Ridgewood Summer Invitational

Ridgewood Summer Invitational Questions written and edited by Ridgewood High School (Ben Bechtold, Zoe Blecher-Cohen, Bryan Clarendon, Aryan Falahatpisheh, Esther Sun, Thomas Husband, Louis Lim, Karen Montero, Mark Perfect, Sanjana Rajagopal, Abbas Raza, Jonah Salzman-Cohen , Justin Shin, David Song, Kara Vo, and Claire Walter) with help from Ben Zhang

Round 12-Tossups

1. Zeus granted her wish to be called the Phaesporia, as well have 60 Oceanids to be her handmaidens. She tricked the Aloadae, her suitors, into killing each other by turning into a deer. Actaeon saw this woman bathing, and he was promptly turned into a stag; thereafter his own dogs devoured him. One of her followers became Ursa Major, and her only lover always moved away from Scorpio. Sacred to her are the cypress and the Ceryneian Hind; Hercules captured the latter for his Third Labor. The floating island of Delos was the site of her birth, where Iris acted as a midwife. She killed Niobe’s children, and one myth says that she accidentally killed Orion. For 10 points, name this daughter of Leto and twin sister of Apollo, the Greek goddess of the moon. ANSWER: Artemis [do not accept “Diana”]

2. This monarch was both queen reagent of Scotland and queen consort of France, and she claimed that she was the rightful heir to the English crown. However, she was forced to abdicate and give the throne to her year old son. Later she was beheaded because she was accused of conspiring in the Babington Plot, to kill the queen. After her death, her son, King James VI of Scots, became King James I of England. For ten points, name this sixteenth century British monarch, half-sister of Elizabeth I of England, who was executed. ANSWER: Mary, Queen of Scots

4. Its second codename was “Nitro”, given in March 2004. This is still visible in the code NTR-001. Satoru Iwata wanted it “to provide players with a unique entertainment experience for the 21st century.” As of April 2012, this console had sold over 152.2 million units, becoming the second best selling video game console ever. Its first official name was “Developer’s System”, although that has been changed. The first two models of this console are backwards-compatible with the Game Boy Advance, its predecessor. March 27, 2011 saw the North American release of the most recent reincarnation, capable of 3D displays and a stereoscopic camera. For 10 points, name this handheld Nintendo video game console, whose name is an acronym for “Dual Screen”. ANSWER: Nintendo DS [accept the following variations: DS Lite, DSi, DSi XL, and 3DS.]

5. Islands in this body of water include the Beaver, Hog, Fox Islands as well as the Rocky, Rock, and Gravel Islands. Its 1,638-mile long coastline is often referred to as the “Third Coast”, and its sands are known as “singing”. This lake is the largest one in the world that is completely within one country, with a surface area of 22,400 square miles. That country is the United States. Recently, it was discovered that there are only 4 Great Lakes, as this lake and Lake Huron are actually one massive lake, the largest freshwater one in the world. Cities on its coast include Gary, Milwaukee and Green Bay. For 10 points, name this lake that is visible from Chicago and shares a name with a bordering state. ANSWER: Lake Michigan

6. Operation Vulture envisioned sending 60 B-29s from bases into the region, however actual operations from this conflict include Ranch Hand, Flaming Dart and Linebacker. When news of an alleged attack of the Maddox and Turner Joy was reported, a resolution was passed for the body of water in which they were attacked. Haeberle and Eddie took photographs of controversial incidents that decreased domestic support for this conflict, the My Lai Massacre and Tet Offensive. This conflict ended with the Fall of Saigon and Duong Van Minh’s surrender For 10 points, name this conflict fought in Southeast Asia during the 1960’s and 1970’s . ANSWER:Vietnam War

