areas 7.1.3 Age distribution of rural population Age groups Rawalpindi Jehlum Chakwal Less than 15 years 39.15 40.95 40.12 15 to 29 years 24.32 24.76 26.15 30 to 44 years 15.46 15.15 15.55 45 to 59 years 11.89 10.91 11.04 60 years and above 9.20 8.24 7.14 7.2 Poverty 7.2.1 Poverty amongst rural population Although district level statistical updates about rural (description, %) poverty are not available for Pothwar region. However, here the prevalence of rural poverty is relatively less as compared to irrigated regions of Pakistan. This is because of the substantial share of non-farm income or remittances in total household income. 7.3 Nutrition and health Underweight Stunting Wasting 7.3.1Nutrition and health status of rural Districts population [These statistics are overall] Moderate Severe Moderate Severe Moderate Severe R.pindi 24 6.4 28 13 13 4.4 Attock 39 12.0 32 17 29 11.0 Chakwal 24 7.2 30 14 13 3.6 Jehlum 26 7.1 29 16 14 3.4 Islamabad n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 7.3.2 % of children below 5 years of NATIONAL NUTRITION SURVEY 2011 REPORT age at risk of malnutrition 7.4 Employment 7.4.1 Gender-related aspects of work in rural households 7.4.2 Types and importance of non- A small percentage is employed in trading sector, a agricultural employment smaller as industrial & mineral labor and a very small portion is employed in technical fields like health, education, banking, engineering etc. 8. Agricultural systems 8.1 Classification Area 8.1.1 General classification (e.g. Dixon Classes Description % et al.1) Soil Survey of Pak (Km2) I Very good irrigated crop land 65 01

1 Dixon, J., A. Gulliver and D. Gibbon. 2001. Farming Systems and Poverty. FAO and World Bank, Rome and Wa shington D.C., 412 pp. ISBN 92-5-104627-1.

9 III Moderate dry farmed crop land 391 06 with erosion VII Dry farmed cropland and some 65 01 grazing land IV Poor dry farmed crop land with 1240 19 erosion problem VI Good for water holding capacity 65 01 and grazing land VII Fair & poor grazing land 4502 69 VIII Agriculturally unproductive land 196 03 8.2 Descriptors related to cropping component 8.2.1 Average farm holding size (ha) 01 – 05 ha (almost 60% farms) 8.2.2 Type(s) of rotation 1. wheat-fallow-wheat-fallow 2. groundnut-fallow-groundnut-fallow 3. pulses-fallow-pulses-fallow 4. fodders-fallow-fodders-fallow Cultivated Cropped area Cropping 8.2.3 Cropping intensity Districts area (000 ha) (000 ha) intensity (%) Rawalpindi 231 230 99.6 Attock 315 241 76.5 Chakwal 319 257 80.6 Jehlum 125 98 78.4 Islamabad 48 26 54.2 8.2.4 Source(s) of water supply for Precipitation (rainfed) crop production Dugwell, turbine, small/mini dams (irrigated) 8.2.5 Implements/machinery used, Districts Tractors Trolleys Thresher Reapers T.Wells degree of mechanization Rawalpindi 5746 4285 2493 223 371 Attock 6369 3491 2964 559 608 Chakwal 6328 3831 3047 871 4454 Jehlum 2939 2093 926 29 8758 Islamabad 578 444 n.a. n.a. n.a. Source: Farm Machinery Census, 2004 (Punjab Province) 8.2.6 Degree of commercialization Because of small average farm size, the degree of commercialization is low, however, the large farms in the area are fully commercialized. Such farms represent nearly 30% of total farming community in the area. 8.2.7 Spatial organization of cropping Cropping patterns by rainfall zones, topography in relation to environmental differences 8.3 Descriptors related to animal component 8.3.1 Main animal species or races kept Livestock population in districts falling in Pothwar Districts Buffalo Cattle Sheep Goats Camels Rawalpindi 247748 343664 17033 489150 2134 Attock 121378 386192 180947 628642 8453 Chakwal 145498 435276 158126 580481 4597 Jehlum 145767 166781 59249 303176 2287 Islamabad 84424 51183 815 76913 279