7. This man constructed a post war analysis by breaking down interactions between four groups and how each character defines the others and themselves in Anti-Semite and Jew. After reading Heidegger’s Being and Time ,this man explained the concept where individuals define themselves via their social categorization, “bad faith" in his work, Being and Nothingness This man wrote a novel where Antoine Roquentin settles in Bouville, however he is afflicted with the title sickness where he begins to hate everything he once loved, that work is entitled Nausea . He authored a work where Estelle stabs Inez in a room filled with Second Empire furniture, where Garcin declares that “Hell is other people”. For 10 points name this French existentialist author of No Exit. ANSWER: Jean-Paul Sartre

8. One epic poem from this country begins with a love affair between Nandi and the title character’s father, Senzangakhona. In addition to Mazisi Kunene, this country is home to the short story collection The Soft voice of the Serpent. One work from this country is about a frontier town whose peaceful existence is ended by Colonel Joll and another work is a play about a conversation between Sam, Willie, and Hally. Those works are Waiting for the Barbarians and Master Harold... and the Boys. The setting of Cry, the Beloved Country, For 10 points, name this country home of authors like J.M. Coetzee, Alan Paton, and Nadine Gordimer. ANSWER: Republic of South Africa

9. The bass drum player received the second highest salary in this composer’s band. The Viceroy Enrico Medigua disguises himself as the title Peruvian rebel in one of this man’s operettas. This man wrote marches such as El Capitan and The Washington Post. Credited with creating the standard form of the American march, this man composed the official Marine Corps march. Along with the Liberty Bell March and Semper Fidelis, this man also composed Stars and Stripes Forever. For 10 points, name this iconic American composer known as the March King. ANSWER: John Philip Sousa

10. Puromycin interferes with the reaction that takes place in this structure, and the activity of these structures can be stopped with chloramphenicol. This organelle begins its primary function when it recognizes Shine-Dalgarno sequence in Prokaryotes and the Kozac sequence for eukaryotes. These organelles are described by Svedberg units and eukaryotes consist of 60S and 40S subunits. The enzyme peptidyl transferase causes the transfer of amino acids from tRNA anticodons to the forming protein in these organelles. They are manufactured in the nucleolus and are found in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. For 10 points name these organelles responsible for protein synthesis. ANSWER: Ribosomes

11. This man, along with Charles Lee, captured the town of Vila Velha de Rodao. He was instrumental in introducing light cavalry into the British Army, and later received command of British armies due to the failure of his predecessor to capture Fort Ticonderoga. However, this general’s defeat proved to be much more grievous as it led France to recognize the US as a nation and enter the war. For 10 points, name this British “gentleman” who surrendered to Horatio Gates at the Battle of Saratoga. ANSWER: John Burgoyne add “how he failed to protect Jane McCrea lead to support for the other side”?

12. In one scene in this book, the main character is attacked by a swarm of house cats. That same character is later beaten by several cops. This novel’s final chapter was initially left out of the book’s American release, much to the dismay of the author. After being convicted of murdering an old woman, the main character volunteers to undergo the Ludovico Technique to reform his ways, but the effects are reversed at the end of the novel. That teenage character wanders the city, speaking in the author-created Nadsat slang to his gang of droogs, Dim, George and Pete. That character, Alex, often calls himself “Your Humble Narrator”, and has a passion for Beethoven. For 10 points, name this dystopian novel by Anthony Burgess that was widely banned for its large amount of murder and rape. ANSWER: A Clockwork Orange

13. Joseph Heller's novel Picture This recounts the creation of one of this man's paintings, whose central figure wears a jeweled chain and a medallion of Alexander the Great. Another of his paintings was originally thought to depict a man with his hand on the chest of his daughter. This artist of The Jewish Bride and Aristotle Contemplating a Bust of Homer is most famous for a work from which a halberd-wielding man was removed in 1715. That painting's name comes from the dark varnish, and shows a girl approaching Arquebusiers with a dead chicken. For 10 points, identify this Dutch painter who showed the company of Frans Banning Cocq in The Night Watch. ANSWER: Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn

14. In the Brothers Karamazov, this man makes an appearance in the Grand Inquisitor chapter. He was criticized for, among many things, not jumping off a pinnacle. This man told the story of a woman who added Leaven to bread, and another story about a mustard seed. Those stories, along with others such as that of the Good Samaritan, were included in this man’s parables. This man also resisted Temptations from Satan. He was baptized by John the Baptist, and that was one of the five milestones in his life, which includes Transfiguration, Ascension, Resurrection, and Crucifiction. For 10 points name this Christian prophet and supposed son of God, with mother Mary. Answer: Jesus Christ (accept either name)

15. ANSWER: strikes

16. Andrieux reviewed this man’s verse tragedy titled “Cromwell” and wrote that he “should do anything he likes, but not literature”. One work by this man follows the romance between Felix de Vandenesse and Henriette de Mortsauf. In another work Marquis de Montauran leads the title peasants of Brittany in a movement against the French Revolution. In addition to The Lily of the Valley and The Chouans, this man wrote about the title character who dies without his two ungrateful daughters, Anastasie and Delphine. The creator of Eugene de Rastignac, for 10 points, name this French author who collected The Wild Ass’s Skin and Cousin Bette in The Human Comedy. ANSWER: Honore de Balzac

18. It has been claimed that this musician was once the second-highest paid child entertainer in the world, behind only Jackie Coogan. He began playing drums at 1 year old, and by 18 months, he was in a vaudeville act, billed as Traps the Drum Wonder. A signature segment of his drum solos would be a crescendo, accelerando single-stroke roll on the snare drum, slowly moving in and out from the center before climaxing. He is famous for never having had a formal drum lesson- his only teacher taught him how to read music. Among his most admired techniques are his crossovers and his “stick-trick” rolls. However, his perhaps most famous one his is unique traditional grip and the one-handed roll. For 10 points, name this American drummer, whose most famous works include a West Side Story medley. ANSWER: Buddy Rich

19. The observation of a double one of these confirmed the gravitational lens effect predicted by Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity. The first truly triple one was found at W.M.Keck Observatory Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The brightest one of these celestial bodies in the sky is 3C 273, and the luminosity of these varies on a variety of time scales. Accretion discs around black holes are believed to power these bodies, and they were first identified as being high redshift sources of electromagnetic energy. For 10 points, name these celestial bodies which surround supermassive black holes in the center of massive galaxies, which pulsate energy. ANSWER: Quasars

20. The popular webcomic “XKCD” posted a comic relating this poem to the video game Grand theft auto. This poem was first published posthumously in 1890 under the title “The Chariot”. It is composed of six quatrains, and the lines alternate between iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter. Early editors of this poem dropped the fourth stanza of the poem which contains a description of the authors clothing. In the poem, the two characters pass a school where children are playing and pass a field of grain. For 10 points, name this poem written by Emily Dickinson, where she takes a ride with death in a carriage. ANSWER: Because I Could Not Stop For Death, accept “The Carriage” before mention

TIEBREAKER

The CKM matrix describes their decay and these particles’ namesake soup, consisting of these and gluons, theoretically exists at high temperatures and density. The force between these particles gets weaker as they become closer, this is called asymptotic freedom. These particles (*) have a charge of either positive two-thirds or negative one-third and they have a color charge as well. Because of the phenomena color confinement, these particles can not exist in isolation and these particles combine to form hadrons. For 10 points, identify these particles, which come in six flavors, with names like up, down, and charmed. ANSWER: quarks Round 12-Bonuses

1. At the end of this work, the Paphlagonian is forced to sell sausages. For 10 points each: [10] Name this play in which the Paphlagonian, a caricature of Cleon, and the sausage-seller Agoracritus both vie for the approval and affection of Demos. ANSWER: The Knights [or Hippeis] [10] The Knights is an example of this style of drama. Other examples include Lysistrata and The Clouds, and Menander was the best-known exponent of the later “New” form that replaced it. ANSWER: Old Comedy [or archaia, prompt on “comedy”] [10] This Greek comedian was the most famous writer of Old Comedy. He wrote the abovementioned plays in addition to The Birds and The Wasps. ANSWER: Aristophanes