10 Source: Livestock Census, 2006 (Punjab Province) 8.3.2 Feed systems Grazing cum stall feeding 8.3.3 Prevalent livestock diseases and Diseases R.pindi Attock Jehlum Chakwal Islamabad mortality Hemoglobinurea Black Quarters Foot & Mouth H. Septicimia Pneumonia PPR Surra Enterotoxaemia Sheep/goat pox Other Source: SEBCONS, 2006 8.3.4 Main animal products Products R.pindi Attock Jehlum Chakwal Islamabad Meat n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Milk (000 l) 1438.143 1284.757 696.913 1471.774 376.423 Hides (#) 162638 72428 42804 67114 282984 Skins (#) 444695 88321 129928 147331 29581 Source: Pakistan Livestock Census, 2006 8.3.5 Degree of integration with crop Crop and livestock systems are highly integrated component 8.3.6 Spatial organization in relation to environmental differences

8.3.7 Prevalent crop pests, diseases and Wheat – yellow rust, pests – rats, army worm, white ant parasitic flowering plants (parasitic Gram – Gram blight weeds). Sorghum – Millet – Groundnut – Mustard/brassica - 8.4 Market access and characteristics 8.4.1 Distance to closest local market In most of the cases it is less than two hours (km, hours of travel) [in SRT2 areas often > 2 hours, in SRT3 areas usually < 2 hours] 8.4.2 Sizes of rural markets Small sized rural markets are present in the area 8.4.3 Competitiveness and access to Very limited level of competitiveness of the farming local, national, regional, global markets with other agro-ecological regions of Punjab. This region is net-importer of food and animal feed, particularly wheat straw for feeding to livestock. 8.5 Access to land, water and other inputs 8.5.1 Access to land Average land holding is very small. According to Pakistan’s Agricultural Census 2000, the average

11 cultivated area falls around 2.60, 3.91 and 6.81 acres in Rawalpindi, Jehlum and Chakwal districts respectively (1 ha = 2.471 acres) 8.5.2 Access to water Highly limited access to water for irrigation purposes 8.5.3 Access to other inputs (seed, Not statistics available for the quantity of improved fertilizer, etc.) seed available in the region. This is because of the lack of presence of commercial seed companies in the area. Total fertilizer offtake in Pothwar in 2009-10 was 30 thousand nutrient tones. 8.6 System problems 8.6.1 Lack of market access Average distance to small road side markets ranges from 2 to 5 kilometers. 8.6.2 Land fragmentation Majority of the farmers in the area have their agricultural lands in 2 to 3 parcels 8.6.3 Decline in animal feed from The carrying capacity of rangelands is declining mainly rangelands due to erratic rainfalls, uncontrolled grazing, uprooting of fuelwoods/shrubs and rising livestock population in the area. 8.6.4 Soil fertility decline Soil fertility in Pothwar is declining mainly due to water erosion. 8.6.5 Other system problems 8.7 System dynamics 8.7.1 Stability, stagnation or evolution  The cropping pattern in the area has remained food towards other more/less security oriented as proportionate area under productive/profitable/environmentally wheat increased regularly on farms. sustainable systems  Over the time, the proportionate area under maize and oilseeds has increased whereas of cotton, fodders and other crops declined (Table below).  Although area under miscellaneous crops has declined, but cash crops like groundnut has gained popularity (Table below). % area allocated to different crops by census years Crops 1970 1980 1990 2000 Wheat 50.2 55.1 52.6 56.8 Rice 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 Cotton 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.1 Maize 6.2 6.4 8.2 9.4 Sugarcane 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 Potato 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.1 Oil seeds 6.0 6.0 11.2 11.5 Pulses 7.1 8.3 5.6 4.0 Fodder 10.0 12.2 6.8 5.6 Vegetables 0.9 0.4 1.0 0.6 Orchard 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.3 Other crops 18.3 10.9 13.4 11.4

12 Land use 94.3 89.9 93.1 89.8 intensity Cropping 100.9 110.0 106.7 111.5 intensity Source: Agriculture Census of Pakistan, various issues

Trend in area under various minor crops in Pothwar (000ha) Crops 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2008-09 Groundnut 22.48 37.31 64.41 62.68 76.77 Gram 35.41 12.70 16.90 8.40 10.30 Moong 26.06 22.58 10.34 5.53 3.56 Mash 6.35 16.35 15.23 9.07 5.19 Lentil 6.39 13.14 12.25 9.51 9.61 Mustard 20.44 19.90 21.70 16.70 23.50 Source: Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan, various issues