2. For 10 points each, given the following deities, name the phenomena associated with that deity. [10] Indra, Xolotl, and Zeus. ANSWER: Thunder [accept lightning, prompt on weather, do not accept rain] [10] Ishkur, Yu Zu, and Tlaloc. ANSWER: Rain [prompt water and weather] [10] Kagutsuchi, Agni, and Pele ANSWER: Fire [do not accept volcanoes]

3. “Thou shalt not kill.” Unfortunately, some people didn’t get the message. For 10 points each answer the following about perpetrators of genocides. [10] The Rwandan Genocide was primarily carried out by members of this ethnic group against ethnic Tutsis. ANSWER: Hutus [10] In another African country, Sudan, this group of Arab horsemen terrorized black Africans living in Darfur. ANSWER: Janjaweed [10] This king of the Belgians, who was the sole owner of the Congo Free State, extracted rubber by killing or cutting off the hands of villagers who did not meet quotas. ANSWER: Leopold II

4. It takes place in New York City and features songs such as “A Boy Like That”. For 10 points each: [10] Name that musical, a modern version of Romeo and Juliet, featuring the conflict between the Sharks and the Jets. ANSWER: West Side Story [10]West Side Story was a musical by this composer of other such works On the Town and Trouble in Tahiti, a former music director of the New York Philharmonic. ANSWER: Leonard Bernstein [10] Before this song starts Maria asks Consuela and Rosalia to keep a secret, before dancing and singing this song "And I pity/Any girl who isn't me today/I feel charming/Oh so charming/It’s alarming how charming I feel ANSWER: “I Feel Pretty”

5. This electronics company was founded in 1976 by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs. For 10 points each, [10] Name this company that developed popular products such as the Mac, the iPhone, and iTunes. ANSWER: Apple [accept Apple Computer, Inc. although its official name is now just “Apple”] [10] Apple’s logo, a bitten apple, is often falsely referred to as a homage to Alan Turing, who may have committed suicide by biting into an apple laced with this toxic chemical compound. ANSWER: Cyanide [10] Jobs was succeeded as CEO of Apple by this Alabamian who has received praise for continuing Apple’s successful product designs. ANSWER: Tim Cook

6. For 10 points each, identify some mathematical terms related to recurring patterns [10] This term was first used in 1975 by the mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot. These objects are self-similar, and examples include Sierpinski’s triangle and the Menger sponge. ANSWER: fractals [10] This fractal is formed by starting with the unit interval and repeatedly taking out the middle thirds of segments. Though it has zero length, it contains the same number of points as the unit interval it is created from. ANSWER: Cantor set [10] Fractals may have noninteger values for this quantity, which is equal to the cardinality of a basis of a vector space. ANSWER: dimension [accept fractal dimension]

7. Socrates once stood in front of a stall and said. “What a lot of things I don’t need” For 10 points each [10] This school of philosophy believed that true happiness is not found in materials, but random and fleeting things. ANSWER: Cynicism [accept word forms] [10] This man was a pupil of Socrates and was the founder of cynicism. ANSWER: Antisthenes [10] Another cynic, this man lived in a barrel and owned nothing but a cloak, a stick, and a bread bag. Alexander the Great once asked him if he desired anything, which he answered with “Yes, stand out of my sunlight.” ANSWER: Diogenes of Sinope

8. For 10 points each name these periodical comets. [10] This comet was the first one to be confirmed as periodical, and is the only one that one may see twice in their lifetime. ANSWER: 1P/Halley [accept Halley’s Comet] [10] The Deep Impact probe crashed into this comet in 2005. ANSWER: 9P/Tempel [accept Tempel 1; prompt on “Tempel”] [10] This comet is also a minor planet, and is classified in a new group of objects called “centaurs” with an orbit between Saturn’s and Uranus’s. ANSWER: 95P/Chiron or 2060 Chiron

9. He pioneered the study of transmarginal inhibition, but he is best known for his study with dogs. For 10 points each: [10] Name this scientist who conditioned dogs to salivate in response to a bell which they had learned to associate with food. ANSWER: Ivan Pavlov [10] This term was coined by Pavlov, it describes an organism's immediate response to a change in its environment, when that change is not sudden enough to elicit the startle reflex. ANSWER: orienting response [also accept orienting reflex] [10] Unlike Pavlov, this scientist is more known for his work in operant conditioning rather than classical conditioning, he formulated both the “Halo Effect” and the Law of Effect. ANSWER: Edward Thorndike

10. For 10 points each, name some famous domed structures. [10] This dome was considered to by some to be the 8th wonder of the world when it opened in 1965, when it went by the name “Harris County Domed Stadium.” ANSWER: Astrodome [10] This dome is composed of more than 4 metric tons of cast iron. Designed by Thomas U. Walter, the Statue of Freedom rests on its top. ANSWER: Capitol Dome [10] The dome of this building was engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi. Outside this building stands a campanile designed by Giotto. ANSWER: Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore or Florence Cathedral (prompt on “Duomo”, accept “duomo in Florence” or equivalents)

11. Answer the following about colorful revolutions, for 10 points each: [10] The People Power Revolution, sometimes known as the Yellow Revolution, began with the shooting of Benigno Aquino, Jr and protested against the government of Ferdinand Marcos, then the president of this country. ANSWER: Philippines [10] The 2009-2010 protests that began when President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was re-elected President are known by this term. This term also names an agricultural revolution in the 20th century that increased food production. ANSWER: Green Revolution [10] The Orange Revolution in this country protested the supposedly rigged election of Viktor Yanukovych as president. A re-vote was held, resulting in the election of opposing candidate Viktor Yushchenko. ANSWER: Ukraine

12. It is particularly prevalent in Ashkenazi Jews. For 10 points each: [10] Name this disease that caused by a hexosaminidase deficiency in lysosomes that enables gangliosides to accumulate in the brain. Sufferers of it have a mutation in the HEXA gene on chromosome 15. ANSWER: Tay-Sachs disease [10] This other disease is caused by a missing piece of chromosome 5. Its name comes from the characteristic sound that people with this disease make as children. ANSWER: cri du chat syndrome [or cat’s cry syndrome] [10] This disorder results from having three copies of chromosome 21. Epicanthic folds, a single line across the palm, and mental retardation are several symptoms of this syndrome. ANSWER: Down’s syndrome

13. One character with this surname is the maternal grandfather of Saleem Sinai. For 10 points each: [10] Give this surname which is better known as that born by a literary doctor living in Chandrapore, who ends the novel in which he appears by forgiving Cyrus Fielding upon learning of his marriage to Stella. ANSWER: Dr. Aziz (or Dr. Aadam Aziz, the Midnight's Children character) [10] Dr. Aziz appears in this novel, in which he is accused of molesting Adela Quested, the fiancee of magistrate Ronny Heaslop, in the Marabar Caves. ANSWER: A Passage to India [10] A Passage to India was written by this author, who told of Rickie Elliot's marriage to Agnes Pembroke in The Longest Journey. He also penned A Room with a View and Where Angels Fear to Tread. ANSWER: E(dward) M(organ) Forster

14. The central female holds a golden apple and arrow while her son fondles her breast. For 10 points each: [10] Name this painting with a billowing blue curtain while a girl in a green dress holds honeycomb. ANSWER: Venus, Cupid, Folly, Time[accept An Allegory of Venus and Cupid or A Triumph of Venus] [10] Name this Florentine painter of Venus, Cupid, Folly, Time ANSWER:Agnolo Bronzino [10]Bronzino was a member of this art movement notable for its intellectuals sophistication as well as it’s artificial qualities. ANSWER: Mannerism

15. Name the following wealthy European families, for 10 points each: [10] This extremely wealthy Jewish banking family came into prominence in the 18th century. Its financial dominance began under Mayer Amschel and it subsequently came the focus of many Jewish conspiracy theories. ANSWER: Rothschild family [or Rothschilds] [10] Members of this royal family had a namesake “jaw” and ruled Austria before Charles V expanded it into Spain as well. Phillip II was another member of this dynasty, whose Spanish branch ended with the death of Charles II. ANSWER: House of Habsburg [or Habsburgs; accept Hapsburg for “Habsburg”] [10] This German banking family eclipsed the Medici after the Renaissance and was based in Augsburg. Albert of Mainz owed money to this family after borrowing some to buy several religious posts. ANSWER: Fugger family [or Fuggers]

16. Name the following chemical indicators, for 10 points each: [10] This indicator changes from colorless to pink in the presence of a base. It is commonly used in titrations. ANSWER: phenolphthalein [accept HIn] [10] This indicator turns yellow in the presence of an acid and blue in the presence of a base, while remaining an olive green in a neutral solution. Its sensitive nature makes it useful for measuring the pH of a weak acid or base. ANSWER: bromothymol blue [prompt on “BTB”] [10] These flavonoids are found in red cabbage and other plants whose color is linked to soil pH. They can range from red to green-yellow depending on pH. Their name comes from their ability to create blue flowers. ANSWER: anthocyanins

17. In this novel, the title character befriends Eva and gets sold to her father, Augustine St. Clare, for 10 points each: [10] Name this anti-slavery novel in which Augustine and Eva die and the title character is sold to Simon Legree. ANSWER: Uncle Tom’s Cabin; or, Life Among the lonely [10] This author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin and she wrote House and Home Papers and Little Foxes under the pseudonym Christopher Crowfield. ANSWER: Harriet Beecher Stowe [10] This character from Uncle Tom’s Cabin is the personal maid of Mrs. Shelby, she escapes with her son Harry to the North where she meets her husband George. ANSWER: Eliza

18. This rule applies to fermions but not bosons. For 10 points each: [10] Name this principle that states that no two fermions with the same quantum number can occupy the same quantum state. A consequence of it is that each suborbital can hold a maximum of two electrons with different spins. ANSWER: Pauli exclusion principle [prompt on “Pauli” or “exclusion principle”] [10] White dwarfs use the Pauli exclusion principle to generate this kind of pressure, which counterbalances the inward pull of gravity by preventing electrons from being further compressed. ANSWER: electron degeneracy pressure [10] Electron degeneracy pressure is sufficient to support a white dwarf until this limit, about 1.4 solar masses. White dwarfs that pass it can evolve into neutron stars, which are also supported by electron degeneracy pressure. ANSWER: Chandrasekhar limit

19. Only two countries have ever used this device, the United States and the Philippines. For 10 points each: [10] Name this execution device that delivers two jolts of electricity, one to cause unconsciousness and brain death, the other to cause fatal damage to internal organs. ANSWER: electric chair [prompt on death chair] [10] The electric chair was invented by the employees of this man, in a smear campaign against the use of alternating current. ANSWER: Thomas Edison [10] Florida’s electric chair, now largely abandoned in favor of lethal injection, used to have this nickname. ANSWER: Old Sparky

20. For 10 points each, name an author and his works: [10] In this play, Krogstad blackmails Nora Helmer about her forgery of a loan, which is later discovered by her husband Torvald. ANSWER: A Doll’s House [10] This Norwegian Playwright of A Doll’s House also wrote Hedda Gabler and Ghosts. ANSWER: Henrik Ibsen [10] In this Ibsen play, Halvard Solness climbs the large tower of a house he built in order to lay a ceremonial wreath, but accidentally falls to his death. ANSWER: The Master Builder