8.7.2 Most common type of  Dairy, Poultry and Vegetables farming are agricultural enterprises (e.g. individual practiced in the peri-urban areas. The vegetable private, cooperatives, state farms) farming using tunnels and hydroponic systems are getting popularity in the area where the ground water is suitable for irrigation purposes. 8.7.3 Presence of producer associations  Some regional associations are there (e.g. poultry (e.g. farmers’ groups, water use farmers’ association), but their details are not associations, marketing associations, documented anywhere yet. cooperatives) 9. Governance, institutions, policies 9.1 Institutional support 9.1.1 Extension services and NGOs Extension/Development Departments  Department of Agricultural Extension, Punjab  Livestock and Dairy Development, Punjab  Veterinary Health Department, Punjab  Agency for Barani Areas Development, Rawalpindi

Teaching and Research  Barani Agricultural Research Institute, Chakwal  Soil and Water Conservation Research Institute, Chakwal  Barani Livestock Production and Research Institute, Kheri Murat  Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agricultural University, Rwp  Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad  Sustainable Development Policy Institute, Islamabad  CG-Centers

13 NGOs  National Rural Support Program  Punjab Rural Support Program  Lok Sanjh 9.1.2 Access to improved/adapted Breed Name Buffalo Cattle Sheep Goats varieties/breeds Buffalo 744815 - Nili Ravi 429222 Buff. Catt. Sheep Goat - Kundhi 96902 Av. # per HH 2.94 3.75 8.79 5.32 - Azakhel 2573 Milk (lit/day) 7.56 5.94 N.A. 1.58 - Other 216118 - Total HH 252943 Cattle 1383060 - Dhanni 588919 - Cross bred 139971 - Sahiwal 123970 - Red Sindhi 15596 - Rojhan 11680 - Achai 10615 - Lohani 9045 - Gabrali 7478 - Thari 6586 - Bhagnari 5867 - Kank Raj 4790 - Other 458579 - Total HH 368692 Sheep 416170 - Kajli 72801 - Buchi 47614 - Balkhi 35456 - Lohi 34520 - Thalli 15988 - Kaghani 14493 - Kachhi 8276 - Damani 5510 - Bibrik 2134 - Balochi 1905

14 - Hernai 1177 - Waziri 1097 - Kail 515 - Bekaneri 501 - Rakhshani 346 - Kooka 203 - Hashtnagri 62 - Other 173572 - Total HH 47320 Goats 2078363 - Teddi 912808 - Beetle 503737 - Barberi 111912 - Jattan 86416 - Kaghani 28090 - Damani 6346 - Kamori 6049 - Nachi 5035 - Pateri 2558 - D. Dinpanah 2149 - Lehri 917 - Chapper 721 - Other 411625 - Total HH 390693  Agric. Research Institutes, e.g. BARI Chakwal  Rudimentary seed marketing system of Punjab Seed Corporation  Department of Agricultural Extension  National Agricultural Research Center/PARC, Islamabad 9.1.3 Access to animal health services  Veterinary Health Development, Punjab  Barani Livestock Production and Research Institute, Kheri Murat  Veterinary Doctors/Para-medical staff 9.2 Policies 9.2.1 Pricing/subsidies for inputs (land,  Subsidized inputs policies (fertilizer, water water, fertilizer etc.)

15 conservation, etc.)  Fertilizer subsidy policy 9.2.1 Pricing/subsidies for produce  Support price policy for major crops  Price fixation of beef by district governments 9.2.3 Policies related to access to land  Currently there are no specific policies regarding and water resources access to land and water resources in the area. 9.2.4 Farmers’ autonomy to choose  crops and crop areas 10. Opportunities for agricultural research 10.1 Opportunities for research on land  Food (oilseeds, pulses) and feed (fodder for tenure policy, soil and water livestock) securities are critical issues of Pothwar management, de-rocking, agro- region. biodiversity conservation, water  Wheat shall remain dominant rabi crop of Pothwar harvesting for range shrub plantations, due to food security concerns. A significant increase drought-resistant varieties, others in wheat productivity is needed to make the area self-sufficient through developing varieties performing well under erratic rainfall conditions.  Erratic rainfall, soil erosion due to heavy rains and low meat and milk productivity of livestock are other issues of the area  Development of sustainable water conservation technologies (water harvesting techniques, water management, water quality) and low organic matters (soil fertility because of exhaustive cropping systems, lack of crop residues on ground, less incorporation of legumes in the cropping systems) are important researchable issue of the area  The positive side of the food security in the area is that dwellers of the area have fairly good purchasing power as remittances (domestic and abroad) considerably contribute in total household income in the area